Out-Of-Body Experiences in Relation To
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The Varieties of Self-Transcendent Experience David Bryce Yaden, Jonathan Haidt, Ralph W
Review of General Psychology The Varieties of Self-Transcendent Experience David Bryce Yaden, Jonathan Haidt, Ralph W. Hood, Jr., David R. Vago, and Andrew B. Newberg Online First Publication, May 1, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/gpr0000102 CITATION Yaden, D. B., Haidt, J., Hood, R. W., Jr., Vago, D. R., & Newberg, A. B. (2017, May 1). The Varieties of Self-Transcendent Experience. Review of General Psychology. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/gpr0000102 Review of General Psychology © 2017 American Psychological Association 2017, Vol. 0, No. 999, 000 1089-2680/17/$12.00 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/gpr0000102 The Varieties of Self-Transcendent Experience David Bryce Yaden Jonathan Haidt University of Pennsylvania New York University Ralph W. Hood Jr. David R. Vago University of Tennessee at Chattanooga Harvard Medical School Andrew B. Newberg Thomas Jefferson University Various forms of self-loss have been described as aspects of mental illness (e.g., depersonalization disorder), but might self-loss also be related to mental health? In this integrative review and proposed organizational framework, we focus on self-transcendent experiences (STEs)—transient mental states marked by decreased self-salience and increased feelings of connectedness. We first identify common psychological constructs that contain a self-transcendent aspect, including mindfulness, flow, peak experiences, mystical-type experiences, and certain positive emotions (e.g., love, awe). We then propose psychological and neurobiological mechanisms that may mediate the effects of STEs based on a review of the extant literature from social psychology, clinical psychology, and affective neuroscience. We conclude with future directions for further empirical research on these experiences. -
RUNNING HEAD: Anomalous Experiences and Hypnotic Suggestibility
Anomalous experiences and hypnotic suggestibility 1 RUNNING HEAD: Anomalous experiences and hypnotic suggestibility Anomalous experiences are more prevalent among highly suggestible individuals who are also highly dissociative David Acunzo1, Etzel Cardeña2, & Devin B. Terhune3* 1 Centre for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy 2 Department of Psychology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden 3 Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, UK * Correspondence address: Devin B. Terhune Department of Psychology Goldsmiths, University of London 8 Lewisham Way New Cross, London, UK SE14 6NW [email protected] Word count: 3,186 The data that support the findings of this study are openly available in Open Science Framework at osf.io/cfa3r. Anomalous experiences and hypnotic suggestibility 2 Abstract Introduction: Predictive coding models propose that high hypnotic suggestibility confers a predisposition to hallucinate due to an elevated propensity to weight perceptual beliefs (priors) over sensory evidence. Multiple lines of research corroborate this prediction and demonstrate a link between hypnotic suggestibility and proneness to anomalous perceptual states. However, such effects might be moderated by dissociative tendencies, which seem to account for heterogeneity in high hypnotic suggestibility. We tested the prediction that the prevalence of anomalous experiences would be greater among highly suggestible individuals who are also highly dissociative. Methods: We compared high and low dissociative highly suggestible participants and low suggestible controls on multiple psychometric measures of anomalous experiences. Results: High dissociative highly suggestible participants reliably reported greater anomalous experiences than low dissociative highly suggestible participants and low suggestible controls, who did not significantly differ from each other. Conclusions: These results suggest a greater predisposition to experience anomalous perceptual states among high dissociative highly suggestible individuals. -
How Should Therapists Respond to Client Accounts of Out-Of-Body Experience? Alexander De Foe Monash University
International Journal of Transpersonal Studies Volume 31 | Issue 1 Article 10 1-1-2012 How Should Therapists Respond to Client Accounts of Out-of-Body Experience? Alexander De Foe Monash University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.ciis.edu/ijts-transpersonalstudies Part of the Philosophy Commons, Psychology Commons, and the Religion Commons Recommended Citation De Foe, A. (2012). De Foe, A. (2012). How should therapists respond to client accounts of out-of-body experience? International Journal of Transpersonal Studies, 31(1), 75–82.. International Journal of Transpersonal Studies, 31 (1). http://dx.doi.org/10.24972/ ijts.2012.31.1.75 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 License. This Special Topic Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals and Newsletters at Digital Commons @ CIIS. It has been accepted for inclusion in International Journal of Transpersonal Studies by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ CIIS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. How Should Therapists Respond to Client Accounts of Out-of-Body Experience? Alexander De Foe Monash University Melbourne, Australia During an out-of-body experience (OBE) a person experiences their center of consciousness from a spatial location that is distinctly different to their physical body. Prior research has suggested that psychologists and psychotherapists may be reluctant to discuss the content of their clients OBE accounts due to a lack of understanding about the nature of these experiences. Yet, other research has highlighted the substantial value of discussing OBEs in the therapeutic process. -
Evaluation of the Evidence for the Trauma and Fantasy Models of Dissociation
Psychological Bulletin © 2012 American Psychological Association 2012, Vol. 138, No. 3, 550–588 0033-2909/12/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/a0027447 Evaluation of the Evidence for the Trauma and Fantasy Models of Dissociation Constance J. Dalenberg Bethany L. Brand California School of Professional Psychology at Alliant Towson University International University, San Diego David H. Gleaves and Martin J. Dorahy Richard J. Loewenstein University of Canterbury Sheppard Pratt Health System, Baltimore, Maryland, and University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore Etzel Carden˜a Paul A. Frewen Lund University University of Western Ontario Eve B. Carlson David Spiegel National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Menlo Park, Stanford University School of Medicine and Veterans Administration Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California The relationship between a reported history of trauma and dissociative symptoms has been explained in 2 conflicting ways. Pathological dissociation has been conceptualized as a response to antecedent traumatic stress and/or severe psychological adversity. Others have proposed that dissociation makes individuals prone to fantasy, thereby engendering confabulated memories of trauma. We examine data related to a series of 8 contrasting predictions based on the trauma model and the fantasy model of dissociation. In keeping with the trauma model, the relationship between trauma and dissociation was consistent and moderate in strength, and remained significant when objective measures of trauma were used. Dissociation was temporally related to trauma and trauma treatment, and was predictive of trauma history when fantasy proneness was controlled. Dissociation was not reliably associated with suggestibility, nor was there evidence for the fantasy model prediction of greater inaccuracy of recovered memory. -
CLINICAL STUDY PROTOCOL Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy
CLINICAL STUDY PROTOCOL Psilocybin-assisted Psychotherapy in the Management of Anxiety Associated With Stage IV Melanoma. Version: Final IND: [79,321] SPONSOR Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR Sameet Kumar Ph.D. MEDICAL MONITOR Michael C. Mithoefer MD. STUDY PERSONNEL XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX STUDY MONITOR [CRA] Valerie Mojeiko IRB Study Site IRB Sponsor Signatory Rick Doblin Ph.D. Study Period 2008 For trial related emergencies please contact: Dr. Michael Mithoefer MAPS: S Kumar PI Clinical Study Protocol PCA1 Final December 1, 2007 Confidential Page 2 of 83 Table of Contents Introduction......................................................................................................................... 4 Background..................................................................................................................... 4 Disease History and Related Research ........................................................................... 5 Rationale ......................................................................................................................... 7 Summary......................................................................................................................... 7 Ethics................................................................................................................................... 8 Informed Consent of Subject .......................................................................................... 9 Recruitment and Screening............................................................................................ -
Anomalous Experiences and Hypnosis
Anomalous experiences and hypnosis Anomalous experiences and hypnosis Etzel Cardeña, Ph.D. Thorsen Professor of Psychology, Lund University, Sweden Running head: Anomalous experiences and hypnosis Corresponding author: Etzel Cardeña, Ph. D. Thorsen Professor Department of Psychology Lund University P.O. Box 213 SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden Telephone number: (0)46 46 2228770, fax (department of psychology) 46 46 222 4209 email: [email protected] webpage: http://www.psychology.lu.se/Personal/e_cardena/ Anomalous experiences and hypnosis Abstract Throughout its history, mesmerism and its later development as hypnosis have been related to reputed psi-phenomena and to various alterations of consciousness. Although most of the older literature would not stand up to current methodological strictures, there are some reports that are still baffling and both the consistency of the reports and more recent meta- analytic work suggest that we should investigate the psi-hypnosis relationship more programmatically. With respect to alterations of consciousness within the hypnotic context, most previous work has had the confound of specific suggestions. In this paper I review the literature on hypnotic phenomenology, point out its limitations, and present recently published data that supports specific alterations associated with experienced depth: mostly relaxation during a resting baseline, mild to moderate changes in sensations and body image during light/medium hypnosis, and radical alterations of body image (e.g., floating, sinking), and dreamlike and transcendental (e. g,, merging with a light) during deep and very deep hypnosis. Many of these phenomena have also been observed during other altered states such as OBEs and NDEs, which have been of great interest to the parapsychology field. -
Cognitive Processes in Dissociation: an Analysis of Core Theoretical Assumptions
Psychological Bulletin Copyright 2008 by the American Psychological Association 2008, Vol. 134, No. 5, 617–647 0033-2909/08/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.134.5.617 Cognitive Processes in Dissociation: An Analysis of Core Theoretical Assumptions Timo Giesbrecht Steven Jay Lynn Maastricht University and Mount Sinai School of Medicine State University of New York, Binghamton Scott O. Lilienfeld Harald Merckelbach Emory University Maastricht University Dissociation is typically defined as the lack of normal integration of thoughts, feelings, and experiences into consciousness and memory. The present article critically evaluates the research literature on cognitive processes in dissociation. The authors’ review indicates that dissociation is characterized by subtle deficits in neuropsychological performance (e.g., heightened distractibility). Some of the cognitive phenomena (e.g., weakened cognitive inhibition) associated with dissociation appear to be dependent on the emotional or attentional context. Contrary to a widespread assumption in the clinical literature, dissociation does not appear to be related to avoidant information processing. Rather, it is associated with an enhanced propensity toward pseudo-memories, possibly mediated by heightened levels of interrog- ative suggestibility, fantasy proneness, and cognitive failures. Evidence for a link between dissociation and either memory fragmentation or early trauma based on objective measures is conspicuously lacking. The authors identify a variety of methodological issues and discrepancies -
Anomalous/Paranormal Experiences Reported by Nurses Themselves
Anomalous/Paranormal Experiences Reported by Nurses Themselves and in Relation With Theirs Patients in Hospitals: Examining Psychological, Personality and Phenomenological Variables (Grant 246/14) ALEJANDRO PARRA & IRMA CAPUTO Instituto de Psicología Paranormal, Buenos Aires, Argentina [email protected] Abstract. The aim of this study was to determine the degree of occurrence of certain unusual perceptual experiences in hospital settings, so called Anomalous/Paranormal Experiences (APE), often related by nurses and carers. Two studies were carried out: The first one on one single hospital measuring three psychological variables, such as work stress, hallucination proneness and absorption; and the second one on multiple hospitals (N= 39) using two additional variables, such as schizotypy proneness and empathy. For study 1, one hundred nurses were grouped as 54 experiencers and 46 “control” (nonexperiencers). The most common anomalous experiences reported by nurses are sense of presence and/or apparitions, hearing noises, voices or dialogues, and intuitions and ESP experiences as listerners of experiences of their patients, such as near death experiences, religious interventions, and out-of-body experiences. Nurses reporting such experiences did not tended to score higher work stress, which not confirmed H1. However, nurses reporting experiences tended to report greater absorption and proneness to hallucinate confirming hypothesis H2 and H3 respectively, compared with those who did not report such experiences. For study 2, three hundred forty four nurses were recruited from 36 hospitals and health centers in Buenos Aires. They were grouped 235 experiencers and 109 nonexperiencers. The most common experiences are sense of presence and/or apparitions, hearing noises, voices or dialogues, crying or complaining, intuitions and ESP experiences and as listerners of experiences of their patients, such as near death experiences, religious interventions, and many anomalous experiences in relation with children. -
Creative Imagination, Absorption, and Dissociation with African American College Students
ORIGINAL ARTICLES Creative Imagination, Absorption, and Dissociation with African American College Students Marty Sapp, Ed.D. and Kim Hitchcock, Ed.D. The purpose of this study was to assess creative imagination, absorption, and dissociation with African-American college students. Two hundred thirty-six undergraduate African- American students ranging between the ages of 18 to 22 participated in this study. Students were assigned to the following experimental manipulation: (a) Creative Imagination Scale (CIS), a cognitive-behavioral measure of hypnotizability; and (b) Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES), General Dissociation Scale (GDS), and Tellegen Absorption Scale (TAS) embedded within the CIS. Results indicated that dissociation and absorption were affected by the CIS. Finally, this sample was compared to the European American sample obtained by Barber and Wilson (1978) and Wilson and Barber (1978), and clearly the two samples differed on creative imagination, t=(405)=7, p<.005. The African American sample had a significantly lower mean CIS score than the European American sample. (Sleep and Hypnosis 2003;5(2):95-104) Key words: imagination, hypnosis, absorption, dissociation, adolescents, cultural differences, African-American college students, cognition INTRODUCTION distracting events. Roche and McConkey defined imaginative involvement, a term issociation theories of hypnosis suggest proposed by J. R. Hilgard (2), as the readiness Dthat absorption and dissociation are for openness to experience that involves an correlated with hypnotizability (1). Absorption alteration in reality testing, and absorption can be described as a trait that involves involves the narrowing or expansion of openness to cognitive and affective alterations consciousness. across several situations. Moreover, absorption According to Roche and McConkey (1), is a participant's readiness for deep mental and absorption and imaginative involvement emotional involvement, and the participant overlap, but they are different constructs. -
Anomalous Experiences, Trauma, and Symbolization Processes at the Frontiers Between Psychoanalysis and Cognitive Neurosciences
ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 21 December 2015 doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01926 Anomalous Experiences, Trauma, and Symbolization Processes at the Frontiers between Psychoanalysis and Cognitive Neurosciences Thomas Rabeyron 1, 2* and Tianna Loose 2, 3 1 Department of Psychology, University of Nantes, Nantes, France, 2 Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, 3 Department of Psychology, University of Québec in Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada Anomalous or exceptional experiences are uncommon experiences which are usually interpreted as being paranormal by those who report them. These experiences have long remained difficult to explain, but current progress in cognitive neuroscience and psychoanalysis sheds light on the contexts in which they emerge, as well as on their underlying processes. Following a brief description of the different types of anomalous experiences, we underline how they can be better understood at the frontiers between psychoanalysis and cognitive neurosciences. In this regard, three main lines of research Edited by: Stijn Vanheule, are discussed and illustrated, alongside clinical cases which come from a clinical service Ghent University, Belgium specializing in anomalous experiences. First, we study the links between anomalous Reviewed by: experiences and hallucinatory processes, by showing that anomalous experiences Jonathan Douglas Redmond, frequently occur as a specific reaction to negative life events, in which case they mainly Deakin University, Australia Diana Caine, take the form of non-pathological hallucinations. Next, we propose to analyze these National Hospital for Neurology and experiences from the perspective of their traumatic aspects and the altered states Neurosurgery, UK of consciousness they often imply. Finally, these experiences are considered to be *Correspondence: Thomas Rabeyron the consequence of a hypersensitivity that can be linked to an increase in psychic [email protected] permeability. -
Spontaneous Paper – Notes
Wilde, D. and Murray, C.D. (in press) The evolving self: finding meaning in near-death experiences using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Mental Health, Religion and Culture. Abstract Objectives: A variety of anomalous experiences have been reported in the research literature as enhancing, rather than indicating poor mental health. The out-of-body experience (OBE), where the person‟s self and body are phenomenologically separate, is a relatively common anomalous experience. The aim of this study was to investigate the experience of an OBE and its resultant after-effects. Design: An idiographic, phenomenological, qualitative approach was adopted. Methods: Three participants took part in recorded face-to-face, semi-structured interviews. Data were analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Results: IPA found experients perceived their OBEs as occurring at times of personal significance. They were inextricably linked with participants‟ lives beyond their point of occurrence and played an adaptive role in response to difficult life events. The process of integration was helped or hindered by the varying reactions from others to the disclosure of the OBE. Conclusions: The idiographic nature of this study was instrumental in highlighting the subtle personal and social factors that influenced how the OBE was managed and integrated. Key words: Anomalous experiences; out-of-body experiences; Interpretative phenomenological analysis; mental health; qualitative methodology 1 Introduction The Out-of-Body Experience (OBE), whereby “the centre of consciousness appears to the experient to occupy temporarily a position which is spatially remote from his/her body” (Irwin, 1985, p.5) has been a topic of research in the psychological sciences for over 100 years (Alvarado, 1992). -
The Roles of Absorption in Music Therapy
Molloy College DigitalCommons@Molloy Theses & Dissertations 2019 The Roles of Absorption in Music Therapy Michael John Russo This research was completed as part of the degree requirements for the Music Therapy Department at Molloy College. Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.molloy.edu/etd Part of the Music Therapy Commons DigitalCommons@Molloy Feedback Recommended Citation Russo, Michael John, "The Roles of Absorption in Music Therapy" (2019). Theses & Dissertations. 71. https://digitalcommons.molloy.edu/etd/71 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@Molloy. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Molloy. For more information, please contact [email protected],[email protected]. Running head: ROLES OF ABSORPTION IN MUSIC THERAPY THE ROLES OF ABSORPTION IN MUSIC THERAPY A THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillments of the requirements For the degree of Master of Science In Music Therapy by Michael John Russo Molloy College Rockville Centre, NY 2019 ROLES OF ABSORPTION IN MUSIC THERAPY ii ROLES OF ABSORPTION IN MUSIC THERAPY iii Abstract Absorption refers to the phenomenon of total attentional engagement. The purpose of the current study was to gain a preliminary understanding of the roles that absorption may have in different music therapy approaches. The research questions were: a) How might music therapists know when their clients are in states of absorption?, b) How might absorption influence the ability of music therapy clients to progress towards therapeutic goals?, and c) What is the potential relationship between absorption and music? Three music therapists with self-identified expertise and experience in conceptualizing absorption in music therapy were interviewed about their observations and opinions of absorption in their music therapy practices.