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Kinship Terms and Terms of Address in Nænæji Dialect Received: 6/03/2019 Accepted: 4/07/2019

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Kinship Terms and Terms of Address in Nænæji Dialect Received: 6/03/2019 Accepted: 4/07/2019 Language Related Research E-ISSN: 2383-0816 Vol.11, No.4 (Tome 58), T. M .U. September, October & November 2020 Kinship Terms and Terms of Address in Nænæji Dialect Received: 6/03/2019 Accepted: 4/07/2019 Reza Amini* ∗ Corresponding Author's PhD in General Linguistics, Assistant Professor of Research Institute for Cultural Heritage and E-mail: [email protected] Tourism, Tehran, Iran. Abstract In this article, which is a descriptive – analytical research, and the first research done about Nænæji dialect, the use of kinship terms and terms of address in this dialect is studied. This dialect is spoken in village of Nænæj, in Malayer County, Iran. Nænæji can be considered as a variety of Persian being influenced by Lori, Laki, and Kurdish languages. In “introduction”, some basic points about the research and its goals are presented; then the village of Nænæj is briefly introduced; and finally the main questions of the research are presented as: 1.Concerning age degree of the informants, what kinds of changes can be seen in use of kinship terms and terms of address in Nænæji dialect, in recent decades? 2. What are the causes of change in kinship terms and terms of address of Nænæji dialect? The data, gathered in a field work and through network participation in the language community, are analyzed in four separate categories: kinship terms coming from consanguinity , kinship terms coming from affinity , ḌᾹ Downloaded from lrr.modares.ac.ir at 11:56 IRST on Thursday September 23rd 2021 kinship terms coming from RA and brotherhood formula (based on Islamic jurisprudence or Fiqh), and address terms for nonrelatives . Data have been analyzed through using concepts and terms of George Peter Murdock and Lewis Henry Morgan. In other words, partly, this research is based on what Murdock and Morgan have said about kinship terms in different languages of the worlds. In “review of the literature”, a number of researches done about the use of kinship terms in different Iranian languages, namely Persian, Kurdish and Gilaki, are reviewed, to show that the present research can complete the 639 Language Related Research E-ISSN: 2383-0816 Vol.11, No.4 (Tome 58), T. M .U. September, October & November 2020 researches done in this field. This research reveals, among the rest, that Nænæji has a rich array of kinship terms and terms of address. Also, analysis of Nænæji kinship terms coming from consanguinity, Nænæji kinship terms coming from affinity, Nænæji kinship terms coming from RA ḌᾹ , and Nænæji address terms for nonrelatives, shows that in using all of them we see deep changes in recent decades; in a way that decrease in variety of kinship terms and address terms of the dialect is something clear. In fact, in recent decades, Nænæji kinship terms have moved towards missing distinctions based on age, disappearance of derivative and descriptive terms, and accepting standard Persian’s norms and terms. The research also reveals that today in Nænæji, the use of some of the kinship terms and terms of address is restricted to middle and old age groups. It also indicates that change in community relationships and family structure, migration and urbanization are the causes of Nænæji kinship terms and terms of address become obsolete and even extinct; and the standard Persian equivalent substitute them. This is a clear example of dialect levelling in Iran. Keywords : Nænæji dialect, kinship terms, terms of address, terms of reference, gender, migration. Downloaded from lrr.modares.ac.ir at 11:56 IRST on Thursday September 23rd 2021 640 دوﻣﺎﻫﻨﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ - ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﻲ د 11 ، ش 4 (ﭘﻴﺎﭘﻲ 58 )، ﻣﻬﺮ و آﺑﺎن 1399 ، ﺻﺺ 639 - 667 اﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎت ﺧﻮﻳﺸﺎوﻧﺪي و ﺧﻄﺎب واژه ﻫﺎيِ ﮔﻮﻳﺶ ﻧَﻨﱠﺠﻲ1 رﺿﺎ اﻣﻴﻨﻲ* اﺳﺘﺎدﻳﺎر ﮔﺮوه زﺑﺎن ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻫﻤﮕﺎﻧﻲ، ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﮕﺎه ﻣﻴﺮاث ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ و ﮔﺮدﺷﮕﺮي، ﺗﻬﺮان، اﻳﺮان. درﻳﺎﻓﺖ: /15 /12 97 ﭘﺬﻳﺮش: /13 /04 98 98 ﭼﻜﻴﺪه در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ، ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد اﺻﻄ ﻼﺣﺎت ﺧﻮﻳﺸﺎوﻧﺪي و ﺧﻄﺎب واژه ﻫﺎ در ﮔﻮﻳﺶ ﻧَﻨﱠﺠﻲ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ و ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻳﺶ، زﺑﺎن ﻣﺮدم روﺳﺘﺎي ﻧَﻨﱠﺞِ ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﻣﻼﻳﺮ اﺳﺖ. داده ﻫﺎي ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ روش ﻣﻴﺪاﻧﻲ و در ﮔﻔﺖو ﮔﻮيِ ﻣﺸﺎرﻛﺘﻲ ﺑﺎ ﮔﻮﻳﺸﻮرانِ ﻧَﻨﱠﺠﻲ ﮔﺮدآوري ﺷﺪه اﻧﺪ، در ﭼﻬﺎر ﺑﺨﺶ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺷﺪه اﻧﺪ: اﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎت ﻣﺮ ﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﻳﺸﺎوﻧﺪان ﻧﺴﺒﻲ، اﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎت ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﻳﺸﺎوﻧﺪان ﺳﺒﺒﻲ، اﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎت ﺧﻮﻳﺸﺎوﻧﺪي رﺿﺎﻋﻲ و ﺧﻮﻳﺸﺎوﻧﺪي ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از « ﻋﻘﺪ اُﺧﻮت» ، ﺧﻄﺎب واژه ﻫﺎي ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﻏﻴﺮﺧﻮﻳﺸﺎوﻧﺪان. اﻳﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ اﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎت ﺧﻮﻳﺸﺎوﻧﺪي و ﺧﻄﺎب واژه ﻫﺎي ﮔﻮﻳﺶ ﻧﻨﺠﻲ ﻣﺘﻨﻮع و ﻏﻨﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. در ﻋﻴﻦ ﺣﺎل دﮔﺮﮔﻮﻧﻲِ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎت و ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪﻫﺎي ﺧﺎﻧﻮادﮔﻲ و اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ، ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮت و ﺷﻬﺮﻧﺸﻴﻨﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻛﻢ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﻳﺎ ﻣﻬﺠﻮر و ﻣﻨﺴﻮخ ﺷﺪن ﺷﻤﺎر زﻳﺎدي از اﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎت ﺧﻮﻳﺸﺎوﻧﺪي و ﺧﻄﺎب واژه ﻫﺎي اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻳﺶ و ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ ﺷﺪن آن ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ اﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎت راﻳﺞ در ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ ﻣﻌﻴﺎر ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. اﻳﻦ اﻣﺮ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﺔ روﺷﻨﻲ اﺳﺖ از ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﮔﻮﻳﺶ ﻫﺎ و زﺑﺎن ﻫﺎي اﻳﺮان در ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻫﻢ ﺳﺎﻧﻲ. واژه ﻫﺎ ي ﻛﻠﻴﺪي : ﮔﻮﻳﺶ ﻧَﻨﱠﺠﻲ، ﺧﻮﻳﺸﺎوﻧﺪي، ﺧﻄﺎب واژه، ارﺟﺎع واژه، ﺟﻨﺴﻴﺖ، ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮت. Downloaded from lrr.modares.ac.ir at 11:56 IRST on Thursday September 23rd 2021 .1 ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﻳﻜﻲ از ﺣﻮزه ﻫﺎي ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ زﺑﺎن، ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺔ « اﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎت ﺧﻮﻳﺸﺎوﻧﺪي » اﺳﺖ. ﺷﻤﺎر اﻳﻦ اﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎت، ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎرﮔﻴﺮي آن ﻫﺎ، اﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻣﺆ ﻪﻟﻔ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﻤﭽﻮن ﺟﻨﺴﻴﺖ، ﺳﻦ و ﻧﺴﻞ در ﺷﻜﻞ ﮔﻴﺮي آنﻫﺎ و ﺳﺎده ﻳﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ ﺑﻮدﻧﺸﺎن اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﺧﻮﺑﻲ درﺑﺎرة ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻫﺎي زﺑﺎﻧﻲ 1 Kinshi p Terms and Terms of Addre ss of Nanaji Dialect ـــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ * ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪة ﻣﺴﺌﻮل ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ: E-mail: [email protected] رﺿﺎ اﻣﻴﻨﻲ اﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎت ﺧﻮﻳﺸﺎوﻧﺪي و ... ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ و ﻣﺎ را ﺑﻪ ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻨﺔ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ زﺑﺎﻧﻲ، ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪﻫﺎ و ﺑﺮﺧﻮردﻫﺎي آن ﺑﺎ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻫﺎي زﺑﺎﻧﻲ دﻳﮕﺮ و روﻧﺪ ﺗﺤﻮﻻت اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ـ زﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﺟﺎري آن آﮔﺎه ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ. ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌ ﺔ ﻧﻈﺎم ﻣﻨﺪ اﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎت ﺧﻮﻳﺸﺎوﻧﺪي، ﺑﺎ ﻛﺘﺎب ﻧﻈﺎم رواﺑﻂ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ و ﺳﺒﺒﻲ ﺧﺎﻧﻮادة اﻧﺴﺎن2 ﻟﻮﻳﻴﺲ ﻫﻨﺮي ﻣﻮرﮔﺎن3 آﻏﺎز ﺷﺪ. در ﺑﺨﺶ ﭘﺎﻳﺔ ﻧﻈﺮي ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ، اﻳﻦ اﺛﺮ را ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺧﻮاﻫﻴﻢ ﻛﺮد. در اﻳﺮان ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ درﺑﺎرة اﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎت ﺧﻮﻳﺸﺎوﻧﺪي زﺑﺎن ﻫﺎ و ﮔﻮﻳﺶ ﻫﺎي ﻛﺸﻮر اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ در ﺑﺨ ﺶ ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻨﺔ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از آن ﻫﺎ ﻣﻲ ﭘﺮدازﻳﻢ. در اﻳﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ، اﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎت ﺧﻮﻳﺸﺎوﻧﺪي ﮔﻮﻳﺶ ﻧَﻨﱠﺠﻲ را ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ در روﺳﺘﺎي ﻧَﻨﱠﺞ ﺑِﺪان ﮔﻔﺖو ﮔﻮ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد. ﻧَﻨﱠﺞ در ﺑﺨﺶ ﺟﻮﻛﺎر ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﻣﻼﻳﺮ، در ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻳﮕﻲ روﺳﺘﺎﻫﺎي ﻛﺴﺐ (در ﺑﺎﺧﺘﺮ)، ﺷَﺮﻳﻒ آﺑﺎد و ﻗﻮزان (در ﺧﺎور)، ﺳﻨﮓ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ، ﭼﺸﻤﻪ ﭘﻬﻦ و ﺑِﺶ آﻗﺎج (در ﺷﻤﺎل) و ﮔﻠﻮﺷﺠﺮد (در ﺟﻨﻮب) واﻗﻊ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. در ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ اﻳﺮان ( 1331 : /5 458 )، « ﻧﻨﺞ » ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان دﻫﻲ از دﻫﺴﺘﺎن آورزﻣﺎن ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﻣﻼﻳﺮ آﻣﺪه اﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ 1455 ﻧﻔﺮ ﺳﻜﻨﻪ و ﻣﺮدﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺷﻴﻌﻪ ﻣﺬﻫﺐ و ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ زﺑﺎن. ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﻳ ﺔ آﻣﺎرﻫﺎي ﺟﺪﻳﺪ، ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ روﺳﺘ ﺎي ﻧﻨﺞ 669 ﻧﻔﺮ اﺳﺖ، ﻳﻌﻨﻲ در ﻛﻢ ﺗﺮ از 70 ﺳﺎل، ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ اﻳﻦ روﺳﺘﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻢ ﺗﺮ از ﻧﺼﻒ، ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ.4 ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎت ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲِ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ اﻳﻦ روﺳﺘﺎ ﻛﻪ در ﮔﻮﻳﺶ ﻧَﻨﱠﺠﻲ ﺑﺪان « ﻣﻴﺎنِ آوادي » (« ﻣﻴﺎن ﻳﺎ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ آﺑﺎدي/ ده ») ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد، ﻋﺒﺎرت اﺳﺖ از ″ 10.5′ 25˚34 ﺷﻤﺎﻟﻲ و ″ 08.3′ 45˚48 ﺧﺎوري . ﺷﻐﻞ ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﺮدم ﻧﻨﺞ، ﻛﺸﺎورزي، ﺑﺎﻏﺪاري و دام داري اﺳﺖ. ﻗﺎﻟﻲِ ﻧَﻨﱠﺞ ﻧﻴﺰ، در ﻃﺮح ﻫﺎيِ « ﭼﺎرﭼِﻨﮓ » «، ﭼﺎرﻣﺎﻫﻲ » «، ﻣﺎﻫﻲ رﻳﺰه » «، ﺳﻲ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ » «و ﻣﻮﺳﻲ ﺧﺎن ﺑﻼﻏﻲ» ، آوازة ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ دارد. ﻣﻨﺒﻊ اﺻﻠﻲِ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ آب ﻛﺸﺎورزي ﻧَﻨﱠﺞ ﻗﻨﺎت ﻫﺎيِ « ﺑﺎﻗﺮآواد » (« ﺑﺎﻗﺮآﺑﺎد ») ، « ﻣﻤﺪاواد » (« ﻣﺤﻤﻮ دآﺑﺎد ») «، ﻗﺮﻳﻴﻪ » «و ﻛَﺮﻳﺰَه » «ﻳﺎ ﻣﻴﺎنِ آوادي » اﺳﺖ. ﻣﺘﺄﺳﻔﺎﻧﻪ در دو ﺳﻪ دﻫﺔ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ، ﺑﺨﺶ ﻋﻤﺪة ﺑﻨﺎﻫﺎ و ﻣﻌﻤﺎري ﺗﺎرﻳﺨﻲ ﻧَﻨﱠﺞ، از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ « ﻣﺴﺠﺪ داﻣﺎن » (« ﻣﺴﺠﺪ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ») «، ﺣﺎﻣﺎم داﻣﺎن » (« ﺣﻤﺎم ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ») «، ﺣﺎﻣﺎمِ ﺑﺎﻻ » (« ﺣﻤﺎم ﺑﺎﻻ ») و ﭼﻨﺪ ﺑﺮج ﻛﺎﻣﻼً ﺳﺎﻟﻢِ ﭼﻨﺪﺻﺪﺳﺎﻟﻪ ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ Downloaded from lrr.modares.ac.ir at 11:56 IRST on Thursday September 23rd 2021 ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. داده ﻫﺎي اﻳﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑﻪ روش ﻣﻴﺪاﻧﻲ و در ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ و ﮔﻔﺖو ﮔﻮي ﻣﺸﺎرﻛﺘﻲ ﺑﺎ ﮔﻮﻳﺸﻮران ﻧﻨﺠﻲ، در رده ﻫﺎي ﺳﻨﻲِ 9 ﺗﺎ 80 ﺳﺎل، و ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﻜﻴﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺷَﻢِ زﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﻧﮕﺎرﻧﺪه، ﮔﺮدآوري ﺷﺪه اﻧﺪ. ﻫﺪف اﺻﻠﻲ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ، ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎت ﺧﻮﻳﺸﺎوﻧﺪي ﮔﻮﻳﺶ ﻣﻮردﻧﻈﺮ و ﻧﺸﺎن دادن اﺛﺮ ﺗﺤﻮﻻت اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ، ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده و ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮت ﺑﺮ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد اﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎت ﺧﻮﻳﺸﺎوﻧﺪي، ﺑ ﺎ ﺎ 342 httpsLewisSystems ://www.am Henry of Consang M organ ar.org.ir/84-1395 uinity and Affinity of the Human Family 642 ﺟﺴﺘﺎرﻫﺎي زﺑﺎﻧﻲ د ورة 11 ، ﺷﻤﺎرة 4 (ﭘﻴﺎﭘﻲ 58 )، ﻣﻬﺮ و آﺑﺎن 1399 درﻧﻈﺮ داﺷﺘﻦ اﻳﻦ دو ﭘﺮﺳﺶ اﺳﺖ: 1 ) ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ردة ﺳﻨﻲ ﮔﻮﻳﺸﻮران ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ، ﭼﻪ ﺗﺤﻮﻻﺗﻲ در ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد اﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎت ﺧﻮﻳﺸﺎوﻧﺪي و ﺧﻄﺎب واژه ﻫﺎي ﮔﻮﻳﺶ ﻧﻨﱠﺠﻲ از ﭼﻨﺪ دﻫﺔ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺗﺎﻛﻨﻮن دﻳﺪه ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد؛ 2 ) ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺗﺤﻮل ﻧﻈﺎم ﺧﻮﻳ ﺸﺎوﻧﺪي و ﺧﻄﺎب واژه ﻫﺎي اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻳﺶ ﭼﻪ ﭼﻴﺰﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ؟ .2 ﭘﺎﻳﺔ ﻧﻈﺮي ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻛﻨﻮﻧﻲ، ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﺔ دﻳﺪﮔﺎه ﻫﺎي ﻣﻮرﮔﺎن و ﻣﻮرداك5 اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. دﻟﻴﻞ ﺑﺮﮔﺰﻳﺪن اﻳﻦ دو دﻳﺪﮔﺎه، ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ و دﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي دﻗﻴﻖ اﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎت ﺧﻮﻳﺸﺎوﻧﺪي در آن ﻫﺎ و اﺛﺒﺎت ﻛﺎرآﻣﺪي ﺷﺎن در ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺔ اﻳﻦ اﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎ ت در ﺑﺴﻴﺎري از زﺑﺎن ﻫﺎي ﺟﻬﺎن ــ ازﺟﻤﻠﻪ زﺑﺎن ﻫﺎي اﻳﺮاﻧﻲ ــ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ. ﻣﻮرﮔﺎن ﺑﺎ اﺷﺎره ﺑﻪ اﻫﻤﻴﺖ « ازدواج » «، ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده » «و ﺧﻮن » در ﻧﻈﺎم ﺧﻮﻳﺸﺎوﻧﺪي، ﻣﻲ ﮔﻮﻳﺪ: در اﻃﺮاف ﻫﺮ ﻛﺴﻲ ﺣﻠﻘﻪ ﻳﺎ ﮔﺮوﻫﻲ از ﺧﻮﻳﺸﺎن ﻗﺮار دارﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ او در ﻣﺮﻛﺰﺷﺎن ﻗﺮار ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮد. ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻓﺮد ﻣﺮﻛﺰي ﺧﻮﻳﺸﺘﻦ6 ﻣﻲ ﮔﻮﻳﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮﻳﺸﺎوﻧﺪي و درﺟﺔ ﺧﻮﻳﺸﺎوﻧﺪي ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ او ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد. در ﺑﺎﻻي اﻳﻦ ﻓﺮد، ﭘﺪر و ﻣﺎدر او و ﮔﺬﺷﺘﮕﺎن آن ﻫﺎ ﻗﺮار ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ و در ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ او ﻓﺮزﻧﺪاﻧﺶ و آﻳﻨﺪﮔﺎن آن ﻫﺎ. در اﻃﺮاف او ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺮادران و ﺧﻮاﻫﺮاﻧﺶ و آﻳﻨﺪﮔﺎنِ آن ﻫﺎ و ﺑﺮادران و ﺧﻮاﻫﺮانِ ﭘﺪر و ﻣﺎدر او و آﻳﻨﺪﮔﺎنِ آن ﻫﺎ ﻗﺮار ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ، و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺧﻮﻳﺸﺎوﻧﺪان دﻳﮕﺮي ﻛﻪ ﺷﻤﺎرﺷﺎن ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ اﺳﺖ و داراي ﻧﻴﺎﻛﺎن دورﺗﺮ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﻲ ﺑﺎ او ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ (10 :1871) . ﻣﻮرﮔﺎن در ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ اﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎت ﺧﻮﻳﺸﺎوﻧﺪي، اﺻﻄﻼح ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻔﻲ7 را در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ اي8 ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﻣﻲ ﺑﺮد و ﻣﻲ ﮔﻮﻳﺪ اﺻﻄﻼح ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻔﻲ ﺑﻪ را ﺑﻄﺔ ﺧﻮﻳﺸﺎوﻧﺪي ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻲ اﺷﺎره دارد، اﻣﺎ اﺻﻄﻼح ﻃﺒﻘﻪ اي ﺑﻪ ﭼﻨﺪ راﺑﻄﺔ ﺧﻮﻳﺸﺎوﻧﺪي (ibid : vi) . ﻣﻮرﮔﺎن در ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻧﻈﺎم ﺧﻮﻳﺸﺎوﻧﺪي زﺑﺎن ﻫﺎي آرﻳﺎن، ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ .
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