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Scholars in Action Past–Present–Future

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Scholars in Action Past–Present–Future ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS Nova Acta Regiæ Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis Ser. V: Vol. 2 Scholars in Action Past–Present–Future Lars Engwall Cover pictures: Title page of an Uppsala dissertation in 1740 (Uppsala University Library, cf. Figure 2.2) and the ATLAS experiment during the assembly phase in October 2005 (The ATLAS collaboration, cf. Figure 8.7). Eric Benzelius (1675-1743) the Younger, Founder of the Royal Society of Sciences Painting by Johan Henrik Scheffel (1690-1781) Seal of the Royal Society of Sciences at Uppsala Abstract Engwall, L. (ed.), Scholars in Action: Past–Present–Future. Acta Universitiatis Upsaliensis. Nova Acta Regiæ Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis. Ser. V: Ser. V: Vol. 2, 224 pp. Uppsala. ISBN 978-91-554-8304-3 This volume contains the contributions to a symposium on the conditions of research on the occasion of the Tercentary of the Royal Society of Sciences at Uppsala. After an introductory chapter on the early years of the Society, subsequent chapters present views of foreign mem- bers representing the Humanities, the Life Sciences, the Natural Sciences, and the Social Sciences. Comments on each of the chapters are provided by Swedish members. A concluding chapter discusses the influence of governments, markets and media on academic institutions. Keywords: Research, scholars, science policy, innovation, academic institutions, governance. The Royal Society of Sciences at Uppsala, S:t Larsgatan 1, S-753 10 Uppsala, Sweden © The authors 2012 ISBN 978-91-554-8304-3 Printed in Sweden by Edita Västra Aros, Västerås 2012 Distributor: Uppsala University Library, Box 510, SE- 751 20 Uppsala www.uu.se, [email protected] Contents Preface .......................................................................................................... 15 Chapter One. Lars Engwall: From Collegium Curiosorum to Royal Society .......................................................................................................... 17 1.1. The Foundation of the Royal Society of Sciences ............................. 17 1.2. Foreign Inspiration for the Foundation ............................................. 20 1.3. Reorganization .................................................................................. 21 1.4. Early Activities of the Society ........................................................... 24 1.5. Concluding Remarks ......................................................................... 25 1.6. References ......................................................................................... 25 Chapter Two. Martin Kemp: A Historical Perspective Continuity, Change and Progress, as Viewed through Visual Imagery ... 29 2.1. Continuity .......................................................................................... 30 2.2. Progress in the Arts? ......................................................................... 32 2.3. New Brains for Old ........................................................................... 33 2.4. A New Model .................................................................................... 35 2.5. Comments by Ulf Göranson .............................................................. 36 2.6. References ......................................................................................... 41 Chapter Three. Anthony Campbell: The Production of New Knowledge .... 43 3.1. What is Knowledge? ......................................................................... 43 3.2. Ten Rules to Gain New Knowledge .................................................. 45 3.3. The Ten Rules in Action ................................................................... 47 3.3.1. Inspiration .................................................................................. 47 3.3.2. Logical Thinking ....................................................................... 48 3.3.3. Lateral Thinking ........................................................................ 48 3.3.4. Invention .................................................................................... 49 3.3.5. Taking risks ............................................................................... 51 3.3.6. Having an Open Mind, with a Positive Approach ..................... 53 3.3.7. Perseverance .............................................................................. 53 3.3.8. Hard Work ................................................................................. 54 3.3.9. Money ........................................................................................ 54 3.3.10. Curiosity .................................................................................. 56 3.3.11. Four Golden Rules ................................................................... 59 3.3.12. Obstacles to New Knowledge .................................................. 59 3.4. Communicating Science to Others – the DISI Model and the Darwin Way ...................................................................................... 60 3.5. A Vision for the Future – Key Questions .......................................... 64 3.5.1. Evolution – Origins .................................................................... 64 3.5.2. Small Change by Small Change ................................................ 66 3.5.3. Medicine .................................................................................... 67 3.5.4. Money and Resources ................................................................ 68 3.6. Comments by Wilhelm Engström ..................................................... 70 3.6.1. Tradition .................................................................................... 70 3.6.2. A Stimulating Environment ....................................................... 72 3.6.3. Our Antagonists ......................................................................... 74 3.6.4. Commercialisation and Stupidity............................................... 75 3.7. References ......................................................................................... 78 Chapter Four. Roger Balian: Scholars in the Knowledge Society ................ 85 4.1. Scholars, Science and Research ........................................................ 85 4.2. Knowledge: Specialization or Convergences? .................................. 86 4.3. Scholarship, a Collective Activity ..................................................... 86 4.4. Research versus Teaching ................................................................. 87 4.5. Knowledge Has a Cost ...................................................................... 87 4.6. International Cooperation .................................................................. 87 4.7. Communication ................................................................................. 88 4.8. How Does the Society Regard Knowledge and Scholars? ................ 89 4.9. Popularisation of Knowledge, a Duty for Scholars ........................... 90 4.10. Comments by Anders Malmberg .................................................... 91 4.10.1. New Logics of Scholarly Work ............................................... 91 4.10.2. Emerging Strategic Research Policy: Opportunity or Threat? .. 92 4.10.3. The Public Standing of Academia ........................................... 93 4.11. References ....................................................................................... 95 Chapter Five. Marie-Laure Djelic: Scholars in the Audit Society: Under- standing our Contemporary Iron Cage .......................................................... 97 5.1. Universities – Changing Role and Mission ....................................... 98 5.1.1. Universitas – The Changing Masks of a Resilient Institution ... 98 5.1.2. Serving God and the Church .................................................... 100 5.1.3. Serving Science ....................................................................... 100 5.1.4. Serving State and Nation ......................................................... 101 5.1.5. Serving Society and Humanity ................................................ 102 5.1.6. Serving the Market .................................................................. 102 5.1.7. How This Impacts the Role of Scholars .................................. 103 5.2. Neoliberalism and the Audit Society ............................................... 104 5.3. The Audit Society and Its Impact on Scholars ................................ 106 5.3.1. The Good ................................................................................. 108 5.3.2. The Bad .................................................................................... 109 5.3.3. ... And the Ugly ........................................................................ 111 5.4. Concluding Remarks – Where Do We Go From There? ................ 112 5.5. Comments by Kerstin Sahlin ........................................................... 114 5.5.1. Illustrations from the Swedish University Landscape ............. 114 5.5.2. Impacts on Universities, Scholars and Knowledge.................. 116 5.5.3. Two Conclusions – A Need for Action and Reflection ........... 117 5.6. References ....................................................................................... 118 Chapter Six. Britt Skogseid: Developments in the Life Sciences ............... 123 6.1. The Emergence of Molecular Medicine .......................................... 124 6.2. Science for Life ..............................................................................
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