The Impact of Rural-Urban Linkages On

Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Sciences ISSN: 2231– 6345 (Online) An Open Access, Online International Journal Available at www.cibtech.org/sp.ed/jls/2014/04/jls.htm 2014 Vol. 4 (S4), pp. 1463-1473/Rezvani et al. Research Article THE IMPACT OF RURAL-URBAN LINKAGES ON DIVERSIFICATION OF THE RURAL ECONOMY WITH EMPHASIS ON WOODCRAFT (CASE STUDY: JOWKAR DISTRICT, MALAYER COUNTY, AND HAMEDAN PROVINCE) *Mohammad Reza Rezvani1, Seyyed Hasan Motiee Langeroudi1 and Ebrahim Fathi Nia2 1Center for Rural Planning, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran 2Department of Geography and Rural Planning (Economics of Space), University of Tehran, Iran Author for Correspondence٭

ABSTRACT Today, the livelihood stability and economic security in rural areas is very important because of the need to increase the efficiency, productivity of capacities and potentialities and the de facto in economic activity and, on the other hand, to ensure the continuation of the livelihood of the creation of employment, income and to diversify the economic activities in rural areas. According to the rural - urban disparities today one of the basic strategies for the development of rural areas, because of different currents, including the flow of people, goods, information technology and innovation, such as it could lead to diversify the economy in rural areas. The present study, with a view to examine the impact of the Rural- urban linkages in the diversification of the rural economy is done with an emphasis on woodcraft, aim Applied research and methodology of the descriptive - analytic. Statistical population workshops wooden industries in the villages Jowkar District, Malayer Country. That in 9 villages selected, 380 of Employees workshops wooden and rural as the sample size with were randomly selected. The study included the index of employment, income, reducing poverty, Stagnation agricultural activities and the diversity of economic activities, after which designated items for them through the questionnaire. The results of the study showed that the formation of a Woodcraft workshops in villages in order to build and strengthen rural-urban linkages in the villages studied major role in employment creation, diversification economic activities and flourished has.

Keywords: Rural-urban Link, the Diversification of the Rural Economy, Rural Development, Malayer County

INTRODUCTION Rural-urban links phenomenon resulting from the interaction of two strains of rural settlement and urban centers in the region that emerges due to the different currents of the people, goods and information, technology, and innovation (Saidi, 2006). Theoretically, the study of these flows in the context of changes in the economic, social and cultural flows, particularly in developing countries, coupled with the diversity and boost employment in rural areas. The rural-urban links of development policies aimed at reducing poverty in the regulation and expression of supporting the positive role of urban centers and surrounding rural areas in developing countries is emphasized by experts (Rabinovitch, 2001; Veenhuizen, 2002). These links unlike traditional urban-rural relations that generally indicates a dominance relationship was through mutual interaction and explanations are complementary set of flows (Saidi, 2011). Regretfully the rural-urban links or both can be examined from two perspectives: A) Link in the space (such as the flow of people, goods, capital, information, technology, and waste); B) Sub-surface interaction (sectional interaction) in urban areas to rural activities that are activities that are often classified as urban activities (such as industry and services) in rural areas flow (Terre, 2001). Thus, the national rural and urban association reflects the fact that urban and rural development is integrated and cross-correlated and is linked somehow. Of course this is a false impression that all of the links may be associated with mutual benefits for rural and urban areas (Douglas, 1998). Because of the

Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Sciences ISSN: 2231– 6345 (Online) An Open Access, Online International Journal Available at www.cibtech.org/sp.ed/jls/2014/04/jls.htm 2014 Vol. 4 (S4), pp. 1463-1473/Rezvani et al. Research Article different conditions including the case examined in this study, may lead spatial inequality and vulnerability of low-interest groups (rural) (Satterth, 2000). On the other hand, it should be noted that the pattern and extent of rural and urban linkages strongly influenced by macro developments, including globalization, structural adjustment and economic reforms that is effective for both urban and rural communities (Tacoli, 1998). The relations, particularly between urban and rural settlements mainly in the form of a stream of people, goods, capital, ideas, information, and innovation suggests the spatial phenomena and geographical location, and understanding, explaining, and discover general rules governing the mutual relations within human-made environments, and theoretical significance and application of special (Sharyeh, 1994). It is also essential to consider the relationship in the process of change and development in rural and urban centers, in addition to examining the types and causes of relationships, knowledge of economic impacts, socio-cultural, and social fabric of urban and rural spatial consequences and efforts to reduce the negative effects of this relationship in order to organize them, leading to the development of sustainable rural and urban areas. Therefore, in order to achieve the effect of rural-urban linkages in the diversification of the rural economy, this question arises, rural-urban links What impact of in the development of Woodcraft and Diversification of the Villages Economy have been The studied? Theoretical Consideration * Rural-urban Linkages and Development Urban and rural link is the connection between urban and rural settlements through all the obvious and hidden populations, investment, production, goods and communications technology, so that the structure and function of each urban settlements and completing the structure and function of the rural settlements of the urban and rural settlements is provided by creating unity rural - urban development area (Taghizadeh, 2004). Or the link, is the fusion of spatial - temporal structure and functions of urban and rural settlements. The concept of rural-urban linkage and exchange ideas in light of the relations between urban and rural areas were apparent (Table 1). Evolution of the relationship between urban and rural areas can be followed in a fruitful framework of intellectual thought, contrasting ideas, thoughts, ideas and interact differentiation. The birth of the surplus rural and beneficial effects in the area of influence, in the form of intellectual thought is fruitful. In contrast ideas, the rural-urban competition, aggression relations in the village and parasitic relationships are discussed. The idea of separation of urban and rural differences is pointed out in the position of each shape. Today, the evolution of the idea of interacting with the dependence of urban and rural relations, urban-rural interaction and linking urban and rural areas is similar.

Table 1: Evolution OF RURAL-URBAN relationships Town birth of rural surplus Fruitful thought Positive & beneficial effects of town in spheres of

influence Town & countryside competence Confrontation Authoritarian town relationship of town on village thought Parasitic relationship Evolution of rural- Distinction Thought Separation from each town and village urban relationships Dependence of town and village Mutual relations of town & countryside Interaction Thought Interaction of town and countryside Link of town and countryside Source: Azarbad (2009)

Table 2: Dimensions link urban and rural areas due to the flow and interaction Dimension of link Flow Mutual relationships labor flow , money , Food , Vehicles , Workforce , investment , marketing, Economic Energy , Reputation, raw materials shopping , transportation People, correspondence, phone call, Family, Friends , classes and social Social medical relations, groups Political Activities , Advertising , Political Power, authority, budget allocation , Law ensure justice , Complications Ideological Ideas, book , Radio , TV Religious Activities ,Training Potter and Unwin (1989)

* Diversification and Stability of Rural Economy Diversification of the rural economy, increasing economic activity in the village through the introduction of a new industry or expansion of an existing industry products are, through the creation of new markets through innovation and human capital, and so on. Economic diversification or diversifying the rural economy, a long process that is aimed at building a rural community with the broad base of economic and business types and rural jobs that have long stability and long resistance against the change. In the process by analyzing the strengths and benefits of the village and funds and funds would create awareness and facilitate investment decisions and the development of economic diversity in the village, and ultimately diversifying the rural economy for the development and competition in the region and the world (community futures peace country, Canada, 2014(. So as I told diversification of the rural economy build rural society in the region and the world's ability to compete, because the, Rural economy, as a whole, constitute a part of the national economy, so any changes in the national economy will lead to the transformation of rural economy and vice versa. Agricultural economy and rural economy must be distinguished because the rural economy deals with individual issues (whether farmer or non-farmer), while the agricultural economy and the problems of a country or a society as a whole deals with at least one agricultural unit (Asayesh, 1995). The main factor for the sustainability of the rural economy, education, income diversification, is continued access to the funds needed by the people, government and non-governmental organizations and the empowerment of rural and rural production buck up against the power of the market, market changes and challenges from environmental hazards. Product diversity, price stability, steady growth in production, and control of natural resistance to damaging factors and knowledge of how to produce sustainable economy is essential (Santos and Barrett, 2010) (Lanjouw and Lanjouw, 2001), (Osborne, 2006), (Yang, 2006). Research Method The method of investigation is applied and descriptive-analytical. Where the library and field data collection, and the related questionnaires (employees and residents) and determine the validity and amount of 0.890 to 0.935 employees and residents show that the questionnaire of reliability is sufficient. It has been endeavored in this investigation that by expressing the components and the significance of urban-rural links and its impact on diversification of rural economy by emphasizing on the wood industries in the Jokar district of Malayer county, 9 villages out of 42 villages of the district should be surveyed specifically based on the library and field methods so that to access the role of urban-rural bonds © Copyright 2014 | Centre for Info Bio Technology (CIBTech) 1465

Map 1: Location of study area (Jokar)

Descriptive Research Findings A: Types of Products and the Expansion of Woodcraft in Rural As mentioned, we considered nine villages for research and to study and achieve acceptable results in the 9-wood 150 yards of total villages,we have researched and studied how to spend the time and money to do so,the results obtained can be scientifically robust and closer to reality. Results of Table (3) show that a total of 150 woody plants in nine villages have been studied; they are all inlaid with wood. That if the shop is part of a sofa like: it was built by the base or crown the work performed and inlaid wood design generally not involved in the production of furniture and other belongings. As a result, data in Table (3) shows that all the workshops as part of the band is inlaid. And even in all the villages in the Ali Abad 21, Dehno 15, Hussain Abad, 20, Zamanabad 18, Alfavut 18, Mangavi 20, Oshagh 10, Kasab 18, and Nanaj 7

Table 3: Kind Production of wooden workshops Row Name of villages Number Percent

1 Aliabad Damagh 21 14.00 2 Dehno 18 12.00 3 Hossein abad 20 13.33 4 Zamanabad 18 12.00 5 Alfavut 18 12.00 6 Mangavi 20 13.33 7 Oshagh 10 6.66 8 Kasab 18 12.00 9 Nanaj 7 4.66 Total 150 100.0

Table 4: Establishment (spread) Workshops (years)

B: Role Woodcraft in Diversification of the Rural Economy  Employed View Table (5), all items on the questionnaire is employed that is filled in 9 villages of wooden workshop. The items were classified in the 5 indicators of employment, income, poverty, recession agriculture, and diversity (variety of activities). Which can be seen below, The main job Level of satisfaction from items (present), to ensure the continuation and maintenance of their jobs, wooden workshops and its impact on seasonal reducing unemployment, the impact on employment rural women creating wooden workshops, wooden workshops in a variety of influences to create rural employment, in terms of your economic diversity, and its impact on income, employment and productivity, including employment index, and items of income satisfaction, creating the effect of wooden houses in rural income increases, the impact of building wooden houses in rural diversification of income sources and class in the village (between low income and high income), including reduction of poverty, agricultural items reduced activity, reduced livestock activities, your tendency toward economic diversification and employment in non-agricultural © Copyright 2014 | Centre for Info Bio Technology (CIBTech) 1467

Table 5: Role woodcraft in the diversification of the rural economy from the perspective Employees woodcraft

 View Rural Residents Table (6), all items are on the questionnaire of rural residents who filled in nine villages. The items were classified in the 5 indicators of employment, income, poverty, recession agriculture, and diversity (variety of activities). Which you can see below:

Table 6: Role of woodcraft in the diversification of the rural economy from the perspective of rural residents

Table 8: Results of one-sample t-test indicators of employment (employees) and (residents) Std. Error Std. Mean N Index Statistical Mean Deviation population .08953 1.23402 20.2316 190 indicators of employees employment .09364 1.29071 20.2421 190 indicators of residents employment

Table 9: Results of one-sample t-test indicators of employment (employees) and (residents) analytical findings =3 95% Confidence Interval of the Statistical Difference Mean Sig. (2- Df T population Difference tailed) Upper Lower 17.4082 17.0550 17.23158 .000 189 192.477 employees 17.4268 17.0574 17.24211 .000 189 184.135 residents Findings, authors

 Income Index The results of tables 9 and 10 on the income index in the (personnel) group, and the income index in the (residents) group indicates that the significance level of sig=.000 test is less than the value of ɑ=. /.5It means less than 1000th value. As the calculated significance level is less than ɑ=0/05 and it indicates that the urban-rural bond has had the positive effect in the diversification of rural economy. Therefore this can be concluded that as the Ho equation indicates that, it is rejected that the urban-rural bond has had no effect in the diversification of rural economy. So we can say with 95% satisfaction that the urban-rural bond has worked successfully in the development and expansion of wood industries and the diversification of rural economy in the income index sector.

Table 10: Results of one-sample t-test indicators of income (employees) and (residents) Std. Error Mean Std. Deviation Mean N Index Statistical population .06509 .89724 11.2158 190 Income index employees .06819 .93991 10.8737 190 Income index residents

 In index of Poverty Reduction The results of tables 11 and 12 on the poverty reduction index in the (personnel) group, and the poverty reduction index in the (residents) group indicates that the significance level of sig=.000 test is less than the value of ɑ=. /.5 It means less than 1000th value. As the calculated significance level is less than ɑ=0/05 and it indicates that the urban-rural bond has had the positive effect in the diversification of rural economy. Therefore this can be concluded that as the Ho equation indicates that, it is rejected that the urban-rural bond has had no effect in the diversification of rural economy. So we can say with 95% satisfaction that the urban-rural bond has worked successfully in the development and expansion of wood industries and the diversification of rural economy in the poverty reduction index sector.

Table 12: Results of one-sample t-test indicators of poverty reduction (employees) and (residents) Std. Error Mean Std. Deviation Mean N Index Statistical population .09240 1.27369 14.8316 190 poverty reduction index employees .10058 1.38633 14.5368 190 poverty reduction index esidents

Table 13: Results of one-sample t-test indicators of poverty reduction (employees) and (residents) analytical findings =3 95% Confidence Interval of the Statistical Difference Mean Sig. (2- Df T population Difference tailed) Upper Lower 12.0139 11.6493 11.83158 .000 189 128.043 employees 11.7352 11.3384 11.53684 .000 189 114.709 residents

 The Index of Agricultural Activities Recession The results of tables 13 and 14 on the agricultural activities recession index in the (personnel) group, and the agricultural activities recession index in the (residents) group indicates that the significance level of sig=.000 test is less than the value of ɑ=. /.5 It means less than 1000th value. As the calculated significance level is less than ɑ=0/05 and it indicates that the urban-rural bond has had the positive effect in the diversification of rural economy. Therefore this can be concluded that as the Ho equation indicates that, it is rejected that the urban-rural bond has had no effect in the diversification of rural economy.

Table 14: Results of one-sample t-test indicators of stagnation of agricultural activities (employees) and (residents) Std. Error Std. Mean N Index Statistical Mean Deviation population .16326 2.25043 11.3895 190 Stagnation of agricultural employees activities index .15475 2.13311 11.4105 190 Stagnation of agricultural residents activities index © Copyright 2014 | Centre for Info Bio Technology (CIBTech) 1470

Table 15: Results of one-sample t-test indicators of stagnation of agricultural activities (employees) and (residents) analytical findings =3 95% Confidence Interval of the Statistical Mean Sig. (2- Difference Df T population Difference tailed) Upper Lower 8.7115 8.0674 8.38947 .000 189 51.386 employees 8.7158 8.1053 8.41053 .000 189 54.348 residents

 The Index of Activities Diversification-Diversifying The results of tables 15 and 16 on the activities diversification index-diversifying of economy in the villages in the (personnel) group, and the activities diversification index-diversifying of economy in the villages in the (residents) group indicates that the significance level of sig=.000 test is less than the value of ɑ=. /.5 It means less than 1000th value. As the calculated significance level is less than ɑ=0/05 and it indicates that the urban-rural bond has had the positive effect in the diversification of rural economy. Therefore this can be concluded that as the Ho equation indicates that, it is rejected that the urban-rural bond has had no effect in the diversification of rural economy. So we can say with 95% satisfaction that the urban-rural bond has worked successfully in the development and expansion of wood industries and the diversification of rural economy in the activities diversification index-diversifying of economy in the villages sector.

Table 16: Results of one-sample t-test variation index-diversification of economic activities (employees) and (residents) Std. Error Std. Mean N Index Statistical Mean Deviation population .08025 1.10618 12.8263 190 Diversification of economic employees activities index .08430 1.16196 12.8105 190 Diversification of economic residents activities index

Table 17: Results of one-sample t-test variation index-diversification of economic activities (employees) and (residents) analytical findings =3 95% Confidence Interval of the Statistical Difference Mean Sig. (2- Df T population Difference tailed) Upper Lower 9.9846 9.6680 9.82632 .000 189 122.445 employees 9.9768 9.6442 9.81053 .000 189 116.380 residents

As a result, considering the related indices with study subject and the results obtained from single sample T and the analysis of significance levels we can conclude that the rural-urban links in diversifying of rural economy has had a positive effect and has been effective in all indexes of employment, income, poverty reduction, agricultural activities recession as well as the activities diversification-diversifying of economy in 9 villages. © Copyright 2014 | Centre for Info Bio Technology (CIBTech) 1471

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