DOCSLIB.ORG

Coins of Deccan Sultanates 5.1 Do You Know

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Coins of Deccan Sultanates 5.1 Do You Know Coins of Deccan Sultanates 5.1 Do you know Description Image Source Alauddin Muhammad Khalji was the first sultan of Delhi who invaded the region of Deccan in 1294 CE and later he also issued his coins from QilaDeogir. Deccan, however, became a strong province of Delhi sultanate during the reign of Muhammad bin Tughlaq. He even transferred his capital from Delhi to Devgiri and named it Daulatabad. Jalaluddin Ahsan founded Madurai sultanate in 1334 CE and ruled till 1339 CE. The dynasty ruled for a short period of about 40 years by as many as eight sultans. It was finally conquest by Vijayanagar Empire. Jalaluddin Ahsan was the first independent sultan of Deccan or south India, who had issued his coins on Islamic pattern. HasanGangu, an important Deccani noble established Bahamani dynasty in 1346 CE. He ruled in the name of AlauddinBahman Shah(1347-1359 CE) with Gulbarga its capital, later, it was shifted to Bidar. The dynasty continued to rule for about 200 years by as many as 18 rulers. Initially, the Bahamanis issued their coins similar to the coins of Khalji and Tughluq of Delhi sultanates, but gradually they introduced some changes and made them distinct than that of Delhi sultanate.Like Alauddin Muhammad Shah Khalji, AlauddinBahman Shah also used the title of Yaminul- khilafahandSikander-us sani on his gold and silver coins. The silver coins of AdilShahi are calledlarin, a type of coin that resembles hairpin. These were issued on the pattern of Persian Larin, which were regularly coming to coastal region of Deccan and accepted among the traders. Both Persian and Adilshahilarins are well reported from Deccan and Gujarat regions. Adilshahilarins were issued from Dhabol mint. The inscription on copper coins of AdilShahi reflects shia faith of Islam. Ali Adil shah I (1558-80 CE) issued coins in the name of hazrat Ali (the first Imam of shia and fourth pious caliph of sunni), bearing asadullahghalib on the one side and Ali ibnTalib on the other. Ibrahim Adil Shah II (1580-1627 CE) calls himself ghulamMurtaza Ali (servant of Ali) on his coins. NizamShahi dynasty was founded by Malik Ahmad in 1490 CE and made Ahmadnagar (Maharashtra) its capital. The dynasty ruled for about 125 years by 14 rulers. But only four sultans (MurtazaNizam I, BurhanNizam II, MurtazaNizam II, BurhanNizam III) are represented in their coins. Their coins are mainly issued in copper and mostly anonymous, bearing inscription fi shahursanah (hijri date) on the one side andMurtazazarbAhmadnagar or nagaron the other The QutubShahi coinage took its final shape during the reign of fifth sultan, Muhammad QuliQutub Shah (1580-1611CE) who issued his coinage in good number and made the QutubShahi currency popular. Apart from copper coins, his coins are also known in gold. The copper coins are issued in two weight standards----about 17-18 gms. and 13.5- 15 gms, with their fractions. 5.2 Timeline Timelines Image Description Madurai sultanate ruled with its capital at Madrai (Tamil Nadu). The dynasty was founded by Jalaluddin Ahsan and 1334-1377 CE during the reign of AlauddinSikander Shah, the last sultan it was conquered by Vijayanagar. Bahamani ruled in Deccan by as many as 18 sultans. 1347-1526 CE Bahaman shah was the first and Kalimullah was the last sultans. AdilShahi sultan Muhammad Adil Shah ruled during this 1627-1656 CE period. He is the only ruler of AdilShahi reported to have issued gold coins. TheQutubShahi sultanate ruled with its capital at Golconda by as many as eight sultans.The QutubShahi coinage took 1489-1687 CE its final shape during the reign of fifth sultan, Muhammad QuliQutub Shah and made the QutubShahi currency popular. 5.3 Glossary Staring Related Term Definition Character Term L Larin The silver coins of AdilShahi are calledlarin, a type of coin that resembles hairpin. P Pagoda A type of gold coins, issued by the kings of Vijayanagar and other south Indian rulers C Shia A sect of Islam. Most of the AdilShahi sultans and a few NizamShahi sultans were the followers of Shia sect. The inscription on their coins reflectsShia faith of Islam. D Sunni A sect of Islam. Almost all the Indian sultanates were followers of Sunni faith of Islam. Their inscription on their coins reflectsSunni faith of Islam. 5.4 Bibliography Bibliography Hunarikkar, Jayant R.,“ Some Interesting Coins of NizamShahi Dynasty,” Numismatic Digest Vol. 21- 22(combined), 1997-98 , pp. 75-80. Khan,AbdulWali., Coins of Bahamani in the Andhra Pradesh Government Museum, Hyderabad. Khan,AbdulWali., QutubShahi Coins in the Andhra Pradesh Government Museum, Hyderabad, 1961. Moin, Danish, “Inscription on Medieval Indian Coins; An Analysis”, in Medieval Indian Coinages: A Historical and Economic Perspective, AmiteshwarJha (ed.), Nasik, 2001. 193-210. Moin, Danish, “Two Gold Coins of BurhanNizam II of NizamShahi Dynasty” Numismatic Digestvol .21-22, 1997-98, pp.71-73. Moin. Danish, “ Coinage Tradition of Medieval Deccan” NumismaticaIndicaFestchrift to Prof. D. Raja Reddy, Prof. P. Chenna Reddy (ed.), New Delhi, 2011, pp.197-200. .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • I Year Dkh11 : History of Tamilnadu Upto 1967 A.D
    M.A. HISTORY - I YEAR DKH11 : HISTORY OF TAMILNADU UPTO 1967 A.D. SYLLABUS Unit - I Introduction : Influence of Geography and Topography on the History of Tamil Nadu - Sources of Tamil Nadu History - Races and Tribes - Pre-history of Tamil Nadu. SangamPeriod : Chronology of the Sangam - Early Pandyas – Administration, Economy, Trade and Commerce - Society - Religion - Art and Architecture. Unit - II The Kalabhras - The Early Pallavas, Origin - First Pandyan Empire - Later PallavasMahendravarma and Narasimhavarman, Pallava’s Administration, Society, Religion, Literature, Art and Architecture. The CholaEmpire : The Imperial Cholas and the Chalukya Cholas, Administration, Society, Education and Literature. Second PandyanEmpire : Political History, Administration, Social Life, Art and Architecture. Unit - III Madurai Sultanate - Tamil Nadu under Vijayanagar Ruler : Administration and Society, Economy, Trade and Commerce, Religion, Art and Architecture - Battle of Talikota 1565 - Kumarakampana’s expedition to Tamil Nadu. Nayakas of Madurai - ViswanathaNayak, MuthuVirappaNayak, TirumalaNayak, Mangammal, Meenakshi. Nayakas of Tanjore :SevappaNayak, RaghunathaNayak, VijayaRaghavaNayak. Nayak of Jingi : VaiyappaTubakiKrishnappa, Krishnappa I, Krishnappa II, Nayak Administration, Life of the people - Culture, Art and Architecture. The Setupatis of Ramanathapuram - Marathas of Tanjore - Ekoji, Serfoji, Tukoji, Serfoji II, Sivaji III - The Europeans in Tamil Nadu. Unit - IV Tamil Nadu under the Nawabs of Arcot - The Carnatic Wars, Administration under the Nawabs - The Mysoreans in Tamil Nadu - The Poligari System - The South Indian Rebellion - The Vellore Mutini- The Land Revenue Administration and Famine Policy - Education under the Company - Growth of Language and Literature in 19th and 20th centuries - Organization of Judiciary - Self Respect Movement. Unit - V Tamil Nadu in Freedom Struggle - Tamil Nadu under Rajaji and Kamaraj - Growth of Education - Anti Hindi & Agitation.
    [Show full text]
  • Economic and Cultural History of Tamilnadu from Sangam Age to 1800 C.E
    I - M.A. HISTORY Code No. 18KP1HO3 SOCIO – ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL HISTORY OF TAMILNADU FROM SANGAM AGE TO 1800 C.E. UNIT – I Sources The Literay Sources Sangam Period The consisted, of Tolkappiyam a Tamil grammar work, eight Anthologies (Ettutogai), the ten poems (Padinen kell kanakku ) the twin epics, Silappadikaram and Manimekalai and other poems. The sangam works dealt with the aharm and puram life of the people. To collect various information regarding politics, society, religion and economy of the sangam period, these works are useful. The sangam works were secular in character. Kallabhra period The religious works such as Tamil Navalar Charital,Periyapuranam and Yapperumkalam were religious oriented, they served little purpose. Pallava Period Devaram, written by Apper, simdarar and Sambandar gave references tot eh socio economic and the religious activities of the Pallava age. The religious oriented Nalayira Tivya Prabandam also provided materials to know the relation of the Pallavas with the contemporary rulers of South India. The Nandikkalambakam of Nandivarman III and Bharatavenba of Perumdevanar give a clear account of the political activities of Nandivarman III. The early pandya period Limited Tamil sources are available for the study of the early Pandyas. The Pandikkovai, the Periyapuranam, the Divya Suri Carita and the Guruparamparai throw light on the study of the Pandyas. The Chola Period The chola empire under Vijayalaya and his successors witnessed one of the progressive periods of literary and religious revival in south India The works of South Indian Vishnavism arranged by Nambi Andar Nambi provide amble information about the domination of Hindu religion in south India.
    [Show full text]
  • Examining Slavery in the Medieval Deccan and in the Indian
    TCNJ JOURNAL OF STUDENT SCHOLARSHIP VOLUME XIV APRIL 2012 FROM AFRICAN SLAVE TO DECCANI MILITARY AND POLITICAL LEADER: EXAMINING MALIK AMBAR’S LIFE AND LEGACY Author: Riksum Kazi Faculty Sponsor: Adam Knobler, Department of History ABSTRACT This paper examines the career of Malik Ambar (1549-1646). Originally an African slave soldier, he gained power in the regional politics of medieval India. Study of his life illustrates the dynamics, complexity, and politics of military slavery in the Deccan and India. INTRODUCTION Although fewer Africans were transported to the Indian subcontinent than to the Americas, they played a significant role in Indian history.1 Malik Ambar gained control of a sizable Deccani sultanate and transcended the traditional role of slave by resisting the Mughal Empire‘s armies and maintaining the socio- economic structure of the Deccan. Despite his accomplishments, Ambar he has been forgotten by historians for a variety of political, religious, and ethnic reasons. A note on terminology: in this paper, the word slave, unless otherwise indicated, connotes people of African heritage in involuntary servitude. The term Habshi refers to African slaves from the hinterlands of Ethiopia and the Sudan.2 THE DECCAN: GEOGRAPHIC BACKGROUND The Deccan, the principal geological region of Central India, is divided into five major areas: the Western Ghats, comprised of the Sahyadri range and coastal region near those mountains; the Northern Deccan plateau; the Southern Deccan plateau; the Eastern plateau; and the Eastern Ghats, including the Bengali coastal region. Its landscapes and climates vary from cold mountains to warm coastal plains.3 Moreover, the region was populated by speakers of Sanskrit, Tamil, Gujarati, Marathi, Persian, and Urdu and practicers of Hinduism and Islam.
    [Show full text]
  • Social History of the Deccan, 1300–1761
    ASocial History of the Deccan, 1300–1761 In this fascinating study, Richard Eaton recounts the history of southern India’s Deccan plateau from the early fourteenth century to the rise of European colonia- lism in the eighteenth. He does so, vividly, by narrating the lives of eight Indians who lived at different times during this period, and whose careers illustrate par- ticular social processes of the region’s history. In the first chapter, for example, the author recounts the tragic life of maharaja Pratapa Rudra in order to describe the demise of regional kingdoms and the rise of interregional sultanates. In the second, the life of a Sufi shaikh is used to explore the intersection of Muslim piety, holy-man charisma, and state authority. The book’s other characters include a long-distance merchant, a general, a slave, a poet, a bandit, and a female commander-regent. Woven together into a rich narrative tapestry, the stories of these eight figures shed light not only on important social processes of the Deccan plateau across four centuries, but also on the complex relations between peoples and states of north India and those to the south of the Narmada River. This study of one of the least understood parts of South Asia is a long-awaited and much-needed book by one of the most highly regarded scholars in the field. richard m. eaton is one of the premier scholars of precolonial India. His many publications include The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760 (1993), India’s Islamic Traditions, 711–1750 (2003) and Temple Desecration and Muslim States in Medieval India (2004).
    [Show full text]
  • Mosque Typologies and Sectarian Affiliation in the Kingdom of Ahmadnagar
    chapter 6 Patterns of Faith: Mosque Typologies and Sectarian Affiliation in the Kingdom of Ahmadnagar Pushkar Sohoni Architectural historians have studied monumen- kingdom. Its commercial and symbolic importance tal and dynastic architecture in the cities of the is demonstrated by the sheer frequency of refer- early modern Deccan, but surveys of even the ences to it in contemporary accounts.2 better-known buildings are scarce.1 Despite this This study highlights five mosques as exemplars lacuna, it is possible to make several observations of the most common mosque typology found in and conclusions by studying the distribution of the city and kingdom of Ahmadnagar. The first is architecture and patterns of settlement. In this the Soneri Mosque in the Bara Imam Kotla, data- short essay, the spatial distribution of mosques in ble on the basis of a detached inscription at the the city of Ahmadnagar, and to some extent site. The second, the Damdi Mosque, can be dated throughout the kingdom as a whole, forms the to the 1560s; its scale is typical of an Ahmadnagar basis for reconstructing a social landscape. mosque. And the last three—the Kali (lit. “black”), The Nizam Shahs (r. 1490–1636) ruled from their or Burud Mosque, the Kamani Mosque, and the capital city of Ahmadnagar for a little more than a Qasim Khan Mosque—are typical neighborhood century. It was a new city founded by Ahmad mosques patronized by either a single person at Nizam Shah i (r. 1490–1510) and decisions regarding court or members of the local community that its layout, planning, and construction were all comprised professional or sectarian congrega- deliberate; the settling of a city was economically tions.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study of the Local Administration of Adilshahi Sultanate (A.D
    A STUDY OF THE LOCAL ADMlNISTRATION OF ADILSHAHI SULTANATE (A.D. 1489-1686)* By HIROSHI FUKAZAWA Lecturer of Asian Economy I. INTRODUCTION 1. Preliminary Remarks The Adilshahi Sultanate was established in A.D. 1489 by Yusuf Adil Khan with Bijapor as its capital. It was one of the five Sultanates of the Deccan which sprang up after the dissolution of the Bahmanl Sultanate. Until 1686, when it was annexed to the mighty Mughal Empire, it had eight Sultans on its throne, was the most extensive and powerful of the five Deccan Sultanates, and played an important part in the political and cultural history of medieval India,l The purpose of this article is, however, not to discuss the politico-cultural history of this Sultanate, but to analyse the institutions of local administration in its established territory, roughly from the Bhtm~ to the Tungabhadra. Two broad questions have led me to study the subject. First, the studies hitherto attempted on the medieval Deccan during the Muslim period appear to be mainly confined either to the chronological narration of political events or to the cultural history of the court.2 This trend of research may be said to be due to two causes: (1) the source materials so far used have been mostly the court chronicles written * A]though the responsibility for writing this article as welll as for its contents is solely mine, I am nevertheless greatly indebted to the guidance' and instruction given by Prof. G.H. Khare of Bharat Itihas Sanshodhak Mandal, Poona, and wish to express my most sincere gratitude to him.
    [Show full text]
  • M.A. HISTORY (SEMESTER) (CBCS) REVISED SYLLABUS (Effect from 2018 Onwards) REGULATIONS and SCHEME of EXAMINATIONS 1
    Placed at the meeting of Academic Council held on 26.03.2018 APPENDIX - CB MADURAI KAMARAJ UNIVERSITY (University with Potential for Excellence) M.A. HISTORY (SEMESTER) (CBCS) REVISED SYLLABUS (Effect from 2018 onwards) REGULATIONS AND SCHEME OF EXAMINATIONS 1. Introduction of the Programme: The M.A. History Programme has been designed in accordance with the National Education Policy and as per the guidelines given by the Tamil Nadu State Council for Higher Education that emphasise on introduction of innovative and socially relevant courses at the Post Graduate level. It is expected to be highly beneficial to the student community. This Programme introduces new ideas slowly and carefully in such manner so as to give the students a good institutive feeling for the subject and develops an interest in the subject to pursue their studies further. The Syllabus is restricted to suit the needs of the time and to enhance employability of the students without compromising the intrinsic value of studying the past. It would also prove to be a great asset for those preparing for NET, SET and other competitive examinations. 2. Eligibility for admission: Candidates who have a B.A. Degree in History from any recognised University are eligible to join this Programme. The duration of the Programme shall be two academic years comprising four semesters in each academic year. Medium of Instructions: English 3. Objectives of the Programme: The main objective of the course is to provide a detailed study of the history of India and Tamil Nadu as well as substantial surveys of the history of other important countries of the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Medieval History
    OFFICERS IAS ACADEMY (IAS Academy by IAS Officers) Test 3 Q&A 1. Consider the following statements 1) The Tripartite Struggle as the historians describe, is a fight over the control of Kanauj between, the Palas, Rashtrakutas and the Paramara Dynasties. 2) Kannauj is a strategic location, situated in the Ganga Valley. 3) The Capital City of Rashtrakuta was Manyakheta. Which of the above statements is/are correct? a) 1 and 3 b) 1 and 2 c) 2 and 3 d) All of the above. Answer: C Explanation – Each of the ruling dynasties was based in a specific region. At the same time, they tried to control other areas. One particularly prized area was the city of Kanauj in the Ganga valley, located near river Ganga. Hence, Statement 2 is correct. For centuries, rulers belonging to the Gurjara-Pratihara, Rashtrakuta and Pala dynasties fought for control over Kanauj. The Three Kingdoms involved in the tripartite struggle are Gurjara-pratiharas, Rastrakutas (to the south) and Pala dynasty to the west. Paramaras were not involved in this struggle. Hence Statement 1 is incorrect. Because there were three “parties” in this long drawn conflict, historians often describe it as the “tripartite struggle”. Capital of Rashtrakutas is Malkhed/Manyakheta situated on the deccan peninsula between Godavari and Krishna rivers. Statement 3 is correct. Pala’s capital is Paharpur. Refer map on Page 16. Source – Social (History) -7th NCERT – Our Pasts 2- pages- 16, 20 and 21. 2. Consider the following terms – 1) Samantas and Maha-Mandalshevara are titles given to powerful landlords and warrior chiefs who were completely independent from the Kings.
    [Show full text]
  • Summary of Major Dynasties and Empires Covered on ASA’S
    Summary of major dynasties and empires covered on ASA’s Southern India tour Summary of major dynasties and empires covered on ASA’s Southern India tour MMamMajor Tamil Dynasties (Pandyan, Chola & Chera) Pandyan Dynasty (600 BC (Early Pandyan Kingdom) - 1650) Ancient dynasty that ruled in Tamil Nadu until superceded by the Kalabhras dynasty (3rd – 7th c AD). After the fall of the Kalabhras they revived and ruled until 1650. They fought continuously with the Cholas, Cheras and Pallavas. Religion: Hinduism; Jainism Language: Tamil Capital/s we visit: Madurai (3rd c. BC – 1345 AD) Major monuments we see: Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam; Meenakshi Temple, Madurai Chola Dynasty (c. 301 BC – 1279 AD) This ancient dynasty ruled as enemies of the Pandyas and Pallavas until these dynasties, and later the obscure Kalabhras superseded them. They rose again around 1000 AD to create a huge empire stretching to the Maldives and much of what is now Indonesia. Summary of major dynasties and empires covered on ASA’s Southern India tour Page 1 Religion: Hinduism Language: Tamil Capital/s, towns we visit: Kanchipuram; Thanjavur (Tanjore) Major monuments we see: Shaiva & Vaishnava Temples, Kanchipuram; Gangaikonda Cholapuram; Airavatesvara Temple at Darasuram; Brihadishwara Temple, Thanjavur; Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam Artworks we see: Chola bronzes in Chennai Museum and Saraswati Mahal Library Museum, Thanjavur. Chera Dynasty (c. 20 BC - 1000 AD) In ancient times, the Cera (Chera) dynasty reigned over a small section of the southwestern coast of India known as the kingdom of Kerala, one of the three Tamil states. From the mid-sixth century to the ninth century the Chalukya, Pallava, and Pandya dynasties fought a long series of wars in southwestern India.
    [Show full text]
  • Copyrighted Material
    Section 1 India at a Glance After the government of Jawaharlal Nehru (1889–1964) formed the first Planning Commission in 1950 in an attempt to efficiently allocate resources to various sectors of the economy, Indian real GDP grew at an annual rate of 3.5 percent through 1980; a relatively modest level of growth for an emerg- ing economy, it would unfairly become known as the “Hindu rate of growth.” Coming to power in 1984 after Indira Gandhi’s assassination, Rajiv Gandhi (1944–1991) accelerated reforms initiated by his mother, including measures to reduce the industrial-licensing system known as the “License Raj,” a reduc- tion in tariffs on imports, and a reduction in corporate taxes and income taxes. While Gandhi’s efforts to spur reform were seen as a positive step, the reforms did not fundamentally alter the status quo of the Indian economy, known as a “Caged Tiger,” built upon the ideals of Fabian socialism. In the late 1980s, an increase in external debt from 10 to 15 percent of Gross National Income (GNI) to 20 to 25 percent of GNI, combined with persistent and rising government fiscal and current account deficits, led to a balance of payments crisis, which left India dangerously short of foreign exchange reserves and at risk of default on its short-term debt obligations. After the June 1991 election of the Congress Party’s Narasimha Rao (1921–2004),COPYRIGHTED the third government MATERIAL in 18 months, the crisis was stemmed following a double devaluation of the rupee and the emergency airlift of 47 tonnes of gold to be held as collateral at the Bank of England in order for India to raise $600 million.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study on Pandyan Dynasty Internationally Indexed Peer
    Journal of Advances and JournalScholarly of Advances and Researches in Scholarly Researches in AlliedAllied Education Education Vol.Vol. VI I3,I, Issue Issue No. 6, XV I, Oct-2014,April ISSN-2012, 2230 -7540 ISSN 2230- 7540 REVIEW ARTICLE REVIEW ARTICLE AN A STUDY ON PANDYAN DYNASTY INTERNATIONALLY INDEXED PEER REVIEWED & Study of Political Representations: REFEREED JOURNAL Diplomatic Missions of Early Indian to Britain www.ignited.in Journal of Advances and Scholarly Researches in Allied Education Vol. VIII, Issue No. XVI, October-2014, ISSN 2230-7540 A Study on Pandyan Dynasty Kanta - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - X - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - INTRODUCTION an act that earned him the name Ollaiyur thantha Pudappandian. Both Pudappandiyan and his The Pandyan or Pandian dynasty was an predecessor, Nedunj Cheliyan I, were poets ancient Tamil dynasty, one of the three Tamil themselves who contributed to the Purananuru dynasties, the other two being the Chola and the collection. Chera). The Pandya King, along with Chera King and Chola King, together were called asThree The successor of Pudappandiyan was Nedunj Crowned Kings of Tamilakam. The dynasty ruled parts Cheliyan II also known as "Pasumpun Pandyan. of South India from around 600 BCE (Early Pandyan "Immediately after ascending the throne, he marched Kingdom) to first half of 17th century CE. They initially with his troops to the north of Vaigai and defeated the ruled their country Pandya Nadu from Korkai, a chieftain Evvi II. He then headed west and captured seaport on the southernmost tip of the Indian the Aayi territory controlled by another chieftain, Peninsula, and in later times moved to Madurai. Fish Atiyan.
    [Show full text]
  • Monthly Multidisciplinary Research Journal Review of Research Journal
    Vol 3 Issue 5 Feb 2014 Impact Factor : 2.1002 (UIF) ISSN No : 2249-894X ORIGINAL ARTICLE Monthly Multidisciplinary Research Journal Review Of Research Journal Chief Editors Ashok Yakkaldevi Flávio de São Pedro Filho A R Burla College, India Federal University of Rondonia, Brazil Ecaterina Patrascu Kamani Perera Spiru Haret University, Bucharest Regional Centre For Strategic Studies, Sri Lanka Welcome to Review Of Research RNI MAHMUL/2011/38595 ISSN No.2249-894X Review Of Research Journal is a multidisciplinary research journal, published monthly in English, Hindi & Marathi Language. All research papers submitted to the journal will be double - blind peer reviewed referred by members of the editorial Board readers will include investigator in universities, research institutes government and industry with research interest in the general subjects. Advisory Board Flávio de São Pedro Filho Horia Patrascu Mabel Miao Federal University of Rondonia, Brazil Spiru Haret University, Bucharest, Romania Center for China and Globalization, China Kamani Perera Delia Serbescu Ruth Wolf Regional Centre For Strategic Studies, Sri Spiru Haret University, Bucharest, Romania University Walla, Israel Lanka Xiaohua Yang Jie Hao Ecaterina Patrascu University of San Francisco, San Francisco University of Sydney, Australia Spiru Haret University, Bucharest Karina Xavier Pei-Shan Kao Andrea Fabricio Moraes de AlmeidaFederal Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), University of Essex, United Kingdom University of Rondonia, Brazil USA Loredana Bosca Catalina Neculai May Hongmei Gao Spiru Haret University, Romania University of Coventry, UK Kennesaw State University, USA Anna Maria Constantinovici Marc Fetscherin Ilie Pintea AL. I. Cuza University, Romania Rollins College, USA Spiru Haret University, Romania Romona Mihaila Liu Chen Spiru Haret University, Romania Beijing Foreign Studies University, China Mahdi Moharrampour Nimita Khanna Govind P.
    [Show full text]