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The Localization of Ellipi*

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The Localization of Ellipi* Iranica Antiqua, vol. XXXIV, 1999 MEDIA AND ITS NEIGHBOURS I: THE LOCALIZATION OF ELLIPI* BY I.N. MEDVEDSKAYA The Kingdom of Ellipi is mentioned in Assyrian sources from the time of Shalmaneser III to the reign of Esarhaddon1. While in the first hundred years it appears for the most part as an object of plunder and the source of tribute, later, from the time of Sargon II, it becomes a powerful seat of resistance against the Assyrian military penetration to the East. The relative location of Ellipi is precisely enough established in the Assyrian cuneiform texts. In the south it was bordering upon Elam. In the west and north-west it was in close proximity to three lands: Îalman, Tuglias and Bit-Îamban. Araziash, ÎarÌar and Media were bordering upon Ellipi in the east and north-east. The center linking these two triads was Ellipi, in several cases specifically one of its provinces — Bit-Barru(a). Only in one text of Sargon's time there is a direct indication of the com- mon frontier between Ellipi and Elam. While the Display inscription: KUR madai ruquti sa pa† sad bikni adi KUR ellipi KUR rasi sa ite elamtu…, leaves it uncertain whether only Rasi or both Rasi and Ellipi (mentioned before it) were bordering upon Elam2; another version of this text presents a different order of these place-names, so that Ellipi appears to be the land bordering upon Elam3. At the time of the growing Assyrian aggression to the east Ellipi’s proximity to Elam determined its pro-Elamite orientation, most vividly revealed in the reign of Sargon and Sennacherib. It coincides with the new growth of Elam's power, and, at the same time, with the increase of Ellipi's authority in the Zagros. As early as 744 B.C., Tiglath- pileser III captured the land of Bit-Barru(a) and annexed it to Assyria (evi- dently it was included into the newly founded province of Bit-Îamban; * Financial support for this work was provided by the Russian Humanitarian Science Fund, project No. 97-01-00-286. 1 S. Parpola, 1970, 123-124. 2 L.D. Levine, 1974, 104. 3 H. Winckler, 1889, 85, 23. 54 I.N. MEDVEDSKAYA another province founded at the same time was Parsua, located northwards). From the texts of Sargon we know, that Bit-Barru(a) was a province of Ellipi. It is possible, that by the time of Sargon Ellipi had increased its possessions becoming a prominent land in the region. Sennacherib is call- ing it a wide land — KUR rapastu 4. This could explain, on one hand, the behavior of other rulers in the region (the ÎarÌarites, for instance, expect- ing an Assyrian invasion in 716 B.C. were seeking to become the subjects of Ellipi5), on the other it made Sargon attempt “to bow to the yoke of Ashur” on to Ellipi, the ally of Elam, whose power was increasing at that time. In 720 B.C. Sargon was defeated by the Elamites at Der6. The king of Elam, Sutruk-Nahhunte II probably moved to the region of the Khorasan road, where he captured Karintash/Karind. He managed to block the main highway over the Zagros7. In Sargon’s time the main front was the eastern one, where new lands were conquered and new provinces created. It was necessary to secure and to safeguard the Khorasan road. The struggle with pro-Elamite Ellipi was a necessary part of this process. Though Sargon claimed that he had subjugated Ellipi, it was not actually quite true, Bit-Barru(a), for example, again became the possession of Ellipi. Partly for that reason, Sargon's son Sennacherib concentrated his efforts on the southern front, where his principle adversaries were Babylon, Elam and Ellipi8. The pro-Elamite orientation of Ellipi constantly revealed itself. In 706 B.C. after the death of Talta, king of Ellipi, his sons quarreled over the throne. Nibe applied for support to the king of Elam. Assyrians interfered and enthroned Ishpabarra, another son of Talta9. In 702 B.C. Sennacherib ravaged Ellipi, and once more annexed Bit-Barru(a) along with a number of Ellipean towns, adding them to the Assyrian province of ÎarÌar10. In spite of everything, anti-Assyrian feelings in Ellipi had not been sup- pressed. In 691 it joined a new anti-Assyrian coalition, resulting in the bat- tle of Halule on the Tigris11. The last mention of Ellipi is connected with 4 D.D. Luckenbill, 1924, 28, 1.15. 5 ARAB II, §11. 6 A.K. Grayson, 1975, Chronicle Ii, ll. 33-37. 7 W. Hinz, 1964, 118; I.N. Medvedskaya, 1995, 151-152. 8 L.D. Levine,. 1982, 28-55. 9 ARAB II, §47, 65, 79, 118, 212. 10 D.D. Luckenbill,1924, 28, ll. 11-32; L.D. Levine, 1982, 38 11 L.D. Levine, 1982, 48-51. THE LOCALIZATION OF ELLIPI 55 the Median rebellion under Esarhaddon. Ellipi was evidently on the side of the rebels12. The location of the two triads mentioned above determines the location of Bit-Barru(a) in the region of the Khorasan road and the borders of Ellipi in general. ÎarÌar is mentioned in the itineraries of the Assyrian kings in connec- tion and after Media from which the Assyrians were coming back home along the highland section of the Khorasan road (campaigns of 834, 820, 716; the expedition of Adad-narari III to Media was probably followed the tracks of the campaign of 820 B.C13.). ÎarÌar lay on the highland part of the road between the descent to the Hamadan plain and Behistun. It is proved by the following. In 716 B.C., according to the annals, Sargon erected only two stelae, which meant the foundation of two new provinces — Kishesim/Kishesu and ÎarÌar14. The ÎarÌar stele was found by the Khorasan road in the Asadabad valley, 15 km to the east of Kangavar. Asadabad is the last mountain pass before the descent to the Hamadan plain. The text of the stele, contrary to the annals, gives a detailed descrip- tion of the road taken by Sargon in 716 B.C., of the process of the found- ing of the province of Kishessim and of the setting up of the stele; another stele, according to the text, was set at the end of the campaign in the land of Urattus, not in ÎarÌar15. There is nothing unusual in it: it is known that the foundation of new provinces was connected with the annexation of neighbouring lands. According to the annals of 716 B.C. six new territo- ries were added to ÎarÌar16; in the annals of 715, however, just five are mentioned, only three of them coinciding with the names in the previous list17 (v. infra). One of these discrepansies may be the omission of the name of the small country of Urattus which became part of ÎarÌar. Nev- ertheless, the authentic facts are: the making of two provinces in 716 B.C. and the discovery of the stele (weighing about 2 tons) practically in situ, in the vicinity of the Asadabad pass. It is evident that the limits of Media under Sargon, bordering upon ÎarÌar, did not go beyond the Hamadan 12 SAA IV, No. 79-80. 13 Adad-narari III mentions, between Gizilbunda and Namar, the lands Media, Mesu, Arazias, ÎarÌar, Ellipi: A.K. Grayson, 1996, A.O. 104. 8, 11. 5b-7. 14 ARAB II, §10, 11. 15 L.D. Levine, 1972, ll. 39-40, 68-70. 16 ARAB II, §11. 17 ARAB II, §14. 56 I.N. MEDVEDSKAYA plain. The route taken by Tiglath-pileser III in 744 B.C. makes us think that the western limits of ÎarÌar did not reach Behistun. In that year the Assyrians, who had been to the east of Parsua — in Îundir (Karkarihun- dir) and Bit-Kapsi — turned directly to the south, most probably taking the Sanandaj — Behistun road18. The ruler of Araziash, Ramateya, fled to the mountains on learning about the Assyrian's approach19. Evidently, of the lands added to ÎarÌar in 716 — the upper canal of Arazeshu and the lower canal of Bit-Ramatua — which probably had been two parts of Ramateya's possessions in 744 — should be located to the west of ÎarÌar, in the region of Behistun. At the same time Tiglath-pileser III captured the rebellious city of Erinziashu; this city, under the name “Elenzash” is men- tioned in 702 B.C. by Sennacherib as the royal city of the district of Bit- Barru(a)20. Moving to the south, towards Erinziashu and to Bit-Barru(a), Tiglath-pileser III passed to the left of both Kishesu (located to the north of ÎarÌar, between the sections of the roads Sanandaj-Hamadan and Sanandaj-Behistun), and also of ÎarÌar. He did not touch the possessions of Ramateya, which, judging by his behaviour, were closer to the route taken by Tiglath-pileser III than the lands of ÎarÌar. Let us compare the routes of 744 and 716. Both kings were moving from Parsua through Îundir, but Sargon went not to the south, but to the south-east, to Media. Before Media he came to Kishesu, and then, from the western border of Media (from Sagbat/Hagmatana), he penetrated to ÎarÌar. So, if the Assyrians were not going through Media, they were not getting to Îar- Ìar. For this reason it is impossible to locate ÎarÌar “in the Kerman- shah valley or the eastern Mahidasht”21. Those valleys, through which the Khorasan road ran, were inevitably visited by the Assyrians on their way home. It is possible to think that Bit-Barru(a) was located by the Khorasan road between Behistun and Kermanshah.
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