ED 267 – Arts & Médias

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

ED 267 – Arts & Médias UNIVERSITÉ DE PARIS 3 – SORBONNE NOUVELLE ED 267 – Arts & Médias Thèse pour l'obtention du titre de Docteur en Sciences de l'Information et de la Communication par Alexandre JOLIN sous la direction de Madame Chantal DUCHET Convergence numérique et convergence des stratégies de groupe des éditeurs de chaînes de télévision traditionnels en Europe : vers une redéfinition des modèles d'affaires des éditeurs de services de médias audiovisuels historiques. Soutenue publiquement le 21 janvier 2016 devant le jury composé de : Philippe BOUQUILLION Professeur HDR en Sciences de l’Information et Rapporteur de la Communication Université Paris13 Laurent CRETON Professeur HDR en Sciences de l’Information et Président de la Communication Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3 Chantal DUCHET Professeur HDR en Sciences de l’Information et Directrice de thèse de la Communication Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3 Thomas PARIS Professeur affilié à HEC School of Management Rapporteur Chargé de Recherches au CNRS RESUMÉ TITRE: Convergence numérique et convergence des stratégies de groupe des éditeurs de chaînes de télévision traditionnels en Europe : vers une redéfinition des modèles d'affaires des éditeurs de services de médias audiovisuels historiques Nous étudions les stratégies de groupe des éditeurs de chaînes de télévision gratuites et payantes historiques, contraintes par les évolutions rapides et structurelles induites par la convergence numérique. Nous structurons notre démonstration en quatre grandes parties suivant une approche stratégique de tradition descriptive, principalement inspirée par l'école de l'environnement. Au cours des trois premières parties, nous exposerons et débâterons des mutations d’un environnement général que nous aborderons à travers trois dimensions : une dimension technologique, une dimension sociale et une dimension économique et réglementaire qui sera également l’occasion d’étudier les effets de l’environnement général sur les sphères industrielles et concurrentielles. Au cours d’une quatrième partie plus opérationnelle, nous décrivons les stratégies de diversification menées par plusieurs éditeurs de chaînes, en nous concentrant sur les activités relatives à l’édition de services de vidéo. Ce faisant, nous pensons pouvoir démontrer que les stratégies de groupe et les modèles d’affaires des éditeurs de chaînes commerciales et des éditeurs de chaînes payantes européens tendent à converger vers un modèle unique. Mots clés: Télévision, Modèle d'affaires, Stratégie, Vidéo à la demande, Produits culturels, Nouveaux Médias, Convergence. 2 SUMMARY TITLE: The evolution of corporate strategies and business models of traditional TV channel publishers in a convergent environment in Europe We study corporate strategies led by both free-to-air and paid channels publishers following rapid and structural changes brought by the digital convergence. We structure our work into four main sections following a strategic approach of descriptive tradition, mainly inspired by the environment school. In the first three parts, we will discuss the mutations of the external environment through three dimensions: a technological dimension, a social dimension and an economical & regulatory dimension which will also be the opportunity to study the questions of value chain restructuration and competition. In a last part, we aim to describe the diversifications pursued by a sample of five European TV channel publishers, focusing on activities related to on demand video services. Thus, we're looking to prove that both corporate strategies and business models of free-to air and pay TV channels publishers tend to converge towards a single model. Key words: Television, Business Models, Strategy, On demand video, Cultural goods, New Media, Convergence. 3 REMERCIEMENTS La réalisation d’une thèse est à la fois une aventure personnelle et une histoire de partage. Alors que cette page de ma vie touche à sa fin, il me semblait important et absolument indispensable de remercier certaines personnes sans qui ce projet n’aurait jamais pu aboutir. Je tenais tout d’abord à remercier Madame Chantal Duchet et Monsieur Laurent Creton pour avoir inspiré un gamin paumé après une première carrière professionnelle avortée. Madame Duchet une fois de plus pour sa force, sa ténacité et pour m’avoir poussé à aller jusqu’au bout. À messieurs Philippe Bouquillion et Thomas Paris pour avoir accepté de faire partie de mon jury en tant que rapporteurs. À l’ensemble de mes collègues et amis de l’IDATE avec qui j’ai eu la chance de pouvoir échanger pendant les cinq années de réalisation de cette thèse. Il ne fait aucun doute que sans eux, la qualité du résultat final de ce travail aurait-été bien moindre. Une mention particulière doit être adressée à Florence Leborgne et Gilles Fontaine, mes parents dans ma vie professionnelle, à Yves Gassot pour m’avoir donné ma chance, et à Hélène Ollivier pour son précieux travail de relecture. Merci également à mes amis qui m’ont supporté dans les moments les plus difficiles : Renaud Royan, Eduardo Lecleres, Sébastien Olé, Bella Kirby, Emilie Billès, et je m’excuse pour ceux que j’oublie. Plus que tout, je voudrais remercier ma mère, Colette Jolin, pour son infinie patience et son soutien indéfectible malgré mes très larges dérives lunatiques, mon frère Maxime Jolin, et ma grand-mère Maria Piekosz. Susana Lobo Caamaño parce qu’elle m’a donné sa maison, son pays, le calme et l’isolement dont j’avais besoin, son infinie patience et tout ce qui était humainement possible de donner. Je ne me pardonnerais jamais les durs moments que je t’ai imposés. Sans toi ce travail n’aurait jamais abouti. Melissa Moothoo parce qu’elle est la meilleure personne au monde (peut-être la deuxième après ma maman…) et parce que c’est avec elle que cette aventure a commencé. Et Jessica Barranco pour le dernier mot. 4 À mon père, Patrice Jolin, et à mon grand-père, Stanislas Piekosz. 5 SOMMAIRE Résumé ....................................................................................................................................... 2 Summary .................................................................................................................................... 3 Remerciements ........................................................................................................................... 4 SOMMAIRE .............................................................................................................................. 6 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 16 1. DIMENSION TECHNIQUE : vers une "tëlé-visio" totale ............................................... 35 1.1. L'Élargissement de la distribution technique de la télévision linéaire ................................... 36 Un bref historique de la télédistribution ........................................................................ 36 L'état de la distribution de la télévision linéaire ............................................................ 39 L'accès à la télévision à l'échelle globale ................................................................................... 40 L'état de la télédistribution dans les pays visés ........................................................................ 45 1.2. La distribution à la demande des contenus vidéo et la délinéarisation du flux télévisuel ..... 49 La question du routage .................................................................................................. 50 De l'optimisation de l'utilisation de la bande passante .................................................. 51 Réseaux & routages ....................................................................................................... 52 1.3. L'hybridation de la distribution technique des contenus vidÉo ............................................. 54 Réseaux gérés et réseaux ouverts .................................................................................. 55 Les technologies de distribution de la vidéo ................................................................. 56 Les Content Delivery Network (CDN) : une forme de "management" de la distribution technique de la vidéo sur l’Internet ouvert .................................................................................... 57 Les différents modes d'hybridation des réseaux ............................................................ 58 L'accès à l'Internet ouvert dans le monde et dans les marchés ciblés ............................ 60 1.4. La diversification des terminaux ........................................................................................... 62 L'évolution de l'équipement en téléviseurs .................................................................... 62 Les ordinateurs de salon et portables ............................................................................. 64 Les terminaux portables ................................................................................................ 65 Les smartphones ....................................................................................................................... 65 Les tablettes numériques .......................................................................................................... 66 Le multi-équipement ................................................................................................................. 67 1.5. La télévision connectée ........................................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • OPEN SOURCE Software Enter the World Of
    OPEN SOURCE Software http://www.bacula.org http://eraser.heidi.ie Eraser is a secure data Bacula is a set removal tool for Win- of computer programs that permit manag- dows. It completely removes sensitive data ing backup, recovery, and verification of from your hard drive by overwriting it several computer data across a network of com- times with carefully selected patterns. Eraser puters of different kinds. Based on Source is currently supported under Windows XP Forge downloads, Bacula is the most popu- lar Open Source backup program. (with Service Pack 3), Windows Server 2003 (with Service Pack 2), Windows Vista, Win- dows Server 2008, Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2. http://www.emule-project.net e M u l e is a filesharing client which is based on http://shareaza.sourceforge.net/ the eDonkey2000 network but offers more features than the standard client. Shareaza is a very powerful multi-network eMule is one of the biggest and most peer-to-peer ( P2P ) file-sharing client sup- reliable peer-to-peer file sharing clients porting Gnutella² ( G2 ), Gnutella ( G1 ), around the world. eDonkey2000 ( eMule ), DC++, HTTP, FTP and BitTorrent protocols for Windows (or Wine). It allows you to download any file-type For more OSS, visit sourceforge found on several popular P2P networks. Shareaza is FREE & contains NO Spyware or third-party products. http://www.scintilla.org Scintilla is a free source code editing compo- nent which includes useful features such as syntax styling, error indicators, folding, code completion and call tips. The project includes SciTE (SCIntilla based Text Editor).
    [Show full text]
  • The Edonkey File-Sharing Network
    The eDonkey File-Sharing Network Oliver Heckmann, Axel Bock, Andreas Mauthe, Ralf Steinmetz Multimedia Kommunikation (KOM) Technische Universitat¨ Darmstadt Merckstr. 25, 64293 Darmstadt (heckmann, bock, mauthe, steinmetz)@kom.tu-darmstadt.de Abstract: The eDonkey 2000 file-sharing network is one of the most successful peer- to-peer file-sharing applications, especially in Germany. The network itself is a hybrid peer-to-peer network with client applications running on the end-system that are con- nected to a distributed network of dedicated servers. In this paper we describe the eDonkey protocol and measurement results on network/transport layer and application layer that were made with the client software and with an open-source eDonkey server we extended for these measurements. 1 Motivation and Introduction Most of the traffic in the network of access and backbone Internet service providers (ISPs) is generated by peer-to-peer (P2P) file-sharing applications [San03]. These applications are typically bandwidth greedy and generate more long-lived TCP flows than the WWW traffic that was dominating the Internet traffic before the P2P applications. To understand the influence of these applications and the characteristics of the traffic they produce and their impact on network design, capacity expansion, traffic engineering and shaping, it is important to empirically analyse the dominant file-sharing applications. The eDonkey file-sharing protocol is one of these file-sharing protocols. It is imple- mented by the original eDonkey2000 client [eDonkey] and additionally by some open- source clients like mldonkey [mlDonkey] and eMule [eMule]. According to [San03] it is with 52% of the generated file-sharing traffic the most successful P2P file-sharing net- work in Germany, even more successful than the FastTrack protocol used by the P2P client KaZaa [KaZaa] that comes to 44% of the traffic.
    [Show full text]
  • Tohoku University Fact Book 2008 東北大学概要 2008 Tohoku University Fact Book 2008
    Tohoku University Fact Book 2008 東北大学概要 2008 Tohoku University Fact Book 2008 CONTENTS 〈Introduction〉 Historical Background ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 01 Mission Statement and Towards Tohoku University 2016・・ 02 Message from the President ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 03 Tohoku University’s Official Symbol, School Colors, Song and Logo ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 04 Presidents of Tohoku University ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 05 Japan Academy Members ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 06 Chronological Chart ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 07 Prize Winners ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 09 University Awards ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 12 The 100th Anniversary Projects ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 14 〈Organization〉 Organization Chart ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 17 Administrative Staff ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 20 President Election Committee ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 22 Board of Directors ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 22 Management Committee ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 22 Education and Research Council ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 23 University Personnel ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 24 Faculties ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 25 Graduate Schools ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 25 Research Institutes ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 26 Inter-Department Institutes for Education and Research ・・ 26 University Collaborating Institutions ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 27 Institute of Liberal Arts and Sciences・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 27 WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research(WPI-AIMR) ・・・・ 27 Information Synergy Organization
    [Show full text]
  • Television Advertising Insights
    Lockdown Highlight Tous en cuisine, M6 (France) Foreword We are delighted to present you this 27th edition of trends and to the forecasts for the years to come. TV Key Facts. All this information and more can be found on our This edition collates insights and statistics from dedi cated TV Key Facts platform www.tvkeyfacts.com. experts throughout the global Total Video industry. Use the link below to start your journey into the In this unprecedented year, we have experienced media advertising landscape. more than ever how creative, unitive, and resilient Enjoy! / TV can be. We are particularly thankful to all participants and major industry players who agreed to share their vision of media and advertising’s future especially Editors-in-chief & Communications. during these chaotic times. Carine Jean-Jean Alongside this magazine, you get exclusive access to Coraline Sainte-Beuve our database that covers 26 countries worldwide. This country-by-country analysis comprises insights for both television and digital, which details both domestic and international channels on numerous platforms. Over the course of the magazine, we hope to inform you about the pandemic’s impact on the market, where the market is heading, media’s social and environmental responsibility and all the latest innovations. Allow us to be your guide to this year’s ACCESS OUR EXCLUSIVE DATABASE ON WWW.TVKEYFACTS.COM WITH YOUR PERSONAL ACTIVATION CODE 26 countries covered. Television & Digital insights: consumption, content, adspend. Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Croatia, Denmark, France, Finland, Germany, Hungary, India, Italy, Ireland, Japan, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK and the US.
    [Show full text]
  • Aanvullende Voorwaarden Unlimited & Entertainment
    Aanvullende voorwaarden Unlimited & Entertainment 1. Algemeen 2.2 Om gebruik te maken van de diensten van Netflix en 1.1 Deze Aanvullende Voorwaarden Unlimited & Entertainment Videoland als onderdeel van het U&E abonnement dien je zijn van toepassing op het abonnement Go Unlimited data zelf een nieuw account aan te maken bij Partners en + bellen – Entertainment, hierna te noemen “U&E”. U&E is de nieuwe danwel een bestaand Partner account te koppelen een variant van de Go abonnementen van T-Mobile en bestaat aan U&E volgens de procedure die op de T-Mobile website uit de diensten genoemd in je Overeenkomst inclusief: staat vermeld dan wel via de procedures van haar Partners n Netflix Standaard + Videoland Plus (“Entertainment”). die worden gecommuniceerd via e-mail en/of SMS. 1.2 Met U&E biedt T-Mobile je de mogelijkheid om Entertainment 2.3 T-Mobile behoudt zich het recht voor om deze Aanvullende welke geleverd wordt door de bedrijven Netflix International Voorwaarden eenzijdig te wijzigen of aan te vullen. T-Mobile B.V. (hierna te noemen: “Netflix”) en Videoland B.V. (hierna zal je hier dan tijdig over informeren. Voorts behoudt te noemen: “Videoland”) (en gezamenlijk hierna te noemen: T-Mobile zich het recht voor om U&E op enig moment in de “Partners”) toegang tot te verkrijgen en betaal je een bedrag toekomst te mogen wijzigen indien haar samenwerking/ voor U&E waar Entertainment zit inbegrepen, middels je overeenkomst met een of beide Entertainment Partners voor T-Mobile factuur. Met Entertainment heb je onbeperkt de afname van Entertainment eindigt.
    [Show full text]
  • Tohoku University Fact Book 2014 Sendai 980-8577 JAPAN Aoba-Ku
    Tohoku University Fact Book 201 4 Tohoku University Fact Book 2014 Tohoku University Fact Book 2014 2-1-1, Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577 JAPAN http://www.tohoku.ac.jp/ 東北大概要EN-AD面-三[1].indd 1 2014/09/01 18:27:52 2014 〈Introduction〉 Historical Background 01 ●Land: 92,746㎡ ●Buildings: 30,847㎡ (as of April 1, 2014) Mission Statement and Towards Tohoku University 2016 02 5 AMAMIYA CAMPUS Message from the President 03 1-1, Amamiya-machi, Tsutsumidori, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8555 Phone: +81-22-717-8603 Tohoku University Official Symbol, Logo, School Colors and Songs 04 Graduate School of Agricultural Science / Faculty of Agriculture Presidents of Tohoku University 05 Japan Academy Members 06 Chronological Chart of Tohoku University's History 07 Prize Winners 09 University Awards 13 〈Organization〉 Organization Chart 15 Administrative Staff 18 President Election Committee 20 Board of Directors 20 Management Committee 20 Education and Research Council 21 University Personnel 22 Faculties / Schools 23 Graduate Schools 23 Research Institutes 24 Inter-Department Institutes for Education and Research 24 Tsutsumi-dori 1 University Collaborating Institutions 25 Organization for Advanced Studies 26 3 Advanced Institute for Materials Research (AIMR) 26 2 Tohoku Forum for Creativity 26 Miyagi University of Information Synergy Organization 26 4 5 6 Education Affilated Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization 26 Junior High School Promotion Office of Strategic Innovation 26 1717 Division of Engineering and Technical Staff 26 7 1414 1515 Micro System Integration Center (μSIC) 26 10 1616 Center for Spintronics Integrated Systems 27 Research Organization of Electrical Communication 27 11 8 9 Center for Collaborative Research on Materials Science 27 ■ 1919 Center for Innovative Integrated Electronic Systems 27 Historical Background Organization for Leading Graduate School Program Tohoku University, formerly known as the Tohoku 27 12 Material Solutions Center(MaSC) 27 Imperial University, was founded in 1907.
    [Show full text]
  • Full-Year Results 2020
    FULL-YEAR RESULTS 2020 ENTERTAIN. INFORM. ENGAGE. KEY FIGURES +18.01 % SDAX +8.77 % MDAX SHARE PERFORMANCE 1 January 2020 to 31 December 2020 in per cent INDEX = 100 -7.65 % SXMP -9.37 % RTL GROUP -1.11 % PROSIEBENSAT1 RTL Group share price development for January to December 2020 based on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange (Xetra) against MDAX/SDAX, Euro Stoxx 600 Media and ProSiebenSat1 RTL GROUP REVENUE SPLIT 8.5 % OTHER 17.5 % DIGITAL 43.8 % TV ADVERTISING 20.0 % CONTENT 6.7 % 3.5 % PLATFORM REVENUE RADIO ADVERTISING RTL Group’s revenue is well diversified, with 43.8 per cent from TV advertising, 20.0 per cent from content, 17.5 per cent from digital activities, 6.7 per cent from platform revenue, 3.5 per cent from radio advertising, and 8.5 per cent from other revenue. 2 RTL Group Full-year results 2020 REVENUE 2016 – 2020 (€ million) ADJUSTED EBITA 2016 – 2020 (€ million) 20 6,017 20 853 19 6,651 19 1,156 18 6,505 18 1,171 17 6,373 17 1,248 16 6,237 16 1,205 PROFIT FOR THE YEAR 2016 – 2020 (€ million) EQUITY 2016 – 2020 (€ million) 20 625 20 4,353 19 864 19 3,825 18 785 18 3,553 17 837 17 3,432 16 816 16 3,552 MARKET CAPITALISATION* 2016 – 2020 (€ billion) TOTAL DIVIDEND/DIVIDEND YIELD PER SHARE 2016 – 2020 (€ ) (%) 20 6.2 20 3.00 8.9 19 6.8 19 NIL* – 18 7.2 18 4.00** 6.3 17 10.4 17 4.00*** 5.9 16 10.7 16 4.00**** 5.4 *As of 31 December *On 2 April 2020, RTL Group’s Board of Directors decided to withdraw its earlier proposal of a € 4.00 per share dividend in respect of the fiscal year 2019, due to the coronavirus outbreak ** Including
    [Show full text]
  • Converged Markets
    Converged Markets - Converged Power? Regulation and Case Law A publication series of the Market power becomes an issue for European and media services and enabling services, platforms and European Audiovisual Observatory national law makers whenever market players acquire a converged services, and fi nally distribution services. degree of power which severely disturbs the market balance. In this sense, the audiovisual sector is no The eleven countries were selected for this study because exception. But this sector is different in that too much they either represented major markets for audiovisual market power may not only endanger the competitive media services in Europe, or because they developed out- parameters of the sector but may also become a threat side the constraints of the internal market, or because they had some interesting unique feature, for example to the freedom of information. It is this latter aspect the ability to attract major market players despite lacking which turns market power into a particularly sensitive an adequately sized market. issue for the audiovisual sector. National legislators and regulators backed by national courts seek solutions The third part brings in the economic background in the adapted to this problem. form of different overviews concerning audience market shares for television and video online. This data puts the This IRIS Special issue is deals with the regulation of legal information into an everyday context. market power in the audiovisual sector in Europe. The fourth and fi nal part seeks to tie together the common The fi rst part of this IRIS Special explores the European threads in state regulation of media power, to work Union’s approach to limiting media power, an approach out the main differences and to hint to some unusual still dominated by the application of competition law.
    [Show full text]
  • Data Book 2019-2020
    https://www.titech.ac.jp/english/ DATA BOOK 2019 - 2020 Tokyo Institute of Technology Public Relations Section, Office of Public Engagement 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550 JAPAN tel: +81-3-5734-2975 fax: +81-3-5734-3661 1.2020 ⓒ2020 Tokyo Institute of Technology Index History From Past to Present 02 Events in 2018 03 Former Principals and Presidents 03 Organization Organization Chart 04 Members of the Board, Committees, and Council 06 Schools / Institute for Liberal Arts Schools and Departments 07 Institute for Liberal Arts 07 Institute Facilities Tokyo Institute of Technology Institute of Innovative Research 08 Strategic Research Hubs 09 Tokyo Tech High School of Science and Technology 10 2019 -2020 Library 10 Institute-Wide Education Centers 11 Institute-Wide Support Centers 11 Staff / Students Staff / Student Numbers 12 Enrollment 19 Tokyo Tech Students after Graduation 20 Education & Research Programs Education Programs 21 Research Programs 22 Industry Relations Corporate Alliances 24 Collaborative Research Chairs 24 FY 2018 Intellectual Property Management 25 Industry Relations 25 International Collaboration Overseas Partner Universities 26 Tokyo Tech ANNEXes and Overseas Offices 30 Financial Data Budget FY2019 31 Financial Summary FY2018 32 Campuses Access 33 Campus Map 34 Tokyo Institute of Technology 01 History History History From Past to Present Events in 2018 Present Date Events May 1881 May 1901 April 1929 - March 1953 May 1949 March 1890 Organization Tokyo Vocational Tokyo Higher Tokyo Institute of Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology April 2004 Organization Tokyo Technical School February 1 Advanced Research Center for Quantum Physics and Nanoscience opened at the School of Science.
    [Show full text]
  • Darmstadt University of Technology the Edonkey 2000
    Darmstadt University of Technology The eDonkey 2000 Protocol Oliver Heckmann, Axel Bock KOM Technical Report 08/2002 Version 0.8 December 2002 Last major update 22.05.03 Last minor update 27.06.03 E-Mail: {heckmann, bock}@kom.tu-darmstadt.de Multimedia Communications (KOM) Department of Electrical Engineering & Information Technology & Department of Computer Science Merckstraße 25 • D-64283 Darmstadt • Germany Phone: +49 6151 166150 Fax: +49 6151 166152 Email: [email protected] URL: http://www.kom.e-technik.tu-darmstadt.de/ 1. Introduction The Edonkey2000 Protocol is one of the most successful file sharing protocols and used by the original Edonkey2000 client and the open source clients mldonkey and EMule. The Edonkey2000 Protocol can be classified as decentral file sharing protocol with distributed servers. Contrary to the original Gnutella Protocol it is not completely decentral as it uses servers; contrary to the original Napster protocol it does not use a single server (farm) which is a single point of failure, instead it uses servers that are run by power users and offers mechanisms for inter-server communication. Unlinke Peer-to-Peer (P2P) proto- cols like KaZaa, Morpheus, or Gnutella the eDonkey network has a client/server based structure. The servers are slightly similar to the KaZaa supernodes, but they do not share any files, only manage the information distribution and work as several central dictionaries which hold the information about the shared files and their respective client locations. In the Edonkey network the clients are the nodes sharing data. Their files are indexed by the servers. If they want to have a piece of data (a file), they have to connect using TCP to a server or send a short search request via UDP to one or more servers to get the necessary information about other clients sharing that file.
    [Show full text]
  • The People Who Invented the Internet Source: Wikipedia's History of the Internet
    The People Who Invented the Internet Source: Wikipedia's History of the Internet PDF generated using the open source mwlib toolkit. See http://code.pediapress.com/ for more information. PDF generated at: Sat, 22 Sep 2012 02:49:54 UTC Contents Articles History of the Internet 1 Barry Appelman 26 Paul Baran 28 Vint Cerf 33 Danny Cohen (engineer) 41 David D. Clark 44 Steve Crocker 45 Donald Davies 47 Douglas Engelbart 49 Charles M. Herzfeld 56 Internet Engineering Task Force 58 Bob Kahn 61 Peter T. Kirstein 65 Leonard Kleinrock 66 John Klensin 70 J. C. R. Licklider 71 Jon Postel 77 Louis Pouzin 80 Lawrence Roberts (scientist) 81 John Romkey 84 Ivan Sutherland 85 Robert Taylor (computer scientist) 89 Ray Tomlinson 92 Oleg Vishnepolsky 94 Phil Zimmermann 96 References Article Sources and Contributors 99 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 102 Article Licenses License 103 History of the Internet 1 History of the Internet The history of the Internet began with the development of electronic computers in the 1950s. This began with point-to-point communication between mainframe computers and terminals, expanded to point-to-point connections between computers and then early research into packet switching. Packet switched networks such as ARPANET, Mark I at NPL in the UK, CYCLADES, Merit Network, Tymnet, and Telenet, were developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s using a variety of protocols. The ARPANET in particular led to the development of protocols for internetworking, where multiple separate networks could be joined together into a network of networks. In 1982 the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) was standardized and the concept of a world-wide network of fully interconnected TCP/IP networks called the Internet was introduced.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report 2007 Prosiebensat.1 Group: Key Figures 2007 20071 20064 Change
    Group The power of television Annual Report 2007 ProSiebenSat.1 Group: Key figures 2007 20071 20064 Change Euro m Euro m Revenues 2,702.5 2,095.1 29% Recurring EBITDA2 661.9 485.6 36% EBITDA 521.3 482.9 8% EBIT 384.3 442.8 -13% Financial loss -135.5 -57.5 -136% Profit before taxes 248.8 385.3 -35% Consolidated net profit 89.4 240.7 -63% Underlying net income3 272.8 243.9 12% Earnings per share of preferred stock (in EUR) 0.42 1.11 -62% Underlying earnings per share of preferred stock (in EUR) 1.26 1.12 13% Cash flow from operating activities 1,593.6 1.272.0 25% Cash flow from investing activities -3,269.0 -979.6 - / - Free cash-flow -1,675.4 292.4 - / - 12/31/20071 12/31/2006 Change Total assets 5,998.8 1,932.1 210% Shareholders´ equity 1,062.3 1,240.5 -14% Equity ratio 18% 64% -72% Programming assets 1,317.7 1,056.3 25% Net financial debt 3,328.4 121.8 - / - 1 Consolidation of SBS Broadcasting Group since July 2007, figures for 2006 are not adjusted 2 Recurring EBITDA: EBITDA before non-recurring items 3 Adjusted consolidated net profit: Consolidated net profit before effects of purchase price allocation and (2007 only) FCO fine 4 Prior-year figures adjusted to reflect recognition of PSP as a discontinued operation OurOur MissionMission StatementStatement TheThe powerpower ofof televisiontelevision TheThe ProSiebenSat.1 Group Group is is a aleading leading pan-european pan-European media media company.
    [Show full text]