Intl. J. Humanities (2011) Vol. 18 (2): (89-115)

Trade and Cultural Contacts between Northern and Southern during Parthians and Sasanians: A Study Based on Pottery from

Alireza Hojabri-Nobari 1, Alireza Khosrowzadeh 2, Seyed Mehdi Mousavi Kouhpar 3, Hamed Vahdatinasab 4

Received:21/9/2011 Accepted:3/1/2011

Abstract The first season of survey at Qeshm, carried out during the winter of 2006, resulted in the identification of nine sites from the Parthian and Sasanian periods. The surface pottery from these sites suggests their trade and cultural relations with contemporary sites in the southern Persian Gulf and other areas. For instance, the Parthian and Sasanian glazed types in Qeshm Island are closely related materials found from Khuzestan as well as northern and southern coasts of the Persian Gulf, including ed-Dur, Suhar, Kush, Failaka and Qalat . Parthian painted ware reveals close similarities to monochrome and bichrome painted pottery of southeastern , coasts and the southern Persian Gulf, specifically ed-Dur, Suhar, Kush and Tel-i-Abrak. The so-called Indian Red Polished Ware is the other diagnostic type widespread in the northern and southern coasts of the Persian Gulf from the middle Parthian up to the Downloaded from eijh.modares.ac.ir at 11:47 IRDT on Monday August 31st 2020 early Islamic period. The material was being widely produced in the Indian region (Gujarat) and Indus, and exported to different places around the Persian Gulf. The Coarse Black Ware ( ceramic noir epaise ) with decorative raised bands recorded in Qeshm compares with coarse-black material from the southern Persian Gulf, also occurring at sites such as ed-Dur and Abu Dhabi Islands. Plain, common Parthian and Sasanian pottery from Qeshm shows parallels with known materials of this period in the northern and southern Persian Gulf.

Keywords: Trade; Pottery; Persian Gulf; Qeshm; Parthian; Sasanian

1. Associate Professor, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Iran. [email protected] 2 . PhD Student, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Iran 3. Assistant Professor, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Iran 4. Assistant Professor, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

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Introduction including Kish, Hormuz, Khark and Oman. During February and March 2006, Qeshm, With reference to its strategic location near an island in the strategic the mouth of the Strait of Hormuz and close (Fig.1), was partially surveyed by an to the northern and southern coasts, Qeshm expedition from Iranian Centre for probably played a considerably important Archaeological Research (ICAR). The role in creating trade and commercial ties island served as a main loop in the region's between northern and southern shores as trade networks during historical and Islamic well as with other areas. eras. The presence of numerous sites there The first season of field work at Qeshm with rich cultural material, demonstrate its yielded interesting results, including flourishing contacts with other areas identification of some sites probably dating including East and South Asia, attest to the back from the Iron Age to the later Islamic claim. Surveys and excavations on both period. The survey recorded four sites from northern and southern shores of the Persian the Parthian and five from Sasanian Gulf have identified several sites associated periods. The following sections summarize with its trade artery leading to the Indian the results accruing from an analysis of Ocean during the entire or part of the pottery collections from these sites at Parthian, Sasanian and Islamic periods. In Qeshm. northern region, Siraf, Suhar, , ed- Dur, Kush and Mleiha are counted as the Aims and Methodology

Downloaded from eijh.modares.ac.ir at 11:47 IRDT on Monday August 31st 2020 most important sites. All these have The archaeological survey of Qeshm Island produced good evidences from the was conducted with the general objective of historical and Islamic periods for maritime getting a better understanding on trade between different regions of the commercial/economic interactions between Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean. Further, different settlements of historic period on archaeological activities on the Persian the island with those nearby regions Gulf's islands suggest that the important including southern and northern coasts of trade centers were not simply limited to the the Persian Gulf. Current data of the coastal areas rather there existed similarly Persian Gulf islands are too meagre to be important centers at several islands analyzed for reconstructing the nature and

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intensity of socio-economic contacts followed random sampling to collected a between human communities of both sides representative samples from the visited of the Persian Gulf, but thanks to increasing sites. To find the sites, in addition to direct archaeological fieldworks in the region observation, we benefited from local there are promising windows to going informants. We assigned a unique code to through such issues. The data gathered each site which included QS as during the first season of Qeshm Island abbreviation of Qeshm Island and a survey enhanced our insights into the number. problem of cultural contacts between southern and northern settlements of the Parthian and Sasanian Potteries in Persian Gulf as well as adjacent regions. Qeshm Generally, the aim of the survey was to As Haerinck noted (1983), during the look into possible answers to the following Parthian period, pottery was generally questions: 1. When the Qeshm Island was produced locally and that situation populated first and why? 2. How continued up to Sasanians thus individual Achaemenid, Parthian and Sassanid did Iranian regions have had their own pottery affect commerce and economy of the both style and characteristics. Qeshm falls in the sides of the Persian Gulf? 3. What are the southern zone of the Iranian cultural nature, distribution and size of historic divisions. In fact, the pottery assemblage settlements of Qeshm and what information from the island shares most of its

Downloaded from eijh.modares.ac.ir at 11:47 IRDT on Monday August 31st 2020 they provide about the character and characteristics with material known from function of these settlements? 4. What role the southern Iran. The most important settlements at the Qeshm Island and archaeological works conducted in this Hormoz Strait coasts could play for inter zone includes excavations at Tepe Yahya. and intra-regional commercial contacts and On the southern Persian Gulf, which is developing trade networks during Parthian much extensively excavated, sites at UAE onward? and Oman fit into this zone. Excavations at Our methodology was intensive Suhar, ed-Dur, Kush and Mleiha are the coverage of the area through 1/25000 and most important works carried out in the 1/50000 scaled topographical maps. We zone. Apart from excavations, several

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survey programs covered the area including dated to the post-Parthian, i.e. Sasanian those directed by de Cardi and Potts. period (Sajjadi, 1991; Sajjadi, 1989). At Parthian and Sasanian forms in Qeshm Tepe Yahya, this type was present within pottery assemblage compare more Period I strata attributable to the Parthian characteristically to those from the above- and Sasanian periods (Lamberg-Karlovsky, mentioned sites. In general, Parthian and 1970). Sasanian pottery assemblage collected on The type was also recorded on Bushehr Qeshm may be classified into five types: coastal areas, where the examples (found at Painted Ware, Glazed Ware, Indian Red Rishahr) were orange in color and grit- Ware, Coarse Black and Red Ware, and tempered, with thick orange slip applied Plain Ware. over the surface. The black painted decorations occurred on both exterior and Painted Ware interior surfaces. Occasionally, the exterior The examples fall into distinct categories. and sometimes the interior surface of the The first is fine, grit-tempered material with sherds was polished (Whitehouse and red-yellow body and a thick, red slip. The Williamson 1973, Fig. 5A). In his survey at decorations tend to be geometrical designs and southern Kerman, Williamson executed with black paint on the exterior recorded several sites containing examples surface. The type is also known as Orange of this pottery. Recent surveys at Rudân Ware with painted decorations or have produced considerable number of

Downloaded from eijh.modares.ac.ir at 11:47 IRDT on Monday August 31st 2020 “Namord” Ware (Fig. 4). Sir Aurel Stein examples of this pottery at Tom-e Maroon was first to record this pottery type in Iran (Khosrowzadeh, 2006). The painted forms at sites in Kerman and Baluchistan such as from this site closely parallel those in Damb-e Kuh, Fanuj, Hezar Mardi, Tombe Qeshm assemblage. Namord and Darra-shör (Stein 1937: 175). The type likewise occurs at several sites In 1983, an archaeological team led by on the southern Gulf, such as al-Ghanam, Sajjadi surveyed Rudbâr valley in southern ed-Dur, Kush, Mlieha and Tel-I Abrak, Kerman recording this pottery at four sites, within deposits dating back to the Parthian namely Qala Khârg, Dugâri, Tombe and Sasanian periods (Fig. 2). The material Nomrad, and Si Tomb. The material was is reported from ed-Dur (Salles 1984; Fig.

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11, 15-18; Lecomte 1993; Fig. 12.1-4), the dated collections from other areas. The greatest pre-Islamic site on the southern type, however, resembles the monochrome Persian Gulf, and Mlieha (Boucharlat and and bichrome painted pottery described by Mouton 1993; Figs. 15.3-4), the greatest Haerinck and dated to 1st -3rd centuries AD site in the southern hinterland of the Gulf. It (cf., Haerinck 1983: 242). Similar forms are is similarly found at Tel Abrak. Namord to be found at several sites in Jiroft, Ware was excavated at Kush and dated to southern Kerman and Hormuzgan coasts. the Sasanian era (Kennet 2002, Fig. 6). Potts, on morphological grounds, classifies Surveys in northern Oman revealed forms Namord pottery type into earlier and later related to the Painted Namord Ware at varieties. The earlier variety is attributed to Parthian and Sasanian sites (de Cardi et al. the Parthian period (1st and 2nd centuries 1975; Fig. 9.40-66). The material was AD), while the later is dated to the early present at Qana in deposits belonging to Sasanian era (i.e., 3rd century AD; Potts 2nd -4th centuries AD (Sedov 1996: 21-23; 1998: 211). The suggested date for the later Fig. 6. 2-7), and at Qalat al-Bahrain variety is based on its presence in the (Hojland & Anderson 1997: 213-215). Period I deposits in Area F at ed-Dur Namord Ware from southern Persian Gulf (Lecomte 1993: 200). In stratified contexts tends to occur in the form of jars with at Kush, there were 34 sherds which can be hanging rims and tall jar-like goblets assigned to Potts’ later variety; of these, 15 regularly decorated with lines and came from the earliest stratified phase (W- th th

Downloaded from eijh.modares.ac.ir at 11:47 IRDT on Monday August 31st 2020 horizontal and vertical bands below the rim. 01) datable to 4 and 5 centuries; thus The second type is similarly fine, but Kennet suggested that the type was still produced in a lower quality compared with produced after 3rd century AD (Kennet the first type (Fig. 4). Examples of this type 2004: 62). are orange to orange-brown in color and the paste is grit-tempered. An orange slip Indian Polished Red Ware covers the exterior surface, and the vessel is Identification of a number of vessels from decorated with black paint. Due to the Parthian and Sasanian periods fragmentary nature of the sample, it was not belonging to a pottery type known as Indian possible to compare this type with the well- Red Polished Ware was one of the most

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striking results of the recent survey polished surface, is very fine and program at Qeshm. Most of the vessels are occasionally a thick red-brown or red slip comparable, in their form, decoration and was applied on exterior or interior surface. quality, to the contemporary material from Some vessels are decorated with carved different sites including ed-Dur, Suhar, etc. grooves (Fig. 6, types 1-4). The type is Based on stratigraphical excavation at quite similar to the Indian-type materials Suhar, Kervran identified and presented excavated from layers 1 and 2 at Suhar three types of Indian pottery. In 1980, he (Kervran 1996). Morphologically, the opened a stratigraphical test trench at the vessels are classified into three types: the center of the city. In general, 8 to 9 meters first is small cooking pot with averted rim, of archaeological deposits were exposed, of decorated with a groove on exterior and a which 3 meters belonged to the pre-Islamic small projection on the interior (Fig. 6: 3- era. He recorded 28 occupational levels in 1). A similar type is found at Suhar and was the trench. Based on the excavated in use up to 500 AD. (Kervran 1994, Fig. 4: sequence, he identified and dated three 11, Fig. 3: 4-5; Kervran and Hiebert 1991, types of Indian pottery, and dated the Fig. 4: 19). Other similar forms are reported earliest type to 1st and 2nd centuries AD from Rishahr, which fairly resemble the (contemporary with the middle Parthian material from Qeshm (Whitehouse & period). The second type was attributed to Williamson 1973, Fig. 5. d-e). Umbari, the Sasanian period and the third to Islamic Amerli and Shamaldji in India have

Downloaded from eijh.modares.ac.ir at 11:47 IRDT on Monday August 31st 2020 era. Based on these findings at Suhar, it was produced quite similar type (Pinto Orton suggested that extensive commercial ties 1991; Kervran 1994, Fig. 11). Some of the existed between this area and southern Asia vessels have a kind of unique, tall bases yet during this period as well as the Sasanian unattested at other sites in the Gulf region. and Islamic eras (Kervran 1996). Banbhore in India, however, produced The sites at Qeshm yielded three types of small cooking pots with similar bases ( Ibid , Indian ware (Fig. 6). The first category is Fig. 11. I) red in color, usually with dense, consistent The second type resembles the first, with texture. The temper added to the paste is the exception that the interior rim lacks the hardly detectable. This material, with its projection characteristic of the first

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category (Fig. 6: 4). This type is similarly on the interior rim. Fig. 6: 6-7 belong to this dated to the Parthian period at Suhar type, and resemble the painted examples (Kervran 1994, Fig. 3: 2; Kervran and from Suhar Layer 3 and 4, dated to the Hiebert 1991, Fig. 4: 19). Parthian and Sasanian periods (250-500 The second type of Indian-type material AD). In spite of their slightly differing in Qeshm assemblage includes common forms from those in Qeshm assemblage, and coarse material tempered with mica. they have similar paintings and technical The paste is red to brown-red (Fig. 6: 5) or characteristics (Kervran 1994, Fig. 3: 13, occasionally black in color. Both interior Fig. 4: 2). The type is also found in late and exterior surfaces are polished and the Sasanian and early Islamic levels at Kush polishing marks are visible as regular (Kennet 2004: 56-66). horizontal or vertical lines, or irregular impressions (Fig. 6: 8). Both types are Glazed Ware paralleled in middle Parthian deposits at The glazed type collected from the surface Suhar (Kervran & Hiebert 1991, Fig. 5: 1; of the sites in Qeshm are manufactured with Kervran 1994, Fig. 3: 16). According to a yellow, yellowish cream, buff or beige Kennet, the type was more common during paste. The vessels are tempered with grit 5th and 6th centuries AD. Thirty-nine sherds and sand, and are well-fired. Cream, blue of this pottery were excavated from and turquoise glazes were applied on the stratified contexts at Kush, of which surface. The glaze tends to be cracked and th

Downloaded from eijh.modares.ac.ir at 11:47 IRDT on Monday August 31st 2020 seventeen belonged to Phase W-01 (5 and lusterless. The glazed type was recorded at 6th centuries) (Kennet 2004: 65-66). Ramchâh and Dofâri (Fig. 5). The third type is the so-called Indian Fig. 5:3 resembles the glazed forms from painted ware. The forms have a paste the Parthian period contexts in Bahrain similar to the common type, and are (Boucharlat 1986, Fig. 150:2); No.4, a vegetable and grit tempered; mica is heavily necked jar, belongs to the type widely in used as temper as well. The exterior surface use during Parthian period at Susa is covered with a red or brown-red polished (Boucharlat & Labrosse 1979, Fig. 34:18); slip, and designs in the form of parallel No. 3 belongs to a very pervasive glazed horizontal bands in black paint are applied types of Khuzestan reported from Susa and

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Mianab (Khowsrozaded & ‘Ali 2005, Fig. Tepe Yahya, although their paste is in 22:9; Boucharlat 1987, Fig. 63:2; different color (Lamberg-Karlovsky 1970, Miroschedji 1987, Fig. 19:10) For the other Fig. 5.C). Related pithoi with similar examples no parallels are presently characteristics and forms were excavated at available from sites on the Persian Gulf. ed-Dur (Salles 1984, Fig. 10: 90-98; Qeshm glazed pottery relates to the glazed Lecomte 1993, Fig. 9.8, Fig. 13.14). A types of Khuzestan and Mesopotamia. It similar form is likewise reported from Qalat also displays striking resemblance to related al-Bahrain (Boucharlat 1986, Fig. 151:7). material from southern Persian Gulf area, in Three styles of decoration appear on this particular ed-Dur, Suhar, Bahrain, Kush, pottery: raised designs with square cross- Mlieha and other sites. Given the nature section sometimes decorated with deep and quality of the glaze, it seems to date grooves. The decorative style finds parallels back from the middle Parthian period at different regions in southern and onward. southwestern Iran, of which on can refer to Hajjiabad (Azarnoush 1994, Fig. r) dating Large Coarse, Black and Red Ware from Sasanian era, and Noorabad The vessels were manufactured with black, (Khosrowzadeh & Zaidi 2006, Fig. B5. red or dark grey paste. The temper includes TNP 2064) from the Parthian period. grit and sand, and occasionally white Related decorations occur at Persepolis in particles. Occasionally, a black slip covers the post-Achaemenid period (Schmidt

Downloaded from eijh.modares.ac.ir at 11:47 IRDT on Monday August 31st 2020 the exterior of the vessels. The surface 1958, Pl. 73. 7). At ed-Dur (Salles 1984, pottery assemblage from Dofâri (QS5) Fig. 11. 110) and Abu Dhabi islands (King includes many examples of this type (Fig. & Tanghini 1998 Fig. 5.d) similar designs 7). The entire sherd comes from some large can be found. Raised bands with triangle or vessels, pithoi and jars with walls over 1cm square cross-section and finger-impressed thickness. The forms have squared rims, grooves are the second decorative style, which tend to be grooved on the exterior. which have parallels in Parthian assemblage The pottery is found from several areas in of Kahur Langarchini, Minab southern and southwestern Iran. Pithoi (Khosrowzadeh et al. 2006, Fig. 5: 6), almost similar to Nos. 4-7 are reported from Noorabad (Zaidi et al 2006, Fig. 6.24. MSP

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1731), ed-Dur (Salles 1984, Fig. 11.106) vertical rims and rounded rims with a and Abu Dhabi islands (King & Tonghini groove below its exterior surface, and flat- 1998, Fig. 5.b). And, the third style rimmed bowls with semicircular body (Fig. concerns horizontal grooves applied with 8: 11) are of the types also found at UAE finger. sites (de Cardi 1984, Fig. 9.6; King and Tonghini 1998,Fig.4.C,Fig.3.i). Necked jars Common Ware with a rounded vertical rim (Fig. 5) The vessels are of orange, red, buff and resemble forms excavated at ed-Dur (Salles brown colors tempered with grit, sand, fine 1984,Fig.6.43) and Tepe Yahya (Karlovsky white particles and sometimes vegetable. 1970, Fig. 6.g). Some of these types have orange or cream The last analyzed category includes slip on their exterior surface. necked jars with rounded rim, similar forms The most frequent types in Qeshm of which are known from sites in Bahrain assemblage include jars with vertical rims (Boucharlat 1986,Fig.149.5) and Khuzestan usually decorated with a groove on its (Khosrowzadeh & Aali 1385/2006, exterior (Fig. 8: 1-4). Similar forms are Fig.3.6). found at the Parthian and Sasanian sites of ed-Dur(Salles 1984,Fig.6.43;Lecomte 1993, Discussion and Conclusion Fig.11:6) and eastern Arabia (Potts 1987, The Persian Gulf has always served as a Fig.13.15). main artery in exporting goods to different

Downloaded from eijh.modares.ac.ir at 11:47 IRDT on Monday August 31st 2020 The other forms include necked jar with centers and areas. The commercial activities triangle, averted rims (Fig.8:1) or simple, on the Persian Gulf undoubtedly rounded or flat rims turned outwards (Fig. contributed to the international contacts and 8:8,10,15) that resemble Parthian examples commercial ties between different nations. from ed-Dur (Salles 1984, Fig. 4.21; The interactions have unquestionably Lecomte 1993,Fig.12.6,Fig.9.1).A similar benefited the entire local cultures along the example with a triangle rim is reported Gulf. Through this major artery not only from Parthian and Sasanian sites in peoples and merchandise were moving but northern Bushehr (Whitcomb 1978,Fig.G). also ideas were traveling throughout the Necked jars with flat, almost squared, region.

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Among the most important goods involved the other areas, in particular northern and in the long-distance maritime trade via this southern coasts of the Persian Gulf (Sajjadi channel was pottery. The Parthian and 1989: 50). The absence of the type from Sasanian pottery types in Qeshm Kuwait, Bahrain and Arabian Peninsula assemblage attest to this claim. The may be an indication of the close ties of typological and comparative study of eastern Persian Gulf (UAE and Oman) with Parthian and Sasanian materials from southern and southeastern Iran. Further, the Qeshm reveals the following facts, pottery present at Qana, and suggests the regarding individual pottery types: extension of the pottery trade up to the As Potts put it (1998: 211), Namord Ware eastern shores of the Indian Ocean (Sedov could have been exchanged as part of a 1996: 21-23; Fig. 6: 2-7). limited, local trade between northern and The same obtains for the Red Polished southern coasts of the Persian Gulf. The Ware widespread during the Parthian and reason for this was probably the distinct Sasanian periods. The type likewise occurs fabric and quality of the pottery itself, and with higher frequency at the eastern coast the nature of the goods and substances of the Persian Gulf and southern Iran, carried within them. Namord Ware occurs implying that the most part of the trade with more frequently on the eastern Persian Iranian sites was conducted through these Gulf, in particular, at ed-Dur, Kush, Tel-i- sites, although related pottery types are also Abrak, Meleiha, Suhar and al-Ghanam. It reported from other regions of the Persian

Downloaded from eijh.modares.ac.ir at 11:47 IRDT on Monday August 31st 2020 was similarly very common in southern and Gulf. Similar examples were recorded in southeastern Iran, where it is reported from 2nd -4th centuries AD deposits at Qana several sites (490 sites). Given the identical (Sedov 1996, Fig. 6: 8-10). The pottery was manufacturing and technical characteristics probably produced in India and made their and similar decorations, it seems that the way to Qeshm during flourishing sea trade pottery radiated from a single production of the Gulf. Indian Red Polished Ware center. Sajjadi recorded Namord Ware at could have been produced in Gujrat, where large number of sites in Rudbâr, Jiroft, considerable amount of similar forms which suggests that the pottery may have occur, and exported to the surrounding been produced in the region and exported to regions (Kennet 2004: 70). Almost all

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examples found at Qeshm are in the form of pottery trade between South Asia and the small, carinated cooking pots. The form Persian Gulf ceases completely in 14 th was similarly common at Suhar, Kush and century (Kennet ibid ). ed-Dur. Given the scarcity of glazed ware at Unfortunately, the available evidence of Qeshm and the Parthian and Sasanian sites trade between Iran under Parthians and on northern and southern Persian Gulf and Sasanians with South Asia is too limited to given that no indication of the mass contribute to our understandings of the production and export of the pottery type interactions between these two cultural has so far been made in any area on the zones. The nature and volume of the southern and northern regions of the maritime trade during Parthians and Persian Gulf, it is probable that the type Sasanians seems relatively elusive made its way to Qeshm and other areas of compared to the earlier and later periods. the Persian Gulf as imported item through Given the available evidence from Qeshm maritime trade. Given its mass production and the Strait of Hormuz as well as in Khuzestan and southern Mesopotamia, southern shores of the Persian Gulf, in the glazed ware seems to be imported into particular Kush, Suhar and ed-Dur, the the region from centers in these areas. trade must have been relatively higher in Thus, the presence of glazed forms, such volume. as Fish plates and amphorae which are Based on this limited evidence, Kennet found at most of the Parthian sites along the

Downloaded from eijh.modares.ac.ir at 11:47 IRDT on Monday August 31st 2020 suggests that Indian pottery reveals two or Persian Gulf, indicates the existence of three distribution phases in western Indian extensive commercial relations in large Ocean during the Sasanian to the middle parts of the Persian Gulf during the Parthian Islamic period. It was traded generally in and Sasanian periods. the Persian Gulf coasts and probably Red Coarse Red and Black Ware in Qeshm Sea during these periods. After 9th and 10 th assemblage belongs to a particular type that centuries AD, the trade of this pottery parallels the coarse black material from ed- increased on the Persian Gulf and it was Dur and other areas in UAE. The type is still circulating on Red Sea, and expanded recorded from eight sites in Abu Dhabi considerably on eastern African coasts. The (Hellyer & King 1999; King & Tonghini

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1998: 131-32). Hellyer and King described Minab to Qeshm and other sites on the the type as thick black-fired earthenware southern Persian Gulf including ed-Dur and with white inclusion (Hellyer & King 1999: Suhar. 120-21). They erroneously dated it to 3rd The second route involved in extensive, and 4th centuries BC (King & Hellyer 1997: long-distance trade with regions on Indian 26) based on its similarities to ed-Dur Ocean and western Persian Gulf, Khuzestan Ceramic noir epaise . However, they later and Mesopotamia. The claim hinges on the realized the error and reassigned it to 1st and evidence of the presence of glazed and 2nd centuries AD (Hellyer & King 1999: Indian-type pottery. 120-21). Suggesting India as the place of Therefore, given the available material origin of this pottery, Salles regarded its from the sites on the Persian Gulf, the Gulf occurrence at ed-Dur a result of contacts zone can be divided into two sub-zones. between these two regions during Parthians Though it is not possible to give a full and (1984: 246-47). However, the presence of accurate account due to limited excavations large number of this pottery at several sites on the Iranian coastal areas, and given the in southern Iran, specifically the Persian general characteristics of the Parthian and Gulf region, suggests that it was probably Sasanian materials from sites on southern originated in Iran, and its discovery at UAE and northern Gulf, the sites in UAE and sites is a function of cultural ties between Oman seem to exhibit more relations with those sites and Iranian southern coasts. the southern (Hormuzgan region) and

Downloaded from eijh.modares.ac.ir at 11:47 IRDT on Monday August 31st 2020 Although, the analyzed pottery sample southeastern Iran. Thus, they corresponded from Qeshm is small, through its careful with south and southeastern cultural zone in analysis and comparative study, one can Iran; while the material from Kuwait, suggest that there existed two major trade Bahrain and northeastern Arabia has more routes in the Persian Gulf region. First connections with that from Khuzestan and concerns the local relations between Qeshm Bushehr and fall within this cultural zone. sites and centers on the southern and For instance, one can refer to Failaka northern Persian Gulf (eastern portions, pottery which closely resembles, in its UAE and Oman). For instance, the painted every respect, the Seleucid and Parthian type could have been exported through materials from Khuzestan and southern

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Mesopotamia. in general, engaged in much more extensive On the whole, it can be inferred, based commercial contacts with regions such as on the analysis of pottery assemblage from Oman and UAE than with western parts of Qeshm, that Qeshm and the southern Iran, the Persian Gulf including Kuwait, eastern Arabia and Qatar.

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Fig .1. Location of Qeshm Island in the map of Irang

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Fig .2. Distribution of Glazed ware and Namord ware within

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Fig .3. Distribution of Indian red Polish ware within Persian Gulf area

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Fig .4. Parthian, Sasanian Painted Ceramics

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Fig .5. Parthian, Sasanian G lazed Ceramics

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1. Manufacture 2. Firing 3. Fabric Color (Ext/Int. Core.) 4.

Inclusion 5. Finish 6. Decoration 7. Interior Coating. Color

Treatment 8. Exterior Coating. Color Treatment

Number Site

1. Wheel 2. Well Fired 3. Yellowish Cream. Yellowish 1 QS 6 Cream. Yellowish Cream. 4. Sand. 5. Medium 7. Glaze. Turquoise 8. Glaze. Turquoise

1. Wheel 2.Well Fired 3. Yellowish Cream. Yellowish Boucharlat 1987, Fig. 63:2; 2 QS 6 ream. Yellowish Cream. 4. Sand. 5. Medium 7. Glaze. Fig.59:14 Turquoise 8. Glaze. Turquoise Miroschedji 1987, Fig. 19:10

1. Wheel 2. Well Fired 3. Yellowish Cream. Yellowish 3 QS 5 Cream. Yellowish Cream. 4. Sand. 5. Medium 7. Glaze. Boucharlat 1979, Fig. 50: 2

Blue 8. Glaze. Blue

1. Wheel 2.Well Fired 3. Yellowish Cream. Boucharlat and Labrosse 4 QS 31 YellowishCream. Yellowish Cream. 4. Sand. 5. Medium 7. 1979, Fig.34: 18 Glaze. Turquoise 8. Glaze. Turquoise

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1. Wheel 2.well Fired 3. Buff Orange. Brownish Orange. 5 QS 41 Buff Orange. 4. Sand. Vegetal 5. Medium 7. Glaze. Turquoise 8. Glaze. Turquoise

Fig.5.Descriptions and Parallels for Glazed Ceramics

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Fig .6. Parthian, Sasanian Indian Red Polish Ceramics

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1. Manufacture 2. Firing 3. Fabric Color (Ext/Int. Core.)4. Inclusion 5. Finish 6. Decoration 7. Interior Coating. Color

Site Treatment 8. Exterior Coating, Color Treatment

Number

Kervran 1994, Fig. 3: 2 1. Wheel 2.Well Fired 3. Orange. Orange. Orange. 4. Fine 1 QS5 Grit 5. Fine 7. Slip. Red. Burnished 8. Slip. Red. Burnished Kervran and Hiebert 1991, Fig. 4: 16

Whitehouse & Williamson 1973, Fig.5:D-E 1. Wheel 2.Well Fired 3. Orange. Orange. Orange. 4. Fine 2 QS 5 Kervran and Hiebert 1991, Fig. 4: 19 Grit 5. Fine 7. Slip. Red. Burnished 8. Slip. Red. Burnished Kervran 1994, Fig. 3: 5; Fig.4: 11 Kervran 2004 , Fig. 12: 18

Whitehouse & Williamson 1973, Fig.5: D-E 1. Wheel 2.Well Fired 3. Orange. Orange. Orange. 4. Fine 3 QS 5 Kervran & Hiebert 1991, Fig. 4: 19 Grit 5. Fine 7. Slip. Red. Burnished 8. Slip. Red. Burnished Kervran 1994, Fig. 3: 5; Fig.4: 11 Kervran Oman Fig. 12: 18

1. Wheel 2.Well Fired 3. Orange. Orange. Orange. 4. Fine 4 QS 5 Kervran & Hiebert, 1991 Fig.5 Grit 5. Fine 7. Slip. Red. Burnished 8. Slip. Red. Burnished

1. Wheel 2.well Fired 3. Red. Red. Red. 4. Fine Grit 5. 5 QS 5 Kervran & Hiebert 1991, Fig. 5: 1 Medium 1. Wheel 2.Well Fired 3. . Red. Red. Red. 4. Fine Grit. 6 QS 5 Kervran 1994, Fig. 3: 13; Fig. 4: 2 Vegetal 5. Medium 6. Black Painted 8. Slip. Red. 1. Wheel 2.Well Fired 3. Orange Red. Orange Red. Orange 7 QS 5 Red. 4. Fine Grit. Vegetal 5. Medium 6. Black Painted 8. Kervran 1994, Fig. 3: 13; Fig. 4: 2 Slip. Red. 1. Wheel 2.Well Fired 3. Black. Black. Black. 4. Fine Grit. Kervran 1994, Fig. 3: 16 8 QS 5 Downloaded from eijh.modares.ac.ir at 11:47 IRDT on Monday August 31st 2020 Vegetal 5. Medium 7. Burnish 8. Burnish. Kervran 1996, Fig. 8: 10 1. Wheel 2.Well Fired 3. Orange. Orange. Orange. 4. Fine 9 QS5 Grit. Vegetal 5. Medium

1. Wheel 2.well Fired 3. Orange. Orange. Orange.4. Sand 10 QS 5 5. Fine 7. Slip. Red. Burnished 8. Slip. Red. Burnished

Fig.6. Descriptions and Parallels for Indian Red Polish Ceramic

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Fig .7. Par thian Coarse Black Ceramics

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1. Manufacture 2. Firing 3. Fabric Color (Ext/Int. Core.)

4. Inclusion 5. Finish 6. Decoration 7. Interior coating. Site Color treatment 8. Exterior coating, Color treatment Number

1. Wheel 2.well Fired 3. Reddish Grey. Reddish Grey ./ 1 QS 6 Salles 1984, Fig. 11: 110 Reddish Grey. 4. Fine. Medium Grit 5. Coarse .,./ Azarnoush 1994, Fig. 180: p 6. Impress. Incised Decoration 7. Slip. Black 8. Slip. Black 1. Wheel 2.well Fired 3. Reddish Grey. Reddish Grey . King & Tanghini 1998, Fig. 2 QS 6 Reddish Grey. 4. Fine. Medium Grit 5. Coarse 5:b Jasim 2006, Fig. 27: 3 6. Impress. Incised Decoration 7. Slip. Black 8. Slip. Black Zaidi et al 2006, Fig. 6.24. MSP. 1731 Khosrauzadeh et al, 2006, Fig ٥ 6:5 1. Wheel 2.well Fired 3. Dark Grey. Dark Grey. 3 QS 6 Dark Grey. 4. Fine. Medium. Coarse Grit 5. Coarse 6. Impress. Incised Decoration 1. Wheel 2.well Fired 3. Dark Grey. Brown. Schmit 1958, Pl.73:7; de 4 QS 6 Dark Grey. 4. Fine. Medium. Coarse Grit 5. Coarse Cardi 1984, Fig. 9:12; Salles 6. Impress. Incised Decoration 1984, Fig.11:110 Azarnoush 1994, Fig. 180: r; King & Tanghini 1998, Fig. 5:d; Khosrowzadeh & Zaidi 2006, Fig. 3.135. TNP 2064; Jasim 2006, Fig. 27: 2 1. Wheel 2.well Fired 3. Dark Grey. 5 QS 6 Dark Grey. Dark Grey. 4. Fine. Medium. Coarse Grit 5. Coarse 8. Slip. Black 1. Wheel 2.well Fired 3. Dark Grey. Dark Grey. Salles 1984, Fig. 10: 88 6 QS 6 Dark Grey. 4. Fine. Medium. Coarse Grit Boucharlat 1986, Fig. 151: 7 5. Medium 8. Slip. Black. Lecomte 1993, Fig. 9:8

Downloaded from eijh.modares.ac.ir at 11:47 IRDT on Monday August 31st 2020 1. Wheel 2.well Fired 3. Dark Grey. Dark Grey. Salles 1984, Fig. 10: 98 7 QS 6 Dark Grey. 4. Fine. Medium. Coarse Grit 5. Coarse to Medium 8. Slip. Black 1. Wheel 2.well Fired 3. Brownish Red. Salles 1984, Fig. 10: 90 8 QS 6 Brownish Red. Brownish Red. 4. Fine. Medium Grit 5. Coarse to Medium 1. Wheel 2.well Fired 3. Dark Grey. Karlovsky 1970, Fig. 5:c 9 QS 6 Dark Grey. Dark Grey. 4. Fine. Medium. Boucharlat 1986, Fig. 150: 7 Salles 1984, Fig. 10: 98 Coarse Grit 5. Coarse 8. Slip. Black Lecomte 1993, Fig. 9:8; Fig. 13: 14 1. Wheel 2.Well Fired 3. Brownish Red. 10 QS 6 Dark Grey. Brownish Red. 4. Fine. Medium. Coarse Grit 5. Coarse

Fig.7.Descriptions and Parallels for Parthian Coarse Black Ceramic

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Fig .8. Parthian, Sasanian Plain Ceramics

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References: Iran pendant la periode parthe (ca. 250 [1] Azarnoush, M. (1994). The Sasanian av.JC – ca. 250 ap.JC). Typologie, Manor House at Hajjiabad, Iran . chronologie et distribution. IA, Florence. supplement 2. Ghent. [2] Boucharlat, R., & A. Labrousse. 1979. [9] Hannestad, L. (1984). “The Pottery “Le palais d'Artaxerxès II sur la rive from the Hellenistic Settlements on droite du Chaour à Suse”, DAFI 10: Failaka”, In R. Boucharlat& S. Jean- 71-78 Francois (eds.), Arabie orientale, [3] Boucharlat, R. (1986). “Some Notes Mésopotamie et Iran méridional de about Qalat al-Bahrain during the l'Age du Fer au début de la période Hellenistic Period”, In Shaikha Haya islamique . Paris: Pp. 13-25. Ali Al-Khalifa & M. Rice (eds.), [10] Hellyer, P., & King, G.R.D. (1999). “A Bahrain through the Ages . KPI. Site from the early first Millennium London: Pp. 435-444. AD at Ra’s Bilyaryar, Abu Dhabi, [4] Boucharlat, R. (1987). “Les Niveaux U.A.E”, Arabian Archaeology and Post-Achaemenids à Susa”, DAFI 15: Epigraphy 10: 119-123. 145-311 [11] Kennet, D. (2004). Sasanian and [5] De Cardi, B. Vita-Finzi, C. & Coles Islamic Pottery from Ras al-Khaimah: 1975. “Archaeological Survey in Classification, Chronology and Northern Oman, 1972”, East and West Analysis of Trade in the Western Indian

Downloaded from eijh.modares.ac.ir at 11:47 IRDT on Monday August 31st 2020 25: 9-27. Ocean . Oxford, Society for Arabian [6] De Cardi, B. (1997). “Third- Studies Monographs No. 1, BAR Millennium and Later Pottery from International Series. Abu Dhabi Airport”, Arabian [12] Kennet, D. (2002). “Sasanian pottery in Archaeology and Epigraphy 8: 161- Southern Iran and Eastern Arabia”, 173. Iran Vol. XL: 153-162. [7] De Miroschedji, P. (1987). “Fouilles [13] Kervran, M. (1996). “Indian Ceramics du chantier Ville Royal II à Suse in Southern Iran and Eastern Arabia: (1975-1977)”, DAFI 15: 11-134 Repertory,Classification, Chronology.” [8] Haerinck, E. (1983). La céramique en In H.P. Ray & J-F. Salles (eds.),

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Tradition and Archeology: Early (ICAR). Tehran. Maritime Contacts in the Indian ocean. [17] Khosrowzadeh, A. & Aali, A. (2005). Proceedings of the International “Report on the Excavation of Test Seminar Techno-Archaeological Trench at Tepe Darugheh: Seleucid and Perspectives of Seafaring in the Indian Parhtian section; in Persian with an Ocean 4th cent. B.C.-15 th cent. A.D., English summary: Gozaresh-e Kavosh- New Delhi, Feb. 28-March 4, 1994. e Gamane-ye Azemayeshi-ye Tappeh New Delhi: pp. 37-58. Darogheh (-e Soluki va [14] Kervran, M., & Hiebert, F. (1991). Ashkani)”, In A. Moqaddam (ed.), “ Pre-Islamique. Note Barrasiha-ye bastanshenakhti Minab-e Stratigraphique”, In K. Shippmann, A. Shushtar in Archaeologcal Surveys at Herling & J.-F. Salles (eds.), Golf- Minab, Shoshtar ). ICAR. Tehran. Archäologie. Mesopotamien, Iran, [18] Khosrowzadeh, A. Aali, A., Kennet, Kuwait, Bahrain, Vereinigte Arabische D., and S. Priestman., (2006). “Kahur Emirate und Oman . Göttingen & Lyon. Langarchini, A Parthian port on the 6: pp. 337-48. coast ofPersian Gulf; in Persian with an [15] Kervran, M. (2004). “Arcaeological English summary: Kahur Langarchini, Research at Suhar 1980-1986”, Journal Bandargahi Ashkani bar Sahel-e of Oman Studies 13: 263-381. Khalij-e Fars”, In Gozareshhay-e [16] Khosrowzadeh, A. & Aali, A. (2005). Bastanshenasi 5 ( Archaeological

Downloaded from eijh.modares.ac.ir at 11:47 IRDT on Monday August 31st 2020 “Description, Classification and Reports 5). ICAR. Tehran. Typology of Seleucid and Parthian [19] Khosrowzadeh, A. (2006). "Report on Pottery; in Persian with an English First Season of Archaeological Survey summary: Tosif, Tabaqebandi va at Qeshm Island in Persian with an Qunehshenasi-ye Sofalha-ye Dore-ye English summary: Gozaresh-e Fasl-e Soluki va Ashkani”, In A. Moqaddam Avval-e Barrasi-ye Bastanshenakhti-ye (ed.), Barrasiha-ye bastanshenakhti Jazire-ye Qeshm ", unpublished. Minab-e Shushtar ( Archaeologcal [20] King, G.R.D & Tonghini, C. (1999). Surveys at Mianab, Shushtar ). Iranian “The Western Islands of Abu Dhabi Centre for Archaeological Research Emirate: Notes on Ghagha”, In C.S.

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Phillips, D.T. Potts & S. Searight Arabia in the later Pre-Islamic Era”, In (eds.), Arabia and its Neighbours- R. Boucharla & S. Jean-Francois (eds.), Essays on Prehistorical and Historical Arabie orientale . Mésopotamie et Iran Developments presented in honour of méridional , de l'Âge du Fer au début Beatrice de Cardi . Abiel II. Brepols: de la period Islamique . Paris: pp. 13- pp. 117-142. 25. [21] King, GRD & Hellyer, P. (1997). “A [26] Potts, D.T. 1998. “Namord Ware in Preliminary Note on Ceramics from the Southeastern Arabia”, In C. S Phillips, Island of Qarnein”, Tribulus 7/2: 25- D. T Potts & J. Searight (eds), Arabia 26. and its Neighbours-Essays on [22] Lamberg-Karlovsky, C.C. (1970). Prehistorical and Historical Excavations at Tepe Yahya, Iran, 1967- Developments Presented in Honour of 1969 . Cambridge: American School of Beatrice de Cardi . Abiel II. Brepols: prehistoric Research Bulletin 27. pp. 207-220 [23] Lecomte, O. (1993). “Ed-Dur, les [27] Sajjadi, M. (1989). “A Class of occupations des 3 et 4 S. j.- C.: Sasanian Ceramics from Southeastern Contexte des trouvailles et materiel Iran”, Rivista di Archeologia 13: 31-40. diagnostique”, In U. Finkbeiner (ed.), [28] Salles, J.F. (1984), “Céramiques de Materialien zur Archäologie der surface à ed -Dour , Emirats Arabes Seleukiden-und Partherzeit im Unis”, In R. Boucharla & S. Jean-

Downloaded from eijh.modares.ac.ir at 11:47 IRDT on Monday August 31st 2020 südlichen Babylonien und im Francois (eds.), Arabie orientale . Golfgebiet. Ergebnisse der Symposien Mésopotamie et Iran méridional , de 1987 und 1989 in Blaubeuren, l'Âge du Fer au début de la period Tübingen: pp. 195-217. Islamique . Paris: pp. 241-270. [24] Pinto Orton, N. (1991). “Red polished [29] Schmidt, Erich, (1957). Perspolis II: ware in Gujarat: a catalogue of twelve Content of the Treasury and other sites”, V Begley and R. D. De Puma Discoveries. Oriental Institute (eds.). Rome and India: The ancient Publications 69. Chicago. sea trade . Madison: 46-81. [30] Sedov, A. V. (1996). “Qana’ (Yemen) [25] Potts, D.T, (1984). “Northeastern and the Indian Ocean the

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Archaeological Evidence”, In H.P Ray [34] Whitcomb, D.S. (1987). “Bushire and & J.F Salles (eds.), Tradition and the Angali Canal”, Mesopotamia 22: Archaeology: Early Maritime Contacts 311-36. in the Indian Ocean. Proceedings of the [35] Whitehouse, D. & Williamson, A. international Seminar Techno- (1973). “Sasanian Maritime Trade,” Archaeological Perspective of Iran 11: 29-49. Seafaring in the Indian Ocean 4th cent. [36] Zaidi, M. McCall, B., and B.C-15 th cent. A.D. New Delhi, Feb. Khosrowzadeh, A. (2006). “Survey of 28-March 4. New Delhi: pp. 11-35 Dasht-e Rostam-e Yek and Dasht-e [31] Stein, S.A. (1937). Archaeological Rostam-e Do”, In D.T. Potts & K. Reconnaissance’s in North Western Roustaei (eds.), The Mamasani India and south Eastern Iran . London. Archaeological Project Stage 1: A [32] Stronach, D. (1978). Pasargadae Report on the First Two Seasons of the (Pasargadae ), Oxford. ICAR-University of Sydney Expedition [33] Whitcomb, D.S. (1985). Before the to the Mamasani District, Fars Roses and Nightingales, Excavations at Province, Iran . ICAR. Tehran: pp. 147- Qasr-i Abu Nasr, old Shiraz . New 159. York.

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ارﺗﺒﺎط ﺗﺠﺎري، ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﺳﻮاﺣﻞ ﺷﻤﺎﻟﻲ و ﺟﻨﻮﺑﻲ ﺧﻠﻴﺞ ﻓﺎرس در دوره اﺷﻜﺎﻧﻲ و ﺳﺎﺳﺎﻧﻲ: ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺳﻔﺎﻟﻬﺎي ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه از ﻓﺼﻞ ﻧﺨﺴﺖ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ و ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺟﺰﻳﺮه ي ﻗﺸﻢ

ﻋﻠﻴﺮﺿﺎ ﻫﮋﺑﺮي ﻧﻮﺑﺮي1 ، ﻋﻠﻴﺮﺿﺎ ﺧﺴﺮوزاده2 ، دﻛﺘﺮ ﺳﻴﺪ ﻣﻬﺪي ﻣﻮﺳﻮي ﻛﻮﻫﭙﺮ3 ،

ﺣﺎﻣﺪ وﺣﺪﺗﻲ ﻧﺴﺐ4

ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ درﻳﺎﻓﺖ: /6/30 89 ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﭘﺬﻳﺮش : /13 /10 89 89

ﻓﺼﻞ ﻧﺨﺴﺖ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ و ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎن ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ ﺟﺰﻳﺮه ي ﻗﺸﻢ در زﻣﺴﺘﺎن 1384 اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻃﻲ اﻳﻦ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ 9 9

ﻣﺤﻮﻃﻪ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ دوره ي اﺷﻜﺎﻧﻲ و ﺳﺎﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪ.

ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺳﻔﺎﻟﻬﺎي ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه از ﻣﺤ ﻮﻃﻪﻫﺎي اﺷﻜﺎﻧﻲ و ﺳﺎﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﻗﺸﻢ ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﻨﺪه ارﺗﺒﺎط ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ و

ﺗﺠﺎري ﺑﻴﻦ اﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﻮﻃﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﻮﻃﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎن در ﺳﻮاﺣﻞ ﺟﻨﻮﺑﻲ ﺧﻠﻴﺞ ﻓﺎرس و دﻳﮕﺮ ﻧﻮاﺣﻲ اﺳﺖ . ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل

ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ي ﻟﻌﺎب دار اﺷﻜﺎﻧﻲ و ﺳﺎﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ از ﻣﺤﻮﻃﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻗﺸﻢ ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آﻣـﺪه ﺷـﺒﺎﻫﺖ زﻳـﺎدي ﺑـﺎ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ي ﻟﻌﺎﺑـﺪار

ﻣﺤﻮﻃﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺧﻮزﺳﺘﺎن، ﺳﻮاﺣﻞ ﺷﻤﺎﻟﻲ و ﺟﻨﻮﺑﻲ ﺧﻠﻴﺞ ﻓﺎرس از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ اددور، ﻛﻮش و ﻣﻠﻴﺤﺎ در اﻣﺎرات، ﺳـﻮﻫﺎر

در ﻋﻤﺎن، ﻓﻴﻠﻜﻪ در ﻛﻮﻳﺖ و ﻗﻼت در ﺑﺤﺮﻳﻦ دارﻧﺪ . .

ﺳﻔﺎل ﻣﻨﻘﻮش دوره ي اﺷﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺷﺒﺎﻫﺘﻬﺎي ﻧﺰدﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻔﺎل ﻣﻨﻘﻮش ﻳﻚ رﻧـﮓ و دو رﻧـﮓ ﺟﻨـﻮب ﺷـﺮق Downloaded from eijh.modares.ac.ir at 11:47 IRDT on Monday August 31st 2020

اﻳﺮان، ﺳﻮاﺣﻞ ﻋﻤﺎن و ﺟﻨﻮب ﺧﻠﻴﺞ ﻓﺎرس ﺑﻪ ﺧﺼﻮص اددور، ﻣﻠﻴﺤﺎ و ﺗﻞ اﺑﺮاك دارد . .

ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ دﻳﮕﺮ، ﺳﻔﺎل ﻣﻌﺮوف ﺑﻪ ﻗﺮﻣـﺰ ﺻـﻴﻘﻠﻲ ﻫﻨـﺪي (Indian Red Polish Ware) اﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ

اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از آﻧﻬﺎ از اواﺳﻂ دوره اﺷﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﺎ ﺳﺪه ﻫﺎي اوﻟﻴﻪ اﺳﻼم در ﺳﻮاﺣﻞ ﺷﻤﺎﻟﻲ و ﺟﻨﻮﺑﻲ ﺧﻠـﻴﺞ ﻓـﺎرس راﻳـﺞ

ﺪﺷ . اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﮔﺴﺘﺮده در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ اي در ﻫﻨﺪ ( ﮔﺠﺮات ) و ﺳﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺷـﺪه و ﺑـﻪ ﻣﻨـﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻒ ﺳـﻮاﺣﻞ

.1 داﻧﺸﻴﺎر ﮔﺮوه ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎن ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﻋﻠﻮم اﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺖ ﻣﺪرس اﻳﺮان 2 د. اﻧﺸﺠﻮي دوره ي دﻛﺘﺮي داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﻋﻠﻮم اﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺖ ﻣﺪرس اﻳﺮان .3 اﺳﺘﺎدﻳﺎر ﮔﺮوه ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎن ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﻋﻠﻮم اﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺖ ﻣﺪرس اﻳﺮان .4 اﺳﺘﺎدﻳﺎر ﮔﺮوه ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎن ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﻋﻠﻮ م اﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺖ ﻣﺪرس اﻳﺮان

114

ﺧﻠﻴﺞ ﻓﺎرس ﺻﺎدر ﻣﻲ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ . .

ﺳﻔﺎل ﺳﻴﺎه و ﺧﺸﻦ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻮارﻫﺎي ﺑﺮﺟﺴﺘﻪ ي ﺗﺰﺋﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه از ﻣﺤﻮﻃﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻗﺸﻢ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻔﺎﻟﻬﺎي ﺳـﻴﺎه

و ﺧﺸﻦ ﺣﻮزه ﺟﻨﻮﺑﻲ ﺧﻠﻴﺞ ﻓﺎرس اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ از ﻣﺤﻮﻃﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﻤﭽﻮن اددور، ﺟﺰاﻳـﺮ اﺑـﻮﻇﺒﻲ در اﻣـﺎرات ﻣﺘﺤـ ﺪه

ﻋﺮﺑﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ . .

ﺳﻔﺎل ﺳﺎده و ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ اﺷﻜﺎﻧﻲ و ﺳﺎﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺤﻮﻃﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻗﺸﻢ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺷﺒﺎﻫﺘﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻔﺎﻟﻬﺎي ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﻳـﻦ دوران در

ﺳﻮاﺣﻞ ﺷﻤﺎﻟﻲ و ﺟﻨﻮﺑﻲ ﺧﻠﻴﺞ ﻓﺎرس دارد . .

واژ ﮔﺎن ﻛﻠﻴﺪ :ي ﺗﺠﺎرت، ﺳﻔﺎل، ﺧﻠﻴﺞ ﻓﺎرس، ﻗﺸﻢ، اﺷﻜﺎﻧﻲ، ﺳﺎﺳﺎﻧﻲ

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