THE FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, AKURE

MONKEYS AND APES: MAN IN ITS REMINISCENCE

INAUGURAL LECTURE SERIES 92

Delivered by

Professor Babafemi George Ogunjemite B.Sc. (Port-Harcourt), M. Tech., Ph.D. (Akure) Professor of Community Ecology On Tuesday 21st November, 2017 Prologue: The eyes of all wait upon thee; thou give their meat in due season. Thou openest thine hand, and satisfied the desire of every living thing. Psalms 145:15 and 16 Professor Babafemi George Ogunjemite B.Sc. (Port-Harcourt), M. Tech., Ph.D. (Akure) Professor of Primate Community Ecology The Vice Chancellor The Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Academic) The Registrar Principal Officers of the University Deans and Directors Heads of Departments / Units Distinguished Members of Senate Other academic and Professional Colleagues Obas and Chiefs Distinguished Guests and Friends of the University Members of my Family Gentlemen of the Press Ladies and Gentlemen Great FUTARIANS It is a great privilege to present the 92nd Inaugural Lecture of this great University, the third from the Department of Ecotourism and Wildlife Management, and the fourth on the subject matter of Wildlife Management in the University. Previous issues by my worthy predecessors have emphasised the importance of wildlife resources to mankind, yet the problem confronting nature has not abated. Late Prof T. A. Afolayan spoke on the topic ''Man's inhumanity to nature; the over exploitation of wildlife resources''. Our attitude to wildlife did not change. Prof E. A. Agbelusi's topic was ''Wildlife resources; a national heritage''. We are yet to manage these resources on a sustainable basis to realise their importance for our national growth and development. The third lecture by Professor A. I. Adeyemo titled ''Earth without biodiversity: what would have been the fate of man'' also stresses on the level of destruction of wildlife resources, still we are without any definite plan to reverse the order, particularly as the whole essence of man depend on them.

3 Mr. Vice-Chancellor sir, being a 'Wildlifer' is not by accident to me. It is a work of destiny, it is innate. Put simply, it is my calling. It is a mission and I am grateful I found fulfillment in it, even though it took me some time to discover it. When I eventually saw the green light, it has been all the way rejoicing. I started my career as a Botanist not because I had no other option, but that seems the best way for me to explore the jungle at that time when Wildlife Management was rarely known in . I was admitted to University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt in 1980 and I opted for botany because I love jungle life, and I love nature, probably because of my early contacts with literature, both African and European, in the area of nature exploration and discoveries.

In our days, we started school by reading the Yoruba series of Taiwo ati Kehinde, series one to six. There were the interesting stories of Abebi ati obo Oba, Alao ati Inaki, Olaoilo dehin and so on and so forth. Then were the D. O. Fagunwa series of Ogboju Ode ninu Igbo Irunmole, (translated as A Forest of a Thousand Daemon); Igbo Olodumare, (translated as A Hunter's Saga in the Forest of Olodumare); Adiitu Olodumare (translated as The Mysteries of God); and Irinkerindo ninu Igbo Elegbeje. From the European series, I read about people involved in the voyages of discovery; Michael Angelo, Christopher Columbus, Vasco da Gama, Marco Pollo, Prince Henry the Navigator etc. Then came other Africana titles of H. Ridder Haggard such as King Solomon's Mine, Allan Quatermaine of Durban, to the modern African Writer Series like the Seasons of Migration to the North by Tayeb Salih, An African Night Entertainment by Cyprian Ekwensi, Exodus to a Hidden Valley by Eugene Morse and several others. These were the impetus that stimulated my innate tendencies to jungle life, nature loving and exploration.

Mr. Vice-Chancellor Sir, my predecessors have discussed wildlife issues from general perspectives, but my lecture “Monkeys and Apes: man in its reminiscence” will be discussing a specific 4 specialised case, and it is the first attempt to place man in his proper perspective among the other . It is the first in Primatology in this nation. Arguably, it is therefore not an over statement that the inaugural lecturer is the first Professor of Primatology in Nigeria. How could a single species from among several millions trouble the earth so much as to put all other livings in jeopardy? There is the need to place man in his rightful position among the livings; probably we shall learn to respect the rights of other livings. There are many things man share with other livings to produce mutual and harmonious relationship that has kept the ecological systems going from ages. The modern man has altered all these for their selfish desire, and it is now backfiring on us. Our fore-fathers had respect for nature, they kept and observed strict rules that protected them and these were the reasons for innovations, inventions and several discoveries that had characterised man's history.

The Vice-Chancellor Sir, are our kin, they are self-aware, they have culture, tools, politics and medicine. We are part of them. We have many things in common. That is why we refer to those still in the wild as Non-human primates. These are the animals that has been my object of attention in my research efforts in Wildlife Ecology and Management within the last two decades. My early life as a son of a practicing farmer and an accomplished hunter exposed me to some of the antics of these groups of animals. I also learnt so much about them from the folklore. Non-human Primates are very intelligent. The groups that I was familiar with when I was young were the guenon; with the species Cercopithecus mona and Chlorocebus aethiops tantalus as the commonest in our locality. I also heard much about the chimpanzee, they were still common about this time in the hinterland of Ekiti. In those days, early in the morning when we get to the farm, these will only move to other sides of our farm and will not run away until the elderly who had the capacity to inflict harm on them comes into the farm. I was wondering how the animal could vividly differentiate small boys who could not harm them from adults who had the capacity to inflict 5 harm on them at that very tender age. Now, I know better. Primates are very intelligent, even though we underrate them and call them obo lagido that is to say they are fools, but we now know they are not fools. They too could make mistakes and that is why we capture some of them. Of course, we equally capture many of our kinds when we lay in wait for them. How do we explain several people that have fallen victims of swindlers and harmful people who daily wreak havoc on innocent people in and around our communities today? The same explain why many of these animals fall victims in the hand of humans. Given their own right, they will organise themselves and control their affairs with all care.

2. WHAT ARE PRIMATES? Primates are mammalian order to which humans belong (Latin “prime, first rank”) and one of the dominant species of animals in West Africa sub-region (Oates 2011; Grooves, 2014). Primates are mostly forest dwelling animals that are very important tropical biodiversity essential for various ecological processes, functions and services. They are our closest living biological relatives, offering critical insights into human evolution, biology, and behaviour. They play important roles in the livelihoods, cultures, and religions of many societies. However, unsustainable human activities are now the major force driving primate species to extinction (Alenjandro et. al., 2017). The order Primates is one of the most species-rich groups of in the world, surpassed only by the orders Chiroptera (bats, 1151 species) and Rodentia (rodents, 2256 species) (Wilson and Reeder, 2005; IUCN, 2016). The most recent taxonomic compilation (April 2016) lists 701 extant taxa belonging to 504 species from 79 genera and 16 families (IUCN, 2016).

The African continent had been identified as the origin of the higher primates in evolutionary history, and is the home of a large proportion of extant species (IUCN, 2005; John, 2011. It is pertinent to note that Nigeria is one of fifteen countries worldwide

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scoring highest for primate species richness, nine of which are in Africa (Colishaw and Dunbar, 2000; Chapman et al., 2006).

In West Africa, Nigeria is the second in primate species richness. In Southwest Nigeria, there are about 16 species with the population size and distribution sharply decreasing. The remaining populations are coping in difficult terrains in the region (Ogunjemite, 2010; Morgan et al., 2011).

Primates are large-bodied species, in comparison to insects or birds, and environmental changes has been reported to have great impact on their potential survival as long-lived, large-bodied and slowly reproducing animals. The primates always tend to live in or near the area of their birth, and thus find it difficult to migrate or escape the effects of deleterious habitat changes. These old world monkeys living in structured social groups are complex in their behaviours often recognising kins over several generations, forming long- lasting relationships with other individuals, and many require the swap over of individuals between groups before reproducing (Myers, 2000). The continued existence of primate taxa is thus markedly affected by individual reproductive potential, which in turn is influenced by an individual's ability to maintain long-term relationships within the context of its social group as well as that of the surrounding groups. Environmental changes, habitat destruction and hunting pressures decrease the reproductive potential of primates, and can lead to rapid local extirpation. Small, genetically and socially isolated populations tend to result from the fragmentation of habitats. Such populations show increased vulnerability to the problems of disease, inbreeding and human pressures, potentially resulting in rapid local extinctions (Lovett and Marshall, 2006). Primates are mainly of three main groups, the prosimians constituting the simplest groups, the monkeys as middle group and the apes as the most complex and this include us - human.

7 2.1 Prosimians Prosimians are the most primitive of the living primates. The name prosimian means pre-monkey. They include the lemurs, (the Lemuridae, the Cheirogaleidae, the Indriidae, and Daubentoniidae) which are found mostly in Madagascar and Southeast Asia, the bush babies lorises and pottos (family Lorisidae), and the tarsier (family Tarsiidae). Prosimians dwell primarily on trees. They have a longer snout than monkeys and apes, and the snout usually ends in a moist nose, indicating a well- developed sense of smell. A larger proportion of the brain of prosimians is devoted to the sense of smell than the sense of vision. Prosimians actively scent-mark their territories to warn and wade off other groups from their occupancy. The scent-marks are made with strong-smelling fluid produced by special glands, or with urine or feces. Their eyes are large and well adapted for night vision, with a tapetal layer in the retina of the eye that reflects and reuses light. Prosimian eyes are not as well positioned for stereoscopic vision as are the eyes of other primates. This group of animal has found a lot of uses in the traditional medicine among our people. We often hear of Awo Uki skin of potto in many of the charms prepared to cast spells (Afolayan, 1987) and their parts are also used in curative and protection against witchcraft (Agbelusi et al., 2000).

2.2. Monkeys The most successful primates are monkeys. There are three main groups of monkeys in Africa – the Mangabeys, the Colobines, and the Guenons. The Mangabeys are the most threatened of these groups in the forest environment of Nigeria. Monkeys, in general, include any of the nearly 200 species of tailed primates, with the exception of lemurs, tarsiers and lorises. They are arranged into two main groups: Old World and New World monkeys. The members of Old World monkeys belonging to one family Cercopithecidae. There are 81 species in 18 genera which are associated to apes and humans, and together they are known as Catarrhines (meaning 8 “downward-nosed” in Latin). The New World monkeys are referred to as Platyrrhines (“flat-nosed”), all in five families. As their taxonomic names suggest, New World (platyrrhine) and Old World (catarrhine) monkeys are distinguished by the form of the nose. New World monkeys have broad noses with a wide septum separating outwardly directed nostrils, whereas Old World monkeys have narrow noses with a thin septum and downward- facing nostrils, as do apes and humans. Old World monkeys possess hard, bare “sitting pads” (ischial callosities) on the buttocks; New World monkeys do not have these (Grooves, 2005). Many Old World monkeys have thumbs that can be opposed to the other fingers and so can handle small objects precisely. None of the New World monkeys hold such manual dexterity. In reality, in the hands of many species, the major difference is between the index and middle fingers; in a few species, the thumb is reduced or even absent. Some of the New World monkey species have prehensile tails capable of supporting the entire body weight or of grasping, for example, the spider monkey and howler monkey (Plate 1a and b)

Spider Monkey Howler Monkey Plate 1a Plate 1b

9 2.3. Apes The great ape and ourselves are so close that it is obvious that a fundamental error was made when classifying ourselves as something separate. We talk of six great apes species remaining, all of which are threatened, while there are in fact seven. That the six should be at the mercy of one is a sad testimony and poor reflection upon our claim to being the most intelligent of the set. Richard Leakey, 2005 There are two species of great apes residing with us in this nation; they are the Chimpanzees and the Gorilla. Both are now critically endangered. That means if concerted efforts are not taken to save them, very soon they will become histories among the livings. The closeness between human and the great apes; chimpanzees bonobos, orangutans and gorillas has been demonstrated by molecular biologist and geneticist. It is therefore imperative that when we are calling for measures to protect the remaining populations, and to improve on their care and husbandry, we are speaking of our own relatives, not simply some hairy abstract beasts. The African apes - gorillas, chimpanzees, and bonobos- are all highly social, but with different group structures. Gorillas live in groups of three to 50 individuals who are always together. A typical group contains one or two silverback males, a few younger, blackback males, and a number of adult females and young. Young females generally leave their natal groups, and mate with males of other groups in which they stay to raise their families, that is, they are married out. Most males also leave their natal groups as late adolescents, that is, they go in search of greener pastures. Sometimes they associate with other males until they are mature enough to lead a group of their own. Then they may capture females from other groups to establish their family.

All great apes are associated at least to some degree with tropical forests, but not with all forest types. Whether a given tropical ecosystem supports great ape populations is determined by a 10 mixture of bio geographical and ecological factors, combined with patterns of habitat conversion and disturbance resulting from human activity. The most important ecological factor is the availability of an adequate supply of suitable food. Here, it is relevant that the apes have simple, globular stomachs and lack any special adaptation to allow fermentative digestion. Other primate groups, such as the leaf monkeys (Colobinae), have sacculated, fermentative stomachs (with small bag-like compartments where bacteria break down cellulose). This has profound ecological consequences; theses primate are able to obtain nutrients from coarse materials such as mature leaves, which are otherwise difficult to digest and may be defended by toxic secondary metabolites. The diet of the great apes, on the other hand, is largely restricted to ripe, sugary fruit and to other easily digestible plant parts- shoots, palm nuts, flower buds, herbaceous foliage, ginger stems, seeds not defended by dangerous chemicals- and to the tissues of vertebrate or invertebrate animals. Body size further determines the food supplies needed by primate. The bigger any is, the less vulnerable it is to poisoning and the lower its energy demand per unit weight. The proportion of lower-quality foods (such as leaves) that a mammal with a non- fermentative digestive system can eat increases with its size. Smaller mammals of the same general design require foods that are richer in energy. These simple rules map well onto the great apes: the largest, the gorillas (around 90-220 kg), eat considerable amounts of herbaceous foliage; smaller (35-100 kg) orangutans favour ripe fruits, but tolerate poorer fare, such as unripe fruits and tree bark; and the smallest, chimpanzees and bonobos (30-60 kg), also favour ripe fruit, but are agile enough to catch vertebrate meat, and are diligent harvesters of insects. All of the species may eat young, poorly defended foliage. To understand the ecology of a great ape, therefore, the key step to consider is how the ecosystems in which they live offer the kinds of foods that they are able to eat, and how this varies in space and time. The balance and timing of different seasonal phases (flowering, fruiting, flushing of new leaves) of forest plant species are thought 11 to have strong influences on ape distribution. Particularly, where fruiting and flushing phases occur synchronously, seasonal food scarcity may be a serious problem for apes; this can be alleviated only if it is possible to move between habitats within the mosaic of forests with different seasonal conditions. Foraging and ranging behaviour in great apes is therefore also strongly influenced by such patterns, and aspects of social behavior may well be indirectly affected by the same influences. Plate 2 shows the great apes at adolescent stage compared with man

Plate 2: Adolescent stages in apes and man (Source: Caldecott and Miles, 2005)

12 3. NIGERIAN PRIMATES AND MY RESEARCH EFFORTS My research efforts on the primates of Nigeria could be classified into five different areas of studies. These are in the areas of  Establishing the remaining numbers of the animals in the wild  Establishing their habitats preferences across their ranges  Identifying some of their unique behaviours that distinguish them from one population to another.  Packaging them for ecotourism as alternative sustainable ways of using the animals  Taking measures for their conservation across the Africa Continent

3.1. How many non-human primates do we have in Nigeria? Primates are one of the dominant mammalian species in West Africa forests as attested to by the ratio of species found in the region vis-à- vis other groups of mammals (Happold, 1987. Sixty (60) species of primates (Oates et al., 2011) are represented in the West Africa Sub- region out of about 105 species described for African Mainland (Mittermire, 2017). Of these, 28 species are represented in Nigeria (Table 1).

People think monkeys are just monkeys. No, they are not just monkeys they are varied and diverse, several species with subspecies, races and tribes, each group uniquely made by the creator. Around us in Ondo and Ekiti States are as many as thirteen species (Agbelusi et al., 1999). Unfortunately, many of these are seriously threatened, yet they are not known to us, neither the scientists nor the modern hunters could identify them. Duka nama all are consumed without minding their status. Community awareness of these animals is so poor so much as to be identifying baboon as chimpanzee. Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla diehle) is known in literature in Yoruba land as Elegbede (Fagunwa, 1938). 13 It is unfortunate that there are less than one hundred and twenty free living members of this species in Nigeria today and these are found only in the hilly environment of northern Cross River State. This species after it was exterminated in South western Nigeria; people started calling chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes ellioti) originally known as Inaki by the name Elegbede. Now that chimpanzee is on the verge of extermination in the region, the name is gradually being transferred to the next bigger species which is baboon. That is baboon is gradually being referred to as Elegbede. All these are in less than 100 years period.

Table 1: Non-human primate species in Nigeria Species Common Name Local names Habitat Status

1 Galagoides demidovii Demidoff’s Galago Emi Dry savanna across West Africa LC 2 Galagoides thomasi Thomas’s Galago Emi LC 3 Galago senegalensis Senegal Bushbaby Emi Dry savanna across west Africa LC senegalensis 4 Euoticus pallidus talboti Northern Needle-clawed Eletiti Dry primary forests LC Galago 5 Sciurocheirus alleni Cross River Allen’s Galago Rainforest of South Eastern Nigeria LC cameronensis 6 Arctocebus calabarensis Angwantibo Rainforest of South Eastern Nigeria LC 7 Perodicticus potto juju Benin Potto Uki Rainforest of Southwestern Nigeria LC 8 Perodicticus edwardsi Milne-Edwards’ Potto Rainforest of South Eastern Nigeria LC 9 Cercocebus torquatus Red-capped mangabey Owe Rainforest across Nigeria VU 10 Mandrillus leucophaeus Mainland Primary Rainforest of South Eastern EN leucophaeus Nigeria 11 Lophocebus albigena Gray-cheeked Mangabey Rainforest of South Eastern Nigeria LC 12 Allochrocebus preussi Preuss’s Monkey Rainforest of South Eastern Nigeria EN preussi 13 Papio Anubis Olive baboon Obo, Gborogi Savanna NT 14 Erythrocebus patas Patas Monkey Ijimere Dry savanna LC 15 Chlorocebus aethiops Tantalus Monkey Aaya Savanna LC tantalus 16 Cercopithecus mona Mona Monkey Edun All types of rain forest LC 17 Cercopithecus Red-bellied Monkey Edun Orokun Rain Forests of Yewa Basin and Benin EN erythrogaster erythrogaster Republic 18 Cercopithecus Nigerian White-throated Rain forest of Southwestern Nigeria VU erythrogaster pococki Monkey 19 Cercopithecus sclateri Sclater Monkey Fragment Forests of Eastern Nigeria VU 20 Cercopithecus erythrotis Cameroon Red-eared Rain Forest of Southeastern Nigeria VU cameronensis Monkey 21 Cercopithecus nictitans Nigerian Putty-nosed Okin Rain Forests in southern Nigeria LC insolitus Monkey 22 Cercopithecus nictitans Red-rumped Putty-nosed Primary rainforest of Southeastern VU lidio Monkey Nigeria 23 Procolobus verus Olive Colobus Savanna Woodland NT 24 Procolobus epieni Niger Delta Red Colobus Mangrove Swamp Forest CR 25 Colobus vellerosus White-thighed Back and Edun Okaka Dry forest/Savanna Woodland VU white Colobus 26 Colobus guereza Guereza Rainforest LC 27 Gorilla gorilla diehle Cross River Gorilla Elegbede Primary Rainforest CR 28 Pan troglodytes ellioti Nigeria-Cameroon Inaki, Uro Rainforest and Woodland EN Chimpanzee

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Figure 1: Newspaper cutting attesting to the confusion in identifying baboon correctly in Ekiti Sate, Nigeria

15 3.2. With how many are you really involved? It is difficult to have worked on all species of Non-human primates in Nigeria; as much as 28 species has been identified. I could only work on few. So I have worked on the following 3.2.1. Red-capped mangabey (Cercocebus torquatus Kerr, 1792) The Red-capped mangabey has been assumed to be abundant in many locations across the west Africa's rain forest and particularly in the forest of Southwestern Nigeria, but recent studies has revealed that the animal populations has reduced as evident by it small troop sizes in many locations across the region (Ogunjemite and Olaniyi, 2009; Ogunjemite and Akinsorotan, 2011). Red- capped mangabeys live only in the African continent. In fact, their range is fairly limited, occupying mainly West and Central Africa to the Congo Basin in Central Africa. In Nigeria, it is widespread, but locally distributed, uncommon and rare (Mittermeier and Oates, 1986) and most of their habitat are being destroyed for agricultural purposes and settlements (Greengrass, 2006).

Red-capped Mangabeys are rain forest monkeys which tend to prefer seasonally flooded swamp forest to other forms of rain forest. They live in trees and in the dense vegetation of swamps and gallery forests as well as in primary and secondary forest at the edges of rivers. A common feature of Mangabeys' preferred habitat is a closed canopy, which allows them to use their great jumping ability. They can leap great distances from branch to branch and tree to tree in search of food. They spend a lot of their lives on the ground, and in that respect, they differ from majority of the forest Cercopithecus monkeys and are more similar in habits to drills. In some localities in Cameroun and Rio Muni, Red-capped Mangabey associates with Mona monkeys and other Cercopithecus monkeys; at other localities they remain as single species groups, even though other species occur in the same habitat.

16 Red-capped Mangabeys are mostly frugivorous and this habit probably explains why their home range are larger in the dry season when fruits are more dispersed and they may raid farmlands and feed on crops in some localities.

Plate 3: Red-capped mangabey (Cercocebus torquators) © Ogunjemite (2017)

3.2.2. White throated monkey Cercopithecus erythrogaster (Gray 1886) The white throated monkey Cercopithecus erythrogaster is endemic to the region of South-western Nigeria. This animal is listed in the Red Data List of IUCN (2003) as endangered. Oates and Anadu (1982) reported that no wild population of the animal was described until 1949. The presence of the animal has been reported in several locations in Southwest Nigeria from to Taylor Creek Forest Reserve in the Niger Delta. Recently, populations of the animal have been observed to overlap that of Red-bellied guenon in the Yewa Basin of Ogun State (Ayoola, 2017). There is possibility of the population extending to 17 the , Nigeria (Ogunjemite, Per. obs.). In most of its ranges, hunting and excessive logging are serious threat to the continued survival of the animal. is reputed to offer the best chance of protecting the animal in this region. However, Agbelusi et al., (2003) expressed concern about the size of the Park relative to the protection of vast array of biodiversity of the region. Recent economic activities in the exploration of Oil and Bitumen around the conservation enclave raise more suspicion of the capability of the Park to achieving the goal of preserving and protecting the biological resources of the region. It is pertinent to look for alternative sites that can complement this Park and ensure the existence of the animal and many others in the region. C. erythrogaster pococcki is reported in Ise Forest Reserve (Agbelusi et al., 1999, Ogunjemite, 2004, 2005). Only little information is available on this endemic species in this region.

Plate 4: White throated monkey (Cercopithecus erythrogaster poccoki) © Akinsorotan et al (2011)

18 3.2.3. White-thighed black and white colobus (I. Geoffroy, 1834) White thighed Black-and-white colobus is predominantly black, displaying the least white fur out of all the colobus monkeys. Members of this subfamily are distinguished from the other family Cercopithecinae (baboons, macaques, mangabeys, drill, mandrills) by the absence of cheek pouches and the presence of prominent ischial (rump) callosities, which are contiguous in males and separate in females.

The colobus is the most arboreal of all African monkeys and rarely descends to the ground. Colobus vellerosus is believed to be widely distributed because it has been reported in four West African countries of Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana, Benin and Nigeria. However, the population is known to have decreased drastically in Nigeria due to the conversion of its forest habitat to farmlands. It's rarely reported in Nigeria where it has been assumed to be locally extinct. This important component of our forest (the White thighed Black and white Colobus monkey) is almost becoming a history because populations have been reduced to critical level in the region of South West Nigeria. Old Oyo National Park is the only known protected area where it has been recently reported (Azeez et al., 2017).

19 Plate 5: White tighed black and white colobus monkey (Colobus vellerosus)

3.2.4. Mona monkey (Cercopithecus mona Schreber, 1774) The mona monkeys are widely distributed and remain one of the commonest species of monkeys in the forest zone of Nigeria. Though their numbers appear to be reducing, they are so much confined within several of our sacred forests such as Ibodi Monkey Forest, Osun Sacred Grove, Igbo Olodumare, the Yewa Basin Forests where they are protected by some taboos. They are also found in our National Parks: Old Oyo, Okomu, Cross River and Gashaka-Gumti. They are also still reported in some forest reserves. This species is making wave in urban wildlife management as they have been reported to thrive in peri-ubarn environment of Lekki Nature Reserve, Unilag Campus and Awka in Anambra State. In its habitat, the mona monkey plays a significant role. As an arboreal animal, while feeding up the canopies other terrestrial 20 animals such as duiker, hedgehog and apes feed on what it drops to the ground. It is a primary consumer, feeding on fruits, fresh shoots and other plant parts. Through this process, it is able to disperse seeds, thereby helping in the spatial distribution of fruit plants. The forest vegetation increase in such habitats increases their carbon sink potentials. They prey on insects and are preyed upon by other mammals and man. This way they are involved in the food chain. The mona monkey as a non-human primate (NHP) has interacted with man in various ways. There has been multifaceted interactions between man and NHPs. Some of these interactions include hunting of NHPs for food, keeping them as pets, bidirectional pathogen exchange, the impacts of habitat alteration/destruction and crop raiding, indigenous knowledge of NHP behaviour among others. Some of these interactions have put the NHPs to lose their habitats and the resources that sustain them.

The mona monkey (Cercopithecus mona) is a guenon species of “Least Concern” (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, IUCN, 2010). This status implies that the mona monkey is still common in their natural ranges. In Cameroon, Nigeria, and Ghana, C. mona populations have been locally reduced or eliminated due to hunting (Olaleru, 2016). It is not unlikely that in some unprotected habitats, their population may be declining due to habitat loss and hunting pressure. In protected areas as the Lama Forest, Benin Republic, Matsuda (2007) reported that Cercopithecus are hunted. In a survey in four areas in the southeastern part of Gashaka Gumti National Park, Nigeria, Chapman et al. (2004) found out that three out of five sites where C. mona was found in 1970s was not confirmed to hold the animal in 2002. They could become locally extirpated in such places if conservation measures such as habitat protection and enforcement of hunting bans are lacking

21 Plate 6: Mona monkey (Cercopithecus mona) © Omonu, C. (2016)

3.2.5. Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes Blumenbach, 1799) The chimpanzee is a key species, a charismatic and flagship species. As a flagship species, it conservation helps in the management of other biological diversity sharing its forest home and thus assist the management of forest biodiversity.

22 Plate 7: Author with a juvenile chimpanzee in Idanre, Ondo State (Field survey, 2012)

3.2.5.1. Chimpanzees and man The chimpanzees are the closest relative of man among the living taxa, with a resemblance that goes beyond genetics (Gagneux and Varki, 2001). They resemble humans genetically; as only a 1.24% genetic difference exists between humans and Chimpanzees behaviourally, and physically; thus providing an important link to man's evolutionary history. Chimpanzees have the ability to gather, make and use tools (which may differ among the groups because of cultural variations), either to gain access to food resources (from places that are otherwise difficult to reach), to use materials as weapons, or to improve comfort (McGrew, 1992) They live in social communities and demonstrate learned behaviours and complex social skills ranging from empathising with to deceiving other members of the community (Goodall, 1986). By their character, they represent many races and clans. 23 Some issues on the evolution of the great apes still remain uncertain and are strenuously being debated. Nevertheless, it is now generally accepted among scientists that chimpanzees are the nearest relatives of human, the spilt between the lineage leading to them and that of modern humans took place between 4.3 and 6.6 mya, and this phase of human and chimpanzee evolution took place in Africa. The characteristics that are widely considered to be very important in distinguishing the human lineage from that of other apes, and particularly the chimpanzee lineage, are as follows;  Bipedalism, modern humans being the only living hominids that habitually engage in an erect, bipedal striding gait;  Brain size relative to body size, which is far larger in humans than in any other primates; and  Tooth structure and wear, which is strongly correlated with diet. Great importance is attached to teeth because these are most abundant, and sometimes the only available, fossil remains. Interpreting tooth structure from often worn and broken fossils to construct evolutionary arguments is highly argumentative. Similarly, although, it is widely accepted that bipedalism is a fundamental feature distinguishing the human lineage from that of other living apes, there is no consensus as to when it arose. There are currently too few relevant fossil remains to construct convincing arguments. Brain size is of limited use in constructing early phylogenies as the major increase in relative brain size in the human line began only around 2 mya, long after the split from the chimpanzee lineage (Caldecott and Miles, 2005) While fossil record provides scant evidence for the changes that took place leading to the divergence of the chimpanzee and human lines, some light might be shed on this by comparing the genetic material or DNA code that comprises the genome of each species. The genomes of humans and chimpanzee are around 98.8 percent the same, and it is hoped that examining the remaining 1.2 percent will give some insight into what, at least at the genetic level, makes us distinctively human. One interesting preliminary finding is that 24 enzymes for breaking down amino acids (the building blocks of proteins) have been positively selected for in the human lineage, compared with the chimpanzee lineage. Theses enzymes are associated with a meat-eating diet and indicate that increasing carnivory may have played an important part in human evolution, related perhaps to increasing brain size.

A point is that not all authors agree that sufficient genetic divergence has yet occurred between chimpanzees and humans to warrant their being placed in separate genera. If this argument were accepted, then for taxonomic purposes chimpanzees, bonobos, and humans would all be assigned to the genus Homo, further emphasising the sibling nature of our evolutionary relationship with these great apes.

4. QUANTIFICATION OF WHAT REMAINS IN NIGERIAN PRIMATES The study of chimpanzees occupied a large space in my research activities. In my attempt to document what remain of the chimpanzees' populations in Nigeria, I have visited anywhere that could be regarded as ''big'' forests either in terms of size, value and spirituality. Mr. Vice Chancellor Sir, I have visited several sacred forests, since there remain the havens of survival of many of these animals. I have carried out two major regional surveys of chimpanzees in Nigeria. The first was in years 2002 to 2004 in the forests of Southwest Nigeria. The output of this work was published in year 2006 (Ogunjemite, et al., 2006). In the survey a total of 15 Forest Reserves were surveyed (Table 2). Eight of the reserves were confirmed to habour thriving population of the animal as at the time (Table 3). Unfortunately, many of these locations had been completely degraded completely as a result of anthropogenic activities of man. For example, Idanre Forest Reserve (Figure 2) which was a very viable site for chimpanzees then had been converted to cocoa plantation completely. Less than 10% of the 25 reserve now has forest cover, and this could be seen only in the inaccessible rock outcrops dotting the forest.

Table 2: Forest Reserves identified to contain Chimpanzee populations in Southwest Nigeria Serial Forest Reserve Location Area of Reserve Vegetation Type No (Km2) 1 Akure/Ofosu Ondo State 401.0 Lowland rain forest: moist type 2 Ala Ondo State 199.43 Lowland rain forest: moist type 3 Eba Ondo State 18.0 Freshwater swamp forest 4 Idanre Ondo State 540.33 Lowland rain forest: moist type 5 Ifon Ondo State 132.09 Forest savanna mosaic 6 Okeluse Ondo State 106.19 Lowland rain forest: moist type 7 Oluwa Ondo State 318.66 Lowland rain forest: moist type 8 Onisere Ondo State 98.42 Lowland rain forest: moist type 9 Owo Ondo State 18.32 Lowland rain forest: drier type 10 Ago-Owu Osun State 248.47 Lowland rain forest: drier type 11 Eti-Oni Osun State 39.53 Lowland rain forest: drier type 12 Ila Osun State 25.6 Forest savanna mosaic 13 Shasha Osun State 230.64 Lowland rain forest: moist type 14 Ise Ekiti State 56.89 Lowland rain forest: moist type 15 Ogotun Ekiti Sate 10.0 Lowland rain forest: drier type

26 Table 3: Summary of the nest distribution and status of chimpanzees in eight forest reserves in Southwest Nigeria S/N Forest reserve Original Area No of Total Number Estimated Other types of chimpanzee activities area of remaining Transects Length of of Nest Density/ observed reserve under traversed transect sighted km2 (km2) reservation covered (Km2) 1 Okeluse 106.19 106.19 3 7.2 4 0.11 Vocalisation, 2 Akure/Ofosu 421.45 401 5 12.0 13 0.22 Vocalisation, feeding signs and feces 3 Idanre 540.33 540.33 5 12.0 9 0.15 Vocalisation, feeding signs and feces 4 Oluwa 678.06 318.66 4 15.0 11 0.15 Vocalisation, feeding signs and feces 5 Ise-Ekiti 56.89 56.89 6 18.0 22 0.25 Sighting, vocalisation, feeding signs and feces 6 Shasha 308.34 230.64 3 14.2 7 0.10 Vocalisation and feeding signs 7 Ago-Owu 248.47 248.47 3 13.1 11 0.17 Vocalisation and feeding signs 8 Eba 18.3 18.3 2 3.0 4 0.25 Feeding signs Sum 2378.03 1920.48 94.5 81 Mean 0.18 ± 0.04

Figure 2: 2015 Statelite map of Idanre Forest Reserve, Ondo State showing the completely degraded forest

27 The second regional survey is that of Gashaka-Mambilla Region of Adamawa and Taraba States Commissioned by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) in years 2007 and 2008 (Tables 4 and 5). This region consists of the Gashaka-Gumti National Park reputed to be the Chimpanzees' paradise of West African Sub Region. The output of this work has received world attention and forms one of the bases for the Conservation Action Plan of the Nigeria- Cameroon chimpanzee anchored by Morgan et al. (2011).

Table 4a: Density estimates of Chimpanzees based on habitat types in Gashaka-Mambilla Region Habitat types Approximate Mean Estimated Remark area of densities/habitat number of fragmented chimpanzees habitat surveyed within the (Km2) fragmented habitats surveyed Montane forest 12 1.1 14 ± 1 Extent of habitat , very restricted Lowland 155 0.64 84 ± 5 Extent of habitat rainforest still extensive Gallery forest 39 0.36 11 ± 2.5 Extent of habitat still extensive Riparian forest 39 0.23 7 ± 2 Extent of habitat becoming restricted 255 0.58 141.5 ± 6.5

Table 4b: Regional estimates of chimpanzee based on the locations in the Gashaka-Mambilla Region Locations Estimate of Mean density Calculated Remarks Chimpanzees’ individuals range (Km2) Within the Park 1500 0.56 870 Outside the Park Not Known 0.60 -- Mean value 0.58 Within the Park 1495 0.60 897 The Montane forest excluding is small and highly Montane forest fragmented, but it Outside the Park Not known 0.22 -- recorded very high excluding density of Montane forest Chimpanzees

28 5. ESTABLISHING THEIR HABITATS PREFERENCES ACROSS THE NATION Primate habitats Mr. Vice-Chancellor Sir, you will agree with me that charity begins at home. My next focus in research on primates is on the home of these special groups of animals; the habitat. I have described in details habitat conditions of many of the groups. In the subfamily cercopithecidae, I described the habitat of the Red-capped mangabey (Cercocebus torquatus) (Ogunjemite et al., 2012) and the Mona monkeys (Cercopithecus mona) (Okekedunu et al., 2014; Olaleru et al., 2016 and Ogunjemite and Odewumi, 2017). In the subfamily Colobinae, I have described in details the habitat of the White-tighed back and white colobus monkey (Colobus vellerosus) (Ogunjemite et al 2013). In the family pongidae, the habitat of the Ellioti's chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes ellioti) (Ogunjemite et al., 2005; 2006 and 2007) were clearly elucidated and these remain one of the most referenced works I have carried out in my career. The home of any animal is not just in the materials present, but also in the quantity and arrangement of the materials. Primates, especially the forest dwellers are strict in the choice of their habitat preference. Therefore, certain species of plants serve as indicators of the presence of some species. For instance, it is rare for Mona monkey to be found in pure savanna environment as well as for the baboon to be ranging in forest environment. Edun a ma gborigi sola, oto asi magbele sayo. Monas will always enjoy being on trees while baboons will be happy staying on the ground. The Red-capped mangabeys are found in high forested areas, this accounts for their preponderance in Idanre and environ.

Vegetation structure Vegetation structures have been used to describe the habitat of many wildlife species (Ogunjemite et al., 2007). Floristic composition in particular could be indicative of potential of site for conservation of species (Tyowua et al., 2009). Most studies of vegetation often

29 involve mature ecosystem that have not been disturbed for a long time and many of our National Parks fall within this description. Such studies are important in wildlife management because the knowledge of such natural system serve as ideal for conservation managers. The structure of vegetation is often defined as a function of three components: the vertical stratification of vegetation, the spatial distribution of individual plants, and the abundance of each species. These factors have been shown to strongly influence the associated community of fauna, especially arboreal mammals. Forest trees exhibit a variety of growth forms and canopies are graded into one another. One aspect of understanding of the functioning of this system is the knowledge of their species composition and their arrangement.

The important families of plants in the ranges of many primate species include Caesalpinioideae, Euphorbiacaea, Mimosideae, Anacardaceae and Moraceae. The members of the Caesalpinioideae (Berlinia grandiflora, Parkia biglobosa, Afzelia africana, Daniela oliveri, and Tamarinda indica) and Mimosoideae (Prosopis africana, Albizia adantifolia and A. malocophylla) are essential components of the vegetation. Black and White Colobus monkeys are folivore and so their distributions are bound to be influenced by plant species that formed their primary food source. Higher numbers of leguminous plants are usually reported in habitats of folivore monkeys.

Table 6: Percentage distribution of trees with strata of three chimpanzee communities in Nigeria

Site Kwano Butatong Ise F.R.

Under storey 54.67 50.33 58.67

Middle storey 31.33 30.67 43.0

Upper storey 14.0 19.0 7.33

30 Table 7: Diversity of tree families in chimpanzee habitats in Nigeria

Families Site A Kwano Site B Butatong Site C Ise F.R. Agavaceae + + Anarcadiaceae + + + Anisophylleaceae + + Annonaceae + + + Apocynaceae + + + Bignoniaceae + + + Avicenniaceae + Balanitaceae Ą Bombaceaceae + + + Boraginaceae + Burseraceae + + Capparaceae Ą + + Caesalpinioideae + + + Combretaceae + + + Compositae + + + Chrysobalanceae + + Ebenaceae + + Euphorbiaceae + + + Guttiferae + Irvingiaceae + + Meliaceae + + + Mimosaceae + + + Moraceae + + + Myristicaceae + Ochnaceae + + + Olacaceae + + + Palmae + + + Papilionaceae + + + Rubiaceae + + + Rutaceae + + Sapindaceae + + + Sapotaceae + + + Sterculiaceae + + + Tiliaceae + + Ulmaceae + + + Simaroubaceae + + Verbenaceae + + + : Family present at the site. : – Family absent at the site.

31 Table 8: Variation in sample means of habitat indexes of three chimpanzee communities in Nigeria

Colobus monkeys are known to be strictly arboreal so they are found in areas with abundant woody species. The mean height of the woody species and girth size distribution in the ranges showed no significant differences. This is a further proof of the similarity of the habitats, another fact supporting the view of Bright and Morris (1990) that the architectural arrangement of vegetation influences the distribution of associated fauna species. These animals have not been commonly reported outside protected area in South West Nigeria, this could be as a result of degradation of the forest environment through logging and conversion to agricultural land. Degraded environment are often not favourable to colobus monkey as their cercopithecine monkey counterparts which are mainly frugivore and often profit in human agricultural induced environment through crop raiding (Chapman and Lambert, 2000; Warren, 2008).

Floristic potential of a site is often an indication of the potential value of site to conservation. Floristic inventories in tropical rain forests do not always include all vascular plant habits, because a complete inventory would be excessively time consuming. This is mainly due to the high alpha diversity, the taxonomically poorly known flora and the presence of some life-forms, such as climbers and epiphytes that are more difficult to sample and quantify (McCoy and Bell, 1991; Akinsoji, 2003; Moffatt et al., 2005). Most inventories have focused on trees, which traditionally have been 32 considered as woody self-supporting stems with a diameter at breast height (dbh) greater than or equal to 10 cm (e.g. Gentry, 1988; Phillips et al., 2003a; ter Steege et al., 2003). Focusing on trees is logical, because they define the overall physical forest structure, contribute the main part of forest biomass and represent a substantial part of plant species diversity. However, other woody plants life-forms such as lianas, contribute notably to species richness of a given region, but only a minority of woody plants studies include the inventory of trees and lianas within the same localities (Gentry and Dodson, 1987; Clinebell et al., 1995).

6. THE NIGERIA-CAMEROON CHIMPANZEE PAN TROGLODYTES ELLIOTI (Matschie, 1904) Four subspecies of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) are recognised across Africa. All the four recognised sub-species are listed in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species as Endangered, but the two West African sub-species of Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) and the Nigerian-Cameroon Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes ellioti) are the most threatened. However, the Nigerian-Cameroon Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes ellioti) is one of the critically endangered apes of Africa (IUCN, 2003, 2006).Thus, their conservation and preservation are of highest priority in their natural habitat across their ranges (Morgan B.J.et al., 2011).

33 Plate 8: Chimpanzee of Ise Forest Reserve © Ogunjemite (2004)

The populations of chimpanzees in Nigeria have long been known (Fagunwa, 2005; Gray, 1862; Matschie, 1914 as cited by Oates et. al., 2009), yet little-studied because its identity was overshadowed by populations in extreme West Africa and Centre Africa (Gonder et al., 1999). Very little is known about the ecology and behaviour of chimpanzees in Nigeria compared with chimpanzees in other regions of Africa. Throughout their Nigerian ranges - in the mountains of Adamawa and Mambilla Region, Afi mountain and tropical lowland forests of Cross River State, and Kukuruku Hills of western Nigeria, chimpanzees' primary source of food is fruit, thereby making the rain forest their suitable habitat (Ogunjemite et al., 2007). Research works have centered mostly on identifying distributions, establishing abundance and habitat use of the subspecies in it ranges across Nigeria (Horgarth, 1997; Foster, 1998; Ogunjemite et al.,2006; Ogunjemite and Ashimi, 2008; Greengrass, 2009; Becks and Chapman, 2009; Ogunjemite et al., 2010).

34 Factors leading to heavy losses in the Nigerian chimpanzees include habitat degradation, fragmentation, and conversion to other forms of uses, logging and excessive hunting (Ogunjemite and Oates, 2008; Ogunjemite, 2011). While it is generally accepted that habitat loss is a major issue in biodiversity loss including losses among the big games, it is not expressly accepted that hunting of wildlife could lead to extermination of species among many African wildlife professionals. This is a serious setback as many of us African wildlife professional predates on our subjects in the name of sustainable utilisation. Only the inexperienced and greedy ones could say that situations with our wildlife resources are optimal except for those that have been classified as pest among the rodents, birds and bats. Even so many of such that has been classified have crashed in population because of the use of unconventional means in their control.

The chimpanzee environment in Nigeria Historically, chimpanzee distribution cut across the region below the Niger and Benue River trough, particularly in the 17 forested states of Lagos, Ogun, Oyo, Ondo, Osun, Ekiti, Edo, Delta, Imo, Abia, Eboyi, Bayesa, Rivers, Cross River, Akwa Ibom, Taraba and Adamawa (Figure 3a). Currently, chimpanzees are only found in some parts of eight of these states: Ogun, Ondo, Ekiti, Edo, Balyesa, Cross River, Taraba and Adamawa (Figure 3b). Many local populations of chimpanzees in Nigeria have disappeared over the last decades or are in danger of extinction due to hunting, deforestation, and other forms of human encroachment. Chimpanzees of Nigeria are found inhabiting three major forested Eco-zones of Gashaka-Mambilla, Southeastern Nigeria and Southwestern Nigeria. The Gashaka-Mambilla region is located in the north-east outliers of Nigeria, within the Cameroon Highland Ecoregion (Olson et al., 2001), lying within the altitude of about 500 – 2400m above sea level, thus producing rugged terrain with restricted access to humans. Population in southwest survives in the hinterland rugged terrain of rock outcrops of elevations 300 - 700meters asl. 35 The South East populations are much covered with the last refuge of primary rainforest on the margin of Cameroon Mountain.

Figure 3: Historic and current ranges of chimpanzees in Nigeria

Chimpanzees subsisted mainly in the primary forest of Nigeria in the past (Olaniyan, 1975; Fagunwa, 2005) but their number and distribution greatly reduced as a result of the precarious situation of the forests, except where such forests are under strict protection. Chimpanzees are now sparsely distributed at very low densities in moist forest, dry forest, and gallery forests across Nigeria. The better habitat types are day-by-day becoming reduced in sizes, fragmented and degraded, thus threatening the remaining populations of chimpanzees inhabiting them. The population of chimpanzees in Nigeria, in their bid to survive, appears to be colonising new environment and trying to evolve different coping strategies to survive in the unsecured environment they find themselves. They have therefore evolved several coping strategies that have changed their behaviour and conferred some unique characters on them. This is the subject of my discussion in the next section of this lecture.

36 7. UNIQUE BEHAVIOUR THAT DISTINGUISHES CHIMPANZEES' POPULATION IN NIGERIA. 7.1. Coping strategies of chimpanzee populations in Nigeria Coping strategies of chimpanzee populations in Nigeria could be categorised under four major headings based on studies across their local ranges in Nigeria. These include strategies in the choice of nesting sites, manipulation of nesting materials, ranging pattern and daily activity pattern. Although evidence of these activities are yet to be conclusively proven, ample facts from field studies is in support of these assertions. Major constraint to establish these facts are non-availability of long-term studies at different locations. Even when populations are habituated, some of these facts may not be proven conclusively, since disturbances associated with unhabituated populations are part of the postulated facts that have contributed towards the development of such behaviour in the species.

7.2 Choice of Nesting Sites Nest building is a basic characteristic of all great apes: chimpanzees, bonobos, gorilla, and orangutan. The great apes have been facing lots of human induced problems leading to high level of decimation in their populations. As a result of this, they are wary of man, and will do everything to avoid man. They are difficult to be seen directly when studying them unless a habituated community. They are therefore studied by the means of the indices they leave behind. Under such situation, the most important index by which chimpanzees are studied is their night sleeping nests. The nest is used extensively and has been accepted as means of estimating wild chimpanzees' populations (Tutins and Fernandez, 1984; Plumptre and Reynold, 1996). It has some uses in the study of the behaviour (Sommer et al., 2004; Ogunjemite, 2004) and the nest is also important to the geneticists because it provides the source of genetic material by which the animals are studied (Morin et al., 1994; Gonder et al., 1999). 37 Nest building is a learned behaviour which increases the animal's ability to manipulate and modify its environment. It gives security of a protected stable place equivalent to human home during the nocturnal phases of the ape's daily life. It provides a sick bed for animals shot and wounded by hunters. It also helps in development of mother and child relationship, and forms an elementary settlement in which individual and social relationships are expressed by members. Nesting behaviour illustrates phylogenetic development in behavioural adaptation in anthropoid apes (Fruth and Hohmann, 1993)

Ogunjemite (2004, 2010) observed some important characteristics of trees and sites for nesting as tall trees with few lianas, leaves and sparse under growth across chimpanzees communities in Nigeria. Rugged and inaccessible locations also serve as nesting sites. The availability and abundance of trees, with these preferred structural characteristics and such physical features are known to affect the distribution of these animals. Non-availability of such trees constitutes limiting factors in many forests that has been impacted by man (Chapman and Lambert, 2000; Ogunjemite, 2005, 2007, 2009). Observing nest building behaviour is usually easy in habituated chimpanzee community, but very difficult where they are not habituated. No community of chimpanzee has been fully habituated in Nigeria. The only effort in this direction is that of Sommer et al. (2004) in Gashaka-Gumti National Park. No chimpanzee population in Nigeria is without hunting experience, and as highly intelligent creatures with history of human brutality; chimpanzees will always learn to evade man, except our disposition changes from our present orientation of killing and maiming them. Therefore, the only option available to studying them in Nigeria to date starts with the understanding of their nesting behaviour, which is the understanding of their home.

38 7.3.1 Cliffy sites Chimpanzees nesting sites are observed in cliffy sites in most of the species' ranges around mountainous regions such as Mambilla–Gashaka region. Ogunjemite and Ashimi (2011) observed that nesting site of the chimpanzees of Ngel-Nyaki were found mostly on the angle of slopes between 35o-45o (Plate 9a). This situation is not peculiar to chimpanzees as steep terrain always serve as protection for animal from human disturbances in rain forest environment (Plate 9b).

Plate 9a: Slopes Plate 9b: Undisturbed forest

39 7.3.2. Swamp environment Nesting sites are also noticed to be sited in swampy environment, especially fresh water swamps. This is the case of the population reported by Agbelusi et al. (2003) at the Nikrowa side of Okomu Forest, Ogunjemite et al (2006) at Eba Island forest in Ondo State, and the report of Greengrass and Oates (2007) in Ologbo Forest, Edo State. Before now, these locations were not places of serious consideration as chimpanzees' habitation.

7.3.3. Rocky areas Rocks out areas within forested regions in Nigeria are being spotted as chimpanzees' habitation in some locations across their range. Such environments are known to impede human interaction and thus provide secured environment for chimpanzees. Example of such a location where thriving populations of chimpanzee were reported include Buru community in the Upper Donga River valley of Taraba State (Ogunjemite and Ashimi, 2008; Ogunjemite, 2010) (Plate 10), the hilly environment of Akure-Ofosu Forest Reserve (Ogunjemite and Oates, 2008) and the hinterland of Kukuruku hills of Southwestern Nigeria (Ogunjemite, 2006).

40 Plate 10: Rocky areas like this subsists Chimpanzees in Donga Valley and hinterland of Kukuruku Hills.

7.3.4. Using streams and rivers as barrier Chimpanzees are also known to explore natural barriers such as rivers and streams in the selection of their nesting sites. On-going research in Oluwa Forest Reserve, Ondo State (Olaniyi, 2012; Ogunjemite and Olaniyi, 2012) gives an indication to this. A similar observation was made in Ise Forest Reserve, Ekiti State in the raining seasons by Ogunjemite (2004) and at the Mile Three Range of Okomu National Park by Agbelusi et al. (2003), and in Ologbo Forest Concession (Ogunjemite, 2007). Chimpanzees tend to use overflowing rivers as a barrier against human being encroachment to their nesting sites when the opportunity arises.

7.4. Manipulation of Nesting Materials 7.4.1. Building nest at very high levels In areas of high level of human predation, chimpanzees build nests 41 on tall trees at very high level spots in order to escape human predation. This is one of the strategies employed by chimpanzees of Ise Forest Reserve. The average height of the nesting trees in the reserve was 21.05 ±0.5m and the nest height was 17.33±5.14 (Ogunjemite, 2004). The situation in the reserve is unlike many other sites where the physical environments offer better protection of the animal. Ise Forest Reserve is relatively fairly undulating region with minimum drainage, and thus permits easy movement of human being and high level of forest disturbances, yet this species persists at the site and remains one of the most studied sites in the region of southwestern Nigeria since 1997.

7.4.2. Choice of slim trees Chimpanzees' choice of slim trees for nesting appears to be a common strategy of coping with its precarious environment across it ranges in Nigeria. This strategy may not be targeted at humans but against other forms of predators in it environment such as python (Python sebae). This giant snake is known to predate on primates in Nigeria (Luiselli et al., 2001), and may perhaps feed also on chimpanzees on occasion (note that this snake is a confirmed man- eater in some exceptional cases). From Gashaka-Mambilla region through Southeastern and Southwestern Nigeria nesting trees exhibits similar growth habit; tend to be trees of lower and middle strata of height class 10 – 20m strong enough to sustain their weight, but will not be easy to climb by large predators such as python and leopard (Panthera pardus), which are the commonest natural enemies of chimpanzee.

7.4.3. Nesting on oil palm tress Nesting on oil palm trees is not common in Nigeria's chimpanzee environment. However, the chimpanzees of Buru forest showed this behaviour (Ogunjemite, 2010). Nests were observed at very high elevations on oil palm trees and in areas with difficult access by humans (Plate 11). Nests were built on slopes above 32o, substantial number built on oil palm trees with straight trunks standing out from 42 other tree canopies to provide additional security against predators. Human access appears to be the most important factor influencing nesting site in chimpanzee habitats across Nigeria

Plate 11: Nesting on Palm tree in the Buru Community of Gashaka- Mambilla Region

7.4.4. Nesting on twines and vines Nests were observed built on vine platform by bending branches from close-by trees in the Ngel-Nyaki population of Gashaka- Mambilla Region (Ogunjemite and Ashimi, 2010). Although this observation was based on the sightings of just two nests, it is one of the ways chimpanzees could manipulate their environment for maximum security and protection in a precarious environment.

7.4.5. Nesting on rocky surfaces Their choice of sleeping sites in the forest is now confined to the hilly and rocky terrain in areas of difficult accessibility within the forest along the river courses. Only one or two nests were built on tree platform at daily sleeping sites probably for policing to watch

43 and give signs to others at the least signs of intruders. The nests were usually made by cutting branches and placing on the rock, while the animal takes crouching or a squatting position, thus building their nests on rocky platform that could be equated to ground nesting of gorillas (Ogunjemite and Olaniyi, 2012). However, Oluwa Forest Reserve Southwest Nigeria had been the only location where the situation was reported.

7.5. Ranging pattern 7.5.1. Frequent changing of nesting sites In early stages of my research work and in areas with stable communities, chimpanzees' nests were often encountered in clusters close to one another. However, current situation and especially in threatened environment, chimpanzees' nests are observed in haphazard factions and making the movement of population difficult to predict. This may not be interpreted in other ways than as a strategy to cope in an environment that is becoming more unfriendly and precarious (Ogunjemite and Olaniyi, 2012).

7.6. Patterns of daily activity Time budget is a quantitative description of how animals apportion their time for feeding and other activities (Ramachandran, 1998). Patterns of daily activity and behaviour can vary widely between species and these activity budgets help in the understanding of the life history and ecological adaptations of animals (Jonsson and Afton, 2006). Time activity budgets reflect on a combination of factors including individual physical condition, food availability, social structure and environmental conditions (Peres, 1993; Passamani, 1998; Asokan and Ali, 2010). Time is a limited resource for all animals and its partitioning is influenced by sociality (Pollard and Blumstein, 2008). An understanding on how primates divide up their activities throughout a day and a year is important to understand their lifestyles and to generally indicate how primates 44 interact with their environment and invest energy and time for survival and reproduction (Defler, 1995).

Time allocation may also be a critical factor that influences the evolution of group size (Pollard and Blumstein, 2008). Studies have shown that primate social behaviour is more or less similar to human behaviour such as eating, playing, fighting, keeping the baby and others (Kamarul et al., 2012). Activity budgets for primates in disturbed areas such as human settlements are different from those in their natural habitat (Krebs and Davies, 1993). Many serious ecological changes have occurred due to the increasing human population and development of agricultural areas (Kamarul et al., 2012). Primates have to change their daily behavior according to the environment to ensure their survival.

Collecting information on activity budgets of wild animals, especially the temporal organisation of contrasted behaviours, are of prime importance to understanding the processes of acquisition and allocation of resources in relation to physiological status and environmental conditions (Lagarde et al., 2008). In natural conditions, recording accurately activity budgets is often a particularly difficult and time-consuming task. Over the time chimpanzees activities in Nigeria has been compiled and could be stated as followings.

7.6.1. Avoidance of loud calls Loud calls are characteristic of chimpanzee in the environment with a low level of threats. Calls were made when they wake up in the morning, when gathered at feeding sites, and at night sleeping sites. This activity is becoming restricted in many threatened populations across studied sites in Nigeria. While loud calls are still heard in populations in relatively safe areas like Kwano in Gashaka-Gumti National Park, it is rarely heard in populations of Ise Forest Reserve with severe level of threat (Ogunjemite, unpublished personal observations). 45 7.6.2. Restricted activity time to dawn and dusk Activities of chimpanzees in the most threatened environment also appear restricted in most of Nigeria's ranges. Chimpanzees are now known to “hide” themselves during peak of human activities for the day from about 08.00hr – 18.00hr in areas where logging and farming are the major threats. You rarely could notice their activities in such an environment except if they are disturbed in their hidden places. Their activities are thus confined to dusk and dawn in such locations. Such situations are commonly observed in populations within the southwestern Nigeria range than in the Mamilla region.

7.7. Chimpanzees' culture Whiten et al. (1999) observed that differences in the behavioural repertoires described to have become apparent in many of the studied populations of African chimpanzees suggest that there is significant cultural variation among them. In the biological sciences, a more inclusive definition of culture that is generally accepted is that in which the significance of cultural transmission is recognised as one of only two important processes that can generate evolutionary change; inter-generation transmission of behaviour may occur either genetically or through social learning, with processes of variation and selection shaping biological evolution in the first case, and cultural evolution in the second. From this perspective, a cultural behaviour is one that is transmitted repeatedly through social or observational learning, to become a population-level characteristic (Whiten et al., 1999). Chimpanzees exhibit many traits of human, including living in stable community. Settlement and home structure are some of the ways cultures are expressed. Although, long-term studies of chimpanzees have not been achieved in Nigeria, evidences show that different populations respond to similar situations in a manner that depict evolution of different culture (Ogunjemite, 2010b; Ogunjemite and Olaniyi, 2012). The population in southwest Nigeria shows different 46 behavioral pattern in the choice of nesting places and evidences abound that they “Seat-vegetation (large leaves as seat) and Ground-night-nest (night-nests on ground” (Ogunjemite and Olaniyi, 2012). These are proof that the populations in southwest Nigeria may represent entirely different race/subspecies with distinct culture.

7.8. Changes in Pattern of Chimpanzees' behaviour in Southwestern Nigeria As a result of several factors mitigating the chances of survival of chimpanzees due to human activities in Nigeria, the animals have learnt to change their pattern of behaviour to cope with the development. Arijesuyo (2011) observed that the patterns of behaviour were to a great extent influenced by the prevailing circumstances in the society: in this case, the night sleeping sites of the chimpanzee communities in Nigeria has been greatly influenced. Quoting from Sarojimi (2007) he argued further that to biologist and environmentalist, this concept is by far the rule of nature, which visualises the concept of variation in species and evolution of new types of behaviour in organisms as a reaction to extreme changes in their immediate environment. This proposition fits into a conceptual framework of psycho-infrastructuralism model (Fig 4) developed by Uguru-Okorie (2001) that the understanding and control of behaviour rests on possible regulation of relevant environmental factors, to regulate actions and patterns of behaviour.

47 Figure 4: Psycho-infrastructural model of response to environmental changes developed by Uguru-Okorie (2001)

7. 9. Primate species and health management Non-human primates provide an important data source for understanding many aspects of human behaviour and physiology. Important advances in medicine and drug effects have come from the experimental use of monkeys and apes. This is of particular interest because of the similarity of primates to human especially the great apes of African rainforest. They are special because they are genetically and behaviourally similar to man. They deliberately use plant as medicines. Chimpanzees deliberately select their diet to maintain a healthy condition, and to cure and heal wounds and diseases. Ogunjemite (2007) confirmed twenty selected chimpanzees feedstuff as ingredients of traditional medicine in and around Ise Forest Reserve, southwest Nigeria. The study showed that the knowledge of primate diet, especially chimpanzees', can assist in the improvement of man's health condition. It is evident that man has always profit from his natural environment in maintaining his health. Man will continue to depend on these animals to improve upon his health conditions. 48 Despite extra ordinary medical progress since the last century, diseases remain a serious threat to human. Most of the infectious agents affecting great apes can affect human and vice versa. There are about 140 diseases documented that are shared by man and the great apes, yet these animals have successfully lived with many of them. The remarkable genetics and physiological similarities between chimpanzees and human explain why they may be easily affected by the same disease causative agents. For example the HIV-1 and HIV-2 are zoonotic origin with their closest relatives in Chimpanzees and Sooty mangabey (Cercocebus atys) respectively. These animals have been able to evolve and live with these causative agents unhindered. If man will eventually overcome the scourge of these diseases, they have a lot to learn from the ways our primate relatives have related with the causative agents. The same goes for all the newly emerged threats such as ''Ebola'' and ''Monkey pox''. These diseases are often products of disturbances of ecological balance in the environment of the animals which trigger an abnormal reaction that pushes out the excessive harmful overdose of the causative agents.

The outbreak of disease through wildlife may often be seen as nature's way of fighting back on the damages caused to the biological diversity. Hunting has reached a crisis level in the African tropical world and the primates are the major casualties. The outbreaks of diseases such as Ebola and Monkey pox could be a divine intervention on the parts of these animals. The Bible affirmed that they also look unto God and hope in His deliverance (Romans 8: 21 and 22). Maybe they also have religion in as much as they rejoice, mourn, show empathy and have politics, we are yet to know.

49 Table 10: Feed stuff of chimpanzees used in traditional health management in Ise Forest Reserve, Ekiti State, Nigeria.

Species Family Local name Parts used Medicinal use Allium satioum Liliaceae Ajo Root, leaf Treatment of fever and body aching Icacina trichantha Icacinaceae Ewe gbegbe Fruit It relieves sore throat Afromomum spp Liliaceae Atare Fruit, leaf An ingredient of many concussion to cast away spells Palisota hasuta Commelinaceae Ireke igbo Stem Treatment of cough and convulsion in children Landophora owerensis Ibo Fruit It clears throat and relieves air passage Erythropheum spp Caesalpinioideae Obo Back, leaf Leaves taken in very small quantity relieves stomach disorder Garcinia cola Guthferacea Orogbo Fruit Treatment of cough and stomach disorder. Alstonia boonei Apocynaceae Awun Back, leaf Treatment of yellow fever Spondia monbin Iyeye/Okikan Fruit, leaf Aids fertility in men and women, also used in curing of venereal diseases Enantia chloranta Annonaceae Back, leaf Treatment of malarial fever Afzelia africana Caesalpinioideae Apa Leaf It serves as blood tonic Citrus aurantifolia Osan wewe Fruit, leaf Treatment of cough, yellow fever and typhoid fever Cola gigantia Sterculiaceae Obi edun Fruit As digestive Pycnanthus angolensis Myristicaceae Akomu Back, It serves as blood tonic latex, fruit and treatment of cough Rauvolfia vomitoria Apocynaceae Asofeyeje Fruit Treatment of hypertension and insomnia. Ficus capensis Moraceae Erepin Leaf Treatment of high blood pressure Musanga cercopiodis Moraceae Igi ade Fruit, It acts as stimulant and flower aids fertility. Carica papaya Caricaceae Ibepe Fruit, leaf Treatment of high blood pressure. Musa spp Ogede wewe Fruit, stem Prevent anemia and pit stomach ulcer Dialium Caesalpinioideae Ure Leaf Used in the treatment of malaria fever.

50 8. PACKAGING PRIMATES FOR ECOTOURISM AS ALTERNATIVE SUSTAINABLE WAYS OF USING THE ANIMALS There has been growing concern to promote sustainable conservation and develop potentials of Nigeria as an ecotourism destination. Conservation which is linked to the process of rural development is capable of yielding sustainable local earnings. It is a mode of eco-development which represents a practical and effective means of attaining social and economic improvement. It is a powerful instrument for the conservation of world's natural and cultural heritage. The idea of ecotourism is closely related and associated with conservation. He suggested that the conservationist and the Park Managers should incorporate rural populace dependent on natural resources in the conservation of such resources. He identified three opportunities in linking ecological tourism to conservation and development viz: increase funding for the Parks through tourism, provision of new jobs for local communities and environmental education for visitors. Ecotourism revenue aids local economies particularly in developing countries like Nigeria. The world's economic recession has resulted in persistent problems and therefore, most countries of the world are actively looking for alternative means of sustaining their economy (Blamey, 1997). In Nigeria, economic problems have resulted into widespread poverty with the consequent attendant on wildlife resources in local environments (Falade, 1993). Ecotourism is proving to be a viable alternative to ameliorate the dependency of local people on natural resources by bringing in improvement in the quality of life of rural people, and thus ensuring better use of the resources.

The Vice-Chancellor Sir, I have been involved in several ecotourism enterprises involving the promotion of primate species as the focal point. Just four examples I consider highly relevant in this lecture are hereby cited. These are chimpanzee-based tourism of Gashaka-Gumti National Park, Taraba State,

51 Mona monkey-based tourism of Lekki Conservation Centre, Lagos State, the tourism-based management of the Ibodi Sacred Forest and Non-human primate based management of T. A. Afolayan Wildlife Park.

8.1. Chimpanzee based tourism of Gashaka-Gumti National Park Ecotourism has been of great benefit in the conservation of chimpanzee population in the Gashaka-Gumti National Park. The Park is the largest and most diverse conservation area in Nigeria. Horgarth (1997) reported an estimated 1700 chimpanzees in the park. Foster (1998) puts the population at 1500 individual. However, there were incidence of hunting and trading as reported by Ogunjemite and Ashimi (2008) which brought down the population of the animal to between 970 – 997 individuals (Ogunjemite, et al., 2011). Not all parts of the park are accessible throughout the year. We sampled the southern plain (about 2000 km²) which is the most accessible zone and it was developed in terms of Park infrastructure and research facilities. Stakeholders meetings were called and governmental organisations were prevailed upon to meet their responsibilities in terms of enforcement of existing regulations to deter offenders. Key areas of chimpanzees' distribution were strengthened in protection. Harnessing these features for tourism ensures an increased status for the park and aids development of the local communities within and around the park, and thus ensures better management of chimpanzees. They could be heard and occasionally sited. The signs of their presence became visible to tourists. This paid off and the park remains the most visited by foreign tourists in Nigeria till date, despite the insecurity in the northern axis of the country. The ideal of seeing the closest human relatives life and direct could not be forgotten by anybody in a hurry in his/her life time.

52 8.2. Mona monkey-based tourism of Lekki Conservation Centre, Lagos In the Lekki Conservation Centre, Mona monkey is of special ecological and tourist interest which confers exceptional prestige of siting wild animal in an urban environment of Lagos. It is therefore imperative that the population at the site be maintained in healthy ecological equilibrium with its environment for this benefit to continue. We carried out an enumeration of the population in order to aid its management in the site. The objectives were to provide specific estimate of numbers of the animal and determine it ranging pattern and carrying capacity within the Centre.

Twelve distinct groups of Mona monkeys were observed during the survey. However, one subgroup (three males foraging together and appearing to be displaced alpha males) was also observed (Tables 11 and 12). The estimated number per group ranges from 11 individuals to as much as 32 individuals with a mean group size of 20.3 ±2. A total of 247 ± 7 weaned Mona monkeys were computed to be present in the Centre. Monas are mostly found within the thickets especially palm dominated thickets, which form the bulk of their food source at LCC. They were also found at the lower shrubby and middle strata at about 5meter above the ground in height. They were rarely found on the ground except the group of displayed alpha males which were usually observed foraging in the grassy land area around the Tilapia pool.

There appears to be some distinct demarcations between groups since approximate number of individuals were maintained in the groups particularly those that were further away from the office block. Nevertheless, the fission and fusion relationship observed in the higher primates like apes were also observed among the Monas

53 of LCC. Most often groups aggregate at common food source and at night roosting sites. The groups around the administrative blocks and the main gate were particularly good at interacting with one another.

The study revealed that the animals were well sighted and their number appeared to be very high in the Centre, the mean number was higher than what was reported by Fayenuwo (2014) and Okekedunu et al (2014) (60 weaned individuals Km-2) for Ibodi Monkey Forest, of similar size 0.88 km2. Also, the populations were also spreading out and hitherto non-forested areas such as the grass land areas are yet to be fully colonised. These were evidences that population could continue to grow and be sustained. The excessive flooding of the site appears to be giving way to vegetation dominated with Raphia spp in the permanently water logged areas and Elaeis guinensis in the seasonally water logged environment. Mona monkeys (C. mona) were well distributed within the reserve as rarely could visitors walk more than 100 metres without sighting the animals, and often in groups. This is a rare and an exciting opportunity in a sprawling high-brow urban area as the Lekki Peninsula in which the LCC is located. This situation should be maintained for the continued benefits it is providing for the teaming number of people/nature enthusiasts visiting LCC daily.

54 Table 11: Summary of survey of Mona monkeys of Lekki Conservation Centre ĠǾŎÞŐŒ Morning and Evening Surveys Ì Ĉ E1 M2 E2 M3 a śĂ■ ë Ă▄ĵ ś J İ Ĉ 23 27 32 19 23 24.80 ± 2.20 WT2 19 16 20 17 22 18.80 ± 1.07 WT3 16 13 19 15 21 16.80 ± 1.43 WT4 13 10 13 9 14 11.80 ± 0.97 WT5 17 9 13 21 19 15.80 ± 2.15 WT6 26 37 36 34 21 30.80 ± 3.12 WE1 11 10 14 16 15 13.20 ± 1.16 ET1 29 27 31 26 27 28.00 ± 0.89 ET2 31 26 30 28 32 29.40 ± 1.08 ET3 28 24 19 21 23 23.00 ± 1.52 ET4 15 12 15 14 19 15.00 ± 1.14 EE1 15 15 18 14 19 16.20 ± 0.97 Mean group size 20.3 ±1.9 Displayed Alpha Males 3 3 3 3 3 3.0 246 229 263 237 258 247 ± 7 NB: WT – West Trail Groups, ET – East trail Groups, WE – West Extension Group, EE – East Extension Group, MS – Morning Survey, and ES – Evening Survey.

Table 12: Population structure of the Mona Monkeys of Lekki Conservation Centre SN Group Adult male Adult female {ĵ Ľ Ăŕ ĵ ▄Ċ Wĵ ōś■╜▄ś Total 1 WT2 1 3 10 2 4 19 2 WT3 2 3 9 1 3 16 3 ET 2 6 14 5 6 31 4 ET 3 4 11 3 10 28 5 EE 1 1 8 1 4 14 Total 17 52 12 27 108 Mean 2.6 10.4 2.4 5.4 21.6 % 15.74 48.15 11.11 25 100

55 8.3. The Monkeys in Ibodi Sacred Forests In my quest to understand some of our closest relatives, I also identify the behaviour categories that characterised the Mona monkeys in Ibodi Sacred Forest despite its closeness to large human settlement and within a dynamic agricultural activities setting. This group of animals has been the object of my attention since my childhood days. At tender age of about seven to nine years, I have been observing this group of animals whenever I followed my mother to Ibodi Market. When I eventually had the opportunity to study wild animals, it was an opportunity to make scientific inquiries on the animals. I have supervised two Master theses on the monkeys of this location. These studies provided information on the daily activity budget of C. mona which can be an important tool to develop the ecotourism potentials and ensure effective conservation and management of this species in perpetuity at the site.

Ibodi, Osun State, Southwest Nigeria is in Atakumosa West Local Government Area of Osun State. Ibodi town is bounded in the east by Ilesa, Odo Igbo and Irogbo, in the south by Ifewara, Iwara, Itagunmodi, in the west by Osu and Iloba, while in the north by Ila, Oke Osin and Iregun. Much more, Ibodi Area has an altitude of about 456m above sea level and situated within the rainforest vegetation belt of Nigeria. Temperature ranges from 21 – 28oC with high humidity (Fapounda, 2005). The location enjoys tropical climates with the two distinct seasons. The rainy season falls between April and October, while the dry season falls between November and March.

Ibodi is an agrarian traditional community with people solely depending on agriculture to survive. Specifically, arable crop production such as cereals (maize), root and tubers (yam, cassava and cocoyam) and vegetable (tomatoes, okro, pepper, and leafy vegetables) are mainly cultivated. Also, few of the residents are made up of civil servants, hunters and traders. Cocoa Plantations are 56 the major cash crop of the area.

Daily activity budget of the Mona monkeys of Ibodi Sacred Forest shows that eight activities namely; locomotion, resting, feeding, playing, vocalisation, grooming, agonistic and mating were observed in both dry and raining seasons. Mona monkey used most of their time for moving. (32%), followed by feeding (25%), then resting (23%) while playing and grooming had 11% and 6% respectively in the raining seasons (Figure 5). During the dry season, the highest period was also expended on locomotion (37%), followed by feeding (32%), then resting (16%) while playing, vocalisation, grooming and agonistic had 5%, 6%, 2% and 2% respectively, while none on mating (Figure 6). The t statistics of the daily activity budget between rainy and dry seasons revealed that locomotion (t= - 0.12, P= 0.90), feeding (t= - 0.95, P= 0.37), and agonistic (t= 0.77, P= 0.45) were not significantly different (P>0.05), while resting (t= 8.16, P= 0.00), playing (t= 18.22, P= 0.00), vocalisation (t= -11.35, P= 0.00), grooming (t= 11.95, P= 0.00) and mating (t= 2.27, P= 0.04) were significantly different between seasons (P<0.05). A judicious use of this information will aid the development of the site for ecotourism and ensuring effective conservation and management of this species in perpetuity at the site.

57 Figure 5: Time expended on different activities by Cercopithecus mona in Ibodi Monkey Forest during the rainy season

Figure 6: Time expended on different activities by Cercopithecus mona in Ibodi Monkey Forest during the dry season

58 Table 13: Average duration expended per day on different activities by Cercopithecus mona during the rainy and dry seasons in Ibodi Monkey Forest Average daily duration (Hours) Activities Rainy season Dry season Locomotion 5.01 ± 0.33 5.05 ± 0.07 Resting 3.61 ± 0.15 2.21 ± 0.09 Feeding 3.88 ± 0.39 4.26 ± 0.10 Playing 1.70 ± 0.04 0.73 ± 0.03 Vocalization 0.21 ± 0.02 0.79 ± 0.05 Grooming 0.88 ± 0.04 0.28 ± 0.03 Agonistic 0.21 ± 0.01 0.19 ± 0.02 Mating 0.06 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01

Note: Observation hours = 560 hours Mean ± Standard Error at 95% Confidence limit

Non-human primate based management of T. A. Afolayan Wildlife Park. The T. A. Afolayan is the last ecotourism destination that I will mention in this Lecture, Yet, I consider it as the most important. Primate species has been the most successful animals of the park since its inception. There were five species of the animals introduced into the park: mona, tantalus, red-capped, baboon and patas monkey. Of these only the patas had not been able to adapt to the environment freely. The most critical element in the management of a wild animal is its habitat and this is the major focus that is needed to be worked upon for a successful management of the park. To this end I have made some important contributions. Adetola, Oyeleke and Ogunjemite (2013) characterised the woody plant of the park as the bases for a sound ecological management of the park. Vegetation of a location is one of the immediate indexes to test its vulnerability to risk of changes. The vegetation of the park is the rainforest and thus animals of this origin can be the best to thrive in the park and primates are the major and readily available species of 59 the vegetation in this region. Assuming an enabling condition to house chimpanzees and gorilla could be created? What a memory of the Ibadan Haruna would have been enacted, and a boost of Internally Generated Revenue for the University. Non-human primates are interesting and entertaining. It suffices to say that the stocking of the site with animals that can withstand the present ecological condition of the park is the primary concern for the success of the park. When the park improves and becomes self- sustaining, it can start to accommodate animals that will require simulations of their environment as these are capital intensive.

On the issues of public health safety of visitors to the site Adejuyigbe and Ogunjemite (2013) have identified common agents of zoonotic diseases of primates in Zoological Gardens of Southwest Nigeria including that of the park and their management strategy. Additional efforts are also being put together by (Olanrewaju, Adeyemo and Ogunjemite, 2017) in this regards. The possibility of these animals perpetuating in the park in order to improve their stocks is also receiving attention (Ogunjemite and Akume, 2017).

9. TAKING MEASURES FOR THE CONSERVATION O F P R I M AT E S A C R O S S T H E A F R I C A N CONTINENT Protected area management The Vice-Chancellor Sir, I have in company of several scientists across Africa to establish effective management of primate species particularly, the great apes in our Protected Areas (PAs) (Ogunjemite et al., 2012; Tranquilli et al., 2012; 2015; Oyeleke et al., 2017. The persistence of wildlife in a Protected Areas depends largely on the magnitude of anthropogenic activities and the success of conservation efforts to combat such threats (Bruner, 2001). For instance, the mere continuous presence of conservation non- governmental organizations (NGOs), law enforcement, tourism or 60 research in PAs has a positive effect on the persistence of large mammals within PAs, such as apes (Tranquilli et al., 2012). Conversely, inadequate law enforcement, including insufficient training, guard numbers, equipment, patrols and funding can increase poaching and other illegal activities (Laurance, and Peres, 2006, Sinclare and Arcese, 1995; Hilborn et al., 2006 ). Many PAs are not adequately funded by the Local Governments of the countries in which they are located because they are not considered to be economically viable investments (Hilborn et al., 2006). Therefore, they often depend on additional support from both international and national NGOs working in partnerships with national and regional authorities. Nevertheless, the total funding allocated to a PA is often insufficient to ensure effective protection (Wilkie, et al., 2001; Leader-Williams N and Albon, 1988; Blom, 2004).

Increased human population growth and economic expansion have fostered the rapid expansion of two of the main threats to wildlife, habitat destruction and unsustainable hunting. These disturbances have caused massive declines in wildlife populations and have contributed to the degradation of many tropical forests (Laurance et al., 2012; Laurance and Peres, 2006; Mahli et al., 2013). Over the past 20-30 years, threats to African tropical forests in particular have attracted national and international attention. This led to the creation of numerous protected areas (PAs) that are intended to conserve both fauna and flora, while benefitting neighbouring human communities (Chape, 2005; Jenkins and Joppa, 2009; Coad et al., 2013 ).

Interaction among anthropogenic activities, habitat and animals has become a major topic in ecology as the increasing rate of habitat alteration and species extinction has forced researchers to broaden their scope of study. Knowledge about factors influencing the distribution of organisms is among the most important in ecology 61 (Gaston and Blackburn, 1995, 1999; Lawton, 1996). In bio- assessment, the use of biological indicators depends on being able to discriminate the effects of anthropogenic activities on the distribution of animals (Utzinger et al., 1998).

Moreover, in wildlife conservation, there is need to assess environmental data such as anthropogenic indicators of sites that might support important taxa. Knowing fully well that the occurrence or range of key species is increasingly modelled from remote data (Verlinden and Masogo, 1997; Wright et al., 2000) and likewise, changes in land use require the prediction of how target species respond (Buckland and Elston, 1993).

Site prioritisation for conservation action, the setting aside of PAs; reserves, delineation of sanctuaries and biodiversity plots is usually based on biodiversity measures such as species richness, abundance, complementarily taxonomic and functional diversity at different scales and indices (Magurran, 2004). Species richness and relative abundances of species are basic attributes of biotic communities that can be used as simple and integrative measures to investigate the relationships between population structure and abiotic patterns of habitats, to quantify anthropogenic disturbances, and to monitor biodiversity management plans (Begon et al., 1996). In both ecology and conservation programmes, habitat management and assessment of ecosystem status require the determination of the richness and the abundance of target species, as baseline data for management.

9.2. Agro Ecological Management Biodiversity are lost when forested estates are converted for farming. In order to minimise this scenario conservation inclined agriculturists are beginning to evolve a balance in the management of production agriculture alongside biological diversity mainly 62 through agro-ecology. There are two basic approaches proposed as solutions (Green, et al., 2005; Balmford, 2005; Matson and Vitousek, 2006): these are (i) wildlife-friendly farming which boosts densities of wildlife populations on farmland, but may decrease agricultural yield, and (ii) land sparing which minimises demand for farmland by increasing yield. These are new ideals that has not been substantiated by empirical data in tropical West African ecozone.

In West Africa, agriculture generally has expanded into areas of former wildlife habitat (Happold, 1995), this often has included protected areas because historically wildlife conservation has been regarded as secondary to agricultural production (Agbelusi, 1996; Onadeko, 2004). Significantly, agricultural expansion often follows logging in forested areas, because logging operations improve access to forests and reduce the labour needed to clear fields. The management of forest on sustainable bases makes a profound contribution to development through their outputs which include both material products and environmental services (Onukube and Ashimi, 2008). Forest concessions are major players for conserving biodiversity and this is paving ways to a broader discussion linking conservation to development and economic realities. It is therefore necessary that agricultural lands be incorporated into biodiversity conservation. A primary example is the PRESCO/Ologbo Project which was conceived for sustainable Oil Palm Plantation Development.

PRESCO PLC, in order to enhance its programme on sustainable Oil Palm Plantation development within the Nigeria rainforest environment in general, and in Edo State Nigeria particularly, commissioned a reappraisal of its demarcated conservation areas within the Ologbo Concession (Ogunjemite, 2015). The concession, an already completely degraded forest, had bounce back to productive oil palm plantation with 20% of the original forest firmly under secured conservation. Plant and animal 63 community of the forest are recovering. A total of 97 species of plants in 31 families were enumerated in the Conserved Forests.

The most diverse families include the Rubiaceae with eleven species, the Euphorbiaceae with 9 species and the Apocynaceae with 8 species. Thirteen families were represented by only one member. The general habitat condition of the concession is a tremendous improvement over the initial survey of 2007. The five layering of the typical tropical forest has started appearing with the species composition of the concession on the increase, thus signifying better biological based diversity in the floristic composition of the concession. Today, Ologbo Concession employs more than 7000 workers directly and serves several thousand indirectly in Edo State, thus bring sustainable development to the door step of one of the most volatile communities of Niger Delta regions of Nigeria. Verwilghen (2007) observed that Ologbo Concession case has shown that oil palm growers, in coordinated efforts with all interested stakeholders can, and definitely have to be, actors of conservation. But it also reminds us of the complexity and sensitivity of integrating social issues as the key to success for sustainable development.

A site of great primate diversity (Ifon Game Reserve) is lost in Southwest Nigeria. Ifon Game Reserve, now known as Osse River Park has been one of the sites where I have worked severally in Southwestern Nigeria (Ogunjemite, 2007, Ogunjemite and Olaniyi, 2009, Ogunjemite and Memudu, 2013). This forest habours ten species of primates most of which are of conservation concern nationally and internationally. Morgan et al., (2011) listed Osse River Park as a peripheral site suspected to harbor/contain the Nigeria-Cameroon Chimpanzees. The Park still retains swathes of potential Chimpanzees habitats and the prospects of long-term conservation are realistically high because of long-term NGO involvement.

64 Ondo State Government.The Park is currently receiving attention for long-term conservation and development of ecotourism as a product of the collaboration and partnership between the Nigerian Conservation Foundation (NCF) Morgan et al., (2011) recommended Osse River Park for dedicated studies on the Nigeria-Cameroon Chimpanzees as a peripheral suspected to harbor remnant populations of the Nigeria-Cameroon Chimpanzees NCF (2007) reported that about 50% of the original forest cover of Osse River Park has been lost and that the remaining fragmented patches were interspersed with new farms, plantations and grassland. These have resulted into inestimable loss of rich biodiversity, many of which are rare and endemic, especially, keystone species like non-human primates (Agbelusi et al., 1999). Greengrass, (2006) has reportedly found a few signs of chimpanzees (though, no reference was made to the location of observation), while Ogunjemite and Oates (2008) questioned whether chimpanzees were still present in Osse River Park, thus prompting the need to conduct dedicated surveys to ascertain the status of chimpanzees in the Park.

A site of great primate diversity (Ise Forest Reserve) who will come to your rescue. Mr. Vice-Chancellor sir, Ise Forest Reserve is just about 45km North East of this Campus and do you know many of these animals are surviving there even though under very critical conditions. The chimpanzees, mona, white throated, red-capped mangabey, and putty-nosed monkey. These and so many other species of wildlife are present there (Ogunjemite, 2005). I have been involved in the studies on primate species of the reserve from the beginning of my career in Wildlife Management. My PhD thesis was on the chimpanzees of this site, and I am still working on the site currently prospecting for genetic materials by which the population of the site could best be characterised in relation to other populations in 65 southwest Nigeria. That chimpanzees still persist at the site calls for detailed scientific findings. Ise Forest Reserve is an actively regenerating, commercially exploited reserve, it regeneration rate of 6% annually ranked among the highest in southwest Nigeria (Ogunjemite, 2005a). Major damages are quickly covered within very short intervals of time leading to faunal stability, this scenario has to be established in relation to faunistic population dynamics of the moist rainforest. It was here that I initially established the habitat structure of chimpanzees (Ogunjemite et al., 2005), before going national (Ogunjemite et al., 2007). Here also the feeding ecology of chimpanzees was established (Ogunjemite, 2004a; Ogunjemite, 2005b). Nevertheless, the site even though had gained international recognition (Gonder, et al., 1999; Greengrass and Oates, 2006; Greengrass, 2009; Morgan, et al., 2011). It has not been adopted for serious conservation issues primarily for political reasons. While overseas development partners see the site small fragmented forest as an island in the mixt of vast agricultural and urban development, the Ekiti State Government has failed to see the biodiversity importance of the site because of poverty. It has been the most productive reserve own by the Ekiti State Government in terms of timber extraction. Who then will come to the aid of the site?

Could this challenge be taken over by the Federal University of Technology Akure? FUTA is the only academic institution recognised in the Regional Action Plan for the Nigeria-Cameroon Chimpanzee in Nigeria based on the level of works that has been carried out on chimpanzees in Nigeria (Morgan et al., 2011). This document is a multilateral agreement between Nigeria, Cameroon and the Foreign Development Partners which include IUCN. This is a site that could be developed as field station for many of our grown Departments and Units in the University.

66 10. CONCLUSION Primates are the next set of animals to man, they are the mirror with which we observe ourselves on the evolutionary history. They live in organised communities and have government of their own. Twenty eight (28) species in three main groups of Prosimians, Monkeys and Apes has been identified in Nigeria. I have worked on five of them: a mangabey (Red-capped mangabey), a Colobus White-tighed black and white Colobus), two guenons (Mona and white throated monkeys), and an ape (the Chimpanzee).

Chimpanzees are our closest relatives among the primates. Perhaps the greatest difference between Homo and our apes relatives is the fact that we have developed a sophisticated spoken- and now written and electronic language that enables us to plan far into the future, learn from the distant past, teach about objects and events not present- even purely imaginary- and share and discuss ideas. Our highly evolved intellect gives us the ability to make decisions regarding the life and death of entire species.

Three races of this animal have been established in Nigeria through population distribution, habitat preference and some of their behaviour. Human activities has been the major threat to their wellbeing and they are responding to this by the changes in their behaviour. However, hunting is seriously driving them onto the brink of extinction across all their ranges in Nigeria.

Packaging primates for ecotourism is proving a viable option to sustain their population. Only humans can make the decisions regarding the life and death of other species. Only humans can make the decision to preserve the apes and monkeys. Let us hope we work harder to do so, both because they are worth it in their own right, and also so that we may continue to learn from them about their world, and about our own. Let us see them in our own perspective, let us 67 give expression to their living, let us allow them to manifest in their own right.

RECOMMENDATIONS Mr. Vice-Chancellor Sir, in all areas of my discussion in this lecture, we have seen that the Non-human primates; monkeys and apes stand as a reminder to us of our past and developmental phases. There is the need to maintain them in a healthy equilibrium with our environment and secure them to serve as mirror by which we gauge our advancement. Sir, I would like to make some recommendation on how to maintain them for our collective prosperity.  Healthy population of every species of the group should be maintained. We have wasted many of them, all efforts must be made to guard against declining of populations.  The home of an animal is critical for feeding and its reproduction, primate habitats should be protected for them to live normal life that could guarantee their feeding and reproductive requirements  The alterations in their behaviours emanated in response to threats to their environment, more protected areas should be created for the safety of the animals so that they could lead a normal life.  Protected Areas for primates should not be created without adequate management or else this would just amount to an exercise in futility.  Primate based ecotourism should be encourage for tourist enjoyment, thereby promoting opportunity to admire and support conservation of the species and other animals living within the forest homes. This will also enhance the host community of such destination economically.  Possibility of saving Ifon Game Reserve should be pursued because of its strategic location as an ecotone for the forest and savanna ecologies of southwest Nigeria. The reserve 68 harbours a high number of primate species of rainforest and savanna ecosystem of the region.  It will be good if Ise Forest Reserve could be bought as conservation concession and saved from over exploitation of its timber and NTFPs. The size of the reserve (about 50km2) and its isolation makes it a location that could easily be managed for such purpose.  More species of these animals are yet to be identified and classified especially the nocturnal species. There is the need to intensify surveys that will unmask clearly the different species using genetic information and to be able to set conservation priority among the taxa within the region.  Chimpanzees' conservation should take priority anywhere it is seen whatever the number and condition. This species is on verge of local extermination in southwest Nigeria with estimated population less than 300 individuals in the region and the species is listed as critically endangered across its ranges in Nigeria and Cameroon.  Government at all levels should show commitment to the Conservation Action Plan for the Nigeria-Cameron Chimpanzees that was signed by the government in 2012. Our nonchalant attitude to the signed treaties and agreements has always belittled us among committee of nations. Above all it is essential that all and sundry develop strong commitment and love for the conservation of all other living resources. It is for our benefits.

Mr. Vice-Chancellor Sir, (Baba Quality). The quality of life is in the peaceful coexistence of all livings. I have spoken the mind of God concerning his creations. I have spoken on behalf of the creations. God will defend them. Let us beware, let us be careful how we handle them. HIV, Ebola and Monkey pox may be mild. Destroyers of wild animals in the name of hunting and capturing must be warned. 69 Plate 13: A baby chimps taken hostage after his mother was shot in Ofosu Forest © Ogunjemite (2014).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To God Almighty the sustainer of life be the glory forever and ever. He is my rock, my fortress, my helper. He is my all in all. My gratitude goes to my mentors, Prof. E. A. Agbelusi and Late Prof. T. A. Afolayan. Agbelusi discovered me and enlisted me into Wildlife Management; Afolayan consolidated me in FUTA and gave me expression in the profession. I appreciate Prof. A. M. Balogun whose recommendation (as Dean of SAAT) supported my employment in FUTA. I appreciate Prof. O. A. Fagbenro who exposed me to the tutelage of academic publication. Prof. L. B. Kolawole approved my appointment as Assistant Lecturer even when it was obvious that our mother Department of Fisheries and Wildlife was then over staffed. He consented to the recommendation of the elders of the Department that a suitable 70 replacement for someone that stands before you today may be difficult to get if let go.

I am grateful to my Senior Colleagues in Ecotourism and Wildlife, Prof A. I. Adeyemo, who stood by me in my struggle to break the barrier of crossing to Professorial Cadre. I appreciate Dr. (Mrs.) B. N. Ejidike, Dr. A. A. Ogunjinmi, Dr. O. O. Oyeleke, Mr. O. O. Owolabi, Dr. O. S. Odewumi, Dr. S. O. Oladeji, Dr. B. O. Adetola, Dr. F. C. Arowosafe, Dr. O. E. Olaniyi, and Dr. B. G. Oguntuase. They are worthy partners in this work. All my ''Ogas'' and friends in our sister Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture are warmly appreciated. They are Professors E. A. Fasakin, E. A. Adeparusi, O. A. Bello-Olusoji, L. C. Nwanna, O. T. Adebayo, Drs Kunle. Dada, M. O. Olufayo, Adeleke, Omosowone, M. O. Popoola and O. K. Gbadamosi. On the national level, I recognise the contributions of the following pillars in Nigeria Conservation Ecology family: Late Prof. E. Obot of the Nigerian Conservation Foundation under whose auspices I attained National recognition; Prof I. A. Ayodele who examined my master thesis; and Prof S. A. Onadeko examined my PhD. work. Prof (Mrs.) Egomwon former Head of Department of Zoology, University of Lagos found me worthy to assist her Department with supervision of their Postgraduate Student. Dr. Edem Eniang who opened my first e-mail address thus connecting me with the outside world. Prof. Ogunsanwo of Department of Forestry University of Ibadan, Prof A. I. Akinpelu of Department of Zoology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile –Ife. Prof. A. U Ezealor of Michael Okpara University Umudike, Prof Eyo Okon also of Obafemi Awolowo University and a brother-in-law. Looking through my academic ladder, I want to appreciate the man who introduced me to the rudiments of ecology at Atakumosa High School Osu, Osun State, Chief. J. O. Olaniyan. At University of

71 Port- Harcourt were Prof. P. S. D. Kinako, who thought me Plant Ecology, Prof. S. N. Okiwelu (Animal Ecology), Prof. F. A. Onafeghara (Physiology of flowering Plants), Prof Mrs Ewaraye (Systematics and Plant Taxonomy), C. B. Powel (Animal Systematics), Prof. B. E. Okoli (Genetics and Biometrics), Dr. D. O. Ezeala (Plant Biochemistry) and Prof B. O. Nyanayo (Economic Botany). I want to appreciate all our forestry fathers and colleagues; Professors T. O. S. Kadeba, A. O. Oluyege, S. O. Akindele (former Dean of SAAT who was so much passionate about my academic development), B. Ajayi (a counselor and motivator), B. Olufemi, M. B. Oyun, B. Ajayi, J. C. Onyekwelu, V. A. J. Adekunle, S. A. Adeduntan, Drs. Adedayo and V. A. Oyerinde, J. M. Owoyemi. The Vice-Chancellor, Prof J. A. Fuwape, occupies a unique place in my academic pursuit, a defense in places where issues were decided when you will not be there. Former Dean, School of Agriculture and Agricultural Technology, Prof J. O. Alokan also prevailed over my situation at critical times. Thank you Sirs, for standing always in the part of truth. The immediate past Vice-Chancellor Prof. Biyi Daramola announced my Readership in April 2013 and my Professorship in July 2015, I owe him a lot for his commitment to academic to excellence. The former Registrar Dr. M. O Ajayi stood by me from my Master programme to this level, I appreciate you ma. To SAAT Community of elders, thank you for the legacy of sound academic mentoring you have laid over the years. I express my profound gratitude to all corporate organisations that have supported my research efforts. The Nigeria Conservation Foundation (NCF), World Wild Fund for Nature (WWF), Conservation International (CI), International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Agricultural Research Center for International Development (CIRAD), IUFRO), International Council for Science (ICS), Mountain Research Initiative (MRI AfroMont), The Rudford Small Grant Foundation for Primate Habitat Country, Copenhagen Zoo, National Park Service 72 (particularly Gashaka Gumti National Park), Ecological Society of Nigeria (EcSON, Primate Ecology and Genetics Group and African Primatological Society.

The guides; hunters, park rangers, eco-guides, community leaders and youth hold key places in the exploration of their environment in my research work. I appreciate all of them, particularly Park rangers in Gashaka Gumti, Okomu, Cross River and Kainji Lake National Parks. I appreciate Messers Ilemobayo and Dada (Alias Buga) in Ise, Titus Erin in Omo, Baba Ila in Oluwa Forest Reserves, Ayemojiba Hunter Group of Idanre and several others in the different locations that I have worked. Many are my co-travellers in this academic journey. At Atakumosa High School, they are here today. I am grateful to you all. From the Federal College of Agriculture, Akure (FECA), they are also present. Mr. Ali of Park and Garden, a classmate from FECA remains a friend indeed till date. From the University of Port- Harcourt are Prof. Hilary Edeoga (Former V.C. Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike), Professors Sam Arokoyun, Ibitamuna Aminingo, Ebi Amakroma, Uncle Abiodun Dada. From NIFRI, is Mrs. Uche Ibanga, and here in FUTA are Dr. M. O. Olufayo, Dr. Olatunde Oginni, Prof.(Mrs.) Ajayi, Dr. O. O. Ogunyemi, Messer J. O. Okekedunu and Oviri.

I am grateful to all my professional colleagues from sister institutions: Univeersity of Port-Harcourt (Unique Uniport), University of Ibadan, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, University of Benin, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Ekiti State University, Adekunle-Ajasin University, Ondo State University of Science and Technology, Abomey Calavi University, Republic of Benin and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Beau, Cameroon, and many other institutions here represented.

73 Thanks to my growing company of students: Dr. Friday Obasogie (Ag. Provost, Edo State College of Agric.,) Dr. O. O. Oyeleke, Dr. J. O. Orimaye, Dr. Francis Okosodo, Dr. F. B. Obateru, Dr. Tobi Olaniyi, Dr. B. G Oguntuase, Dr. Fatsuma Olaleru, Messers Sikiru Kadiri (OC Gashaka), Memudu Adedayo, A. Adejuyigbe, O. A. Akinsorotan, G. S. Awoku, A. O. Ayoola, M. T. Fayenuwo. O. O. Kolawole and many others. Your company made many of my fieldworks memorable. I acknowledge all members of the Society for Ecotourism and Wildlife Students. All members of my department, technologist, professional and admin, all SAAT members are acknowledged for making my career distinguished.

I am grateful to my Late Parents Chief S. B Olowoyeye Ogunjemite and Mrs. Opeyemi Mary Ogunjemite for their labour of love. You lived fulfilled lives and I have no regrets that you left at your time. May your memories continue to be sweet. I am grateful to my foster father Chief E. A. Fadahunsi for imparting in me a sound discipline, which is part of the bedrock to my success as a Wildlifer. Special gratitude to my sister Adenike Mary Alabi and her husband Bishop Peter Alabi for their sacrifices and spiritual guidance in all my life journey. To all my siblings – Teju Bamgboye, Yemi Adebiyi, Adefiola Oluwalogbo, I am grateful. I specially recognise our “Daodu” Mich Siyanbola and all his able lieutenants Jacob Olaleye, Olaosebikan Felix, and Olubumi Olumide. I also acknowledge my ''Twin Brother'' Prof. Babajide Gabriel Ogunojemite of Ekiti State University. We are grateful to God, it has been a healthy mutual completion. Three of my uncles occupy unique places in my life: Chief Anthony Adebowale Ashaolu, Mr. Abel Odetola Willoughby (Baba Able) and Joseph Ojo Abiri, to you I am most grateful for the special roles you played in my life.

I am grateful to Olosi of Osi Ekiti: Oba Adediran Agunbiade and his council of Chiefs for their support. In particular I appreciate the new Chief Sajepe and the entire Agbo Ile Sajepe, Ile Erunran and Obaaji which were my cradle in Osi Ekiti. The Adebayos of Obaaji Compound are deeply appreciated for their support for the son of their sister. Ajobi agbe yin o.

74 My in-laws from Ikot Udobia, Etinan, Akwa-Ibom State are specially acknowledged: Sweet is the memory of my father-in-law Chief Enobong Umoh Essien and his wife Abigail Kehinde Essien. I appreciate Mrs. Ima Modupe Agunloye, Essien Enobong Essien, Mfon Taiwo Essien, I thank God I was led to the right place. I can never regret my association with you. Thank you specially. Thanks to my sister-in-law Chief Magistrate Yinka Omole.

The spiritual controls the physical. I have been marvelously helped of the Lord and his people. I am grateful to the Almighty God for the life of Evangelist Isaac Funso Awoku and Mrs. Modupe Awoku, Evangelist Tunde Oke, Pastor Philip Pade Awoku, all my co-ministers in the vineyard of the Lord in Gospel Light Evangelistic Ministry for supporting me with prayers, substances and Godly counsels. Thank you all. Gratitude to my friends and co-ministers of the Lord: Rev. C. F. Adepoju, Rev. and Mrs Olorunsomo, Pastor and Mrs. Joseph Olayinka. I appreciate all the members of Cornerstone Gospel Assembly in all our branches for your care, prayers and gifts.

He who finds a wife finds a good thing and obtains favour of the Lord. This was my lot the day I encountered Idaresit Toyin Ogunjemite who has been the precious gift of God for my life for these 31 years. Thank you for your love, patience, faith, endurance and faithfulness over the years. Be sure, you have no rival, God bless you. I am grateful to all the fruits of the union who are for signs and wonders: Gbenga Enobong and his wife Damilola Elizabeth Ogunjemite, Tosin Imaobong, Dunsin Mfonobong, Ayanfe Uyai-Obong, and Ponmile Idaresit. Thank you all for your enduring love. To all friends and well-wishers, I say thank you and God bless you. I thank everyone who has honoured me this day with his or her presence in this lecture.

Finally Mr. Vice-Chancellor, I am grateful for the opportunity that this institution; Federal University of Technology, Akure has given me for a fulfilled career. FUTA is great and she shall be greater.

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