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Phytotoxicity of Dredged Sediment from Urban Canal As Land Application

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Phytotoxicity of Dredged Sediment from Urban Canal As Land Application http://www.paper.edu.cn Phytotoxicity of dredged sediment from urban canal as land application Y.X. Chena,*, G.W. Zhua, G.M. Tiana, G.D. Zhoub, Y.M. Luoc, S.C. Wuc aDepartment of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, People’s Republic of China bEnvironmental Protection Institute of Hangzhou, Hangzhou 310005, People’s Republic of China cInstitute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, People’s Republic of China Received 29 March 2001; accepted 20 August 2001 ‘‘Capsule’’: Pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L.) was used as an indicator of phytotoxicity of dredged sediment. Abstract Phytotoxicity of dredged sediment from Hangzhou section of the Grand Canal as land application was evaluated by pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L.) germination tests and pot experiments. Germination rates of pakchoi in the dredged sediment and in sediment-applied soils were both significantly higher than that in the soil controls, while the germination rate between the sediment- applied soils was no significant difference. In pot experiments, plant height and biomass were increased by the dredged sedi- ment application rate in the rate of lower than 540 t haÀ1, but decreased when the application rate was over this rate. Concentra- tions of Zn and Cu in pakchoi were linearly increased with the increasing of the application rate of the dredged sediment. Both plant height and biomass of pakchoi in sediment-treated red soil were higher than that in sediment-treated paddy soil, regardless the application rate. The results suggest that plant biomass of pakchoi may be used as an indicator of the phytotoxicity of the dredged sediment. It also showed that red soil is more suitable to accept the dredged sediment than paddy soil, and 270 t haÀ1 is a safe application rate both in red soil and paddy soil. # 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Sediment; Land disposal; Heavy metal; Biological accumulation coefficients; Risk assessment 1. Introduction Woodard, 1999). Thus, two thirds of the dredged sedi- ment from the canal was planning to land application Large amount of sediment was dredged each year for near the canal. However, as the land applied dredged the need of ecological restoration of degenerative water sediment is subjected to drying and oxidation, transfor- bodies and maintenance of ports and waterways (For- mations in the chemical forms of heavy metals may stner and Calmano, 1998), but the disposal of dredged affect their mobility and bioavailability (Gambrell, sediment may also cause environmental problems (Tack 1994), and phytotoxicity may be occurred by the et al., 1998). The Grand Canal of China, which is more dredged sediment land application. Therefore, it is than 1700 km long from Beijing to Hangzhou, has been necessary to assess the environmental risk of the seriously polluted by industrial wastewater and sewage, dredged sediment before its land application. especially in the urban section. In the Hangzhou sec- Various single and sequential chemical extraction tion, 4,000,000 m3 sediment is dredging for the ecologi- procedures are the common methods for evaluation of cal restoration. Zinc, copper, cadmium and lead are the the bioavailability of metals in sediments (Pickering, major pollutants in the sediment (Weng and Chen, 1981; Rauret, 1998), but these methods do not success- 2000; Zhu et al., 2001). In view of resource recycling, fully predict the long-term phytotoxicity of metals in land application is a sustainable and economical outlet various soil types (Salomons, 1995; Muller and Pluquet, of the dredged sediment (Muller and Pluquet, 1998; 1998). Moreover, apart from heavy metals, salinity and + NH4 ion in sediments may also be hazardous to plants * Corresponding author. Tel.: +86-571-86971159; fax: +86-571- (Tiquia and Tam, 1998). So the bio-indicator is more 86971411. accurate to assess the phytotoxicity of dredged sediment E-mail address: [email protected] (Y.X. Chen). than chemical extraction methods, and may provide 0269-7491/02/$ - see front matter # 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. PII: S0269-7491(01)00270-6 中国科技论文在线 http://www.paper.edu.cn 234 Y.X. Chen et al. / Environmental Pollution 117 (2002) 233–241 more directly useful information about the phytotoxi- Table 1 city of dredged sediment. Furthermore, bio-indicator is Basic properties of the soils and dredged sediments in the experiments also relatively inexpensive and easy to record (Vasseur Property Dredged Red Paddy et al., 1998). materials soil soil Pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L.), a kind of Chinese Brassica chinensis pH (H2O 1:5) 6.95 4.84 5.92 cabbage ( ), is one of the most popular ECECa, mmol kgÀ1 111 91.4 140 vegetables in China. It has relatively high uptake coeffi- Saturated water content, % 62.09 62.84 83.46 cient for heavy metals (Lee et al., 1998; Li et al., 1998), Organic matter, g kgÀ1 32.5 14.8 35.6 and it grows quickly (averagely harvest in 40 days from Total N, mg kgÀ1 2301 320 450 À1 sowing). It was also popular to be used in studying the Total P, mg kg 1136 349 758 Total K, g kgÀ1 7.3 8.9 18.6 environmental risk of soil contamination by heavy Total Ca, g kgÀ1 37.9 0.8 6.7 metals (Hirsch, 1998; Chen et al., 2000). Therefore, it Total Mg, g kgÀ1 10.6 2.3 8.2 may be a good plant material for phytotoxicity evalu- Olsen P, mg kgÀ1 89.1 10.9 58.7 ation of the dredged sediment from the canal. Total Cd, mg kgÀ1 3.50 1.40 1.51 À1 The objectives of this study are: (1) evaluate the fea- Total Cu, mg kg 196 19.3 28.0 Total Pb, mg kgÀ1 133 53.5 23.3 sibility to use pakchoi indicating the phytotoxicity of Total Zn, mg kgÀ1 1257 54.23 81.45 dredged sediment from urban canal as land application; Total Hg, mg kgÀ1 0.65 0.14 0.20 and (2) make sure that which kind of soil type in Total Cr, mg kgÀ1 103.2 51.6 55.1 the local area is more suitable for the application of the Total As, mg kgÀ1 23.42 8.86 7.22 b À1 dredged sediment and determine the opportune appli- DTPA extracted Cd, mg kg 0.22 0.07 0.12 DTPA extracted Cu, mg kgÀ1 16.66 1.31 6.54 cation rate. DTPA extracted Pb, mg kgÀ1 7.66 14.08 6.68 DTPA extracted Zn, mg kgÀ1 57.95 1.77 3.64 2. Materials and methods a ECEC, effective cation exchange capacity. b DTPA, diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid. 2.1. Sediment and soils sampling treatment had six replicates, thus resulted in 72 pots for Dredged sediment, red soil and paddy soil were sam- six red soil treatment and six paddy soil treatments. pled in 12–16 March 1999. The top layer sediment (0–50 Soils, mixtures and sediment in pots were saturated at cm) was sampled from the urban section of the Grand water content of 70% with distilled water 5 days before Canal (industrial district of Hangzhou), which is pol- sown for the ion equilibrium in soil solution. Solutions luted by long-term industrial wastewater and sewage of K2HPO4,P2O5 and CO(NH2)2 were applied to the drainage (Weng et al., 1997). Surface red soil (an acidic pots in the rate of 1.2 g N, 0.4 g P, 0.8 g K per pot to Oxisol), which is the prevalent soil type in Hangzhou diminish the effect on the growth resulting from the dif- area, was sampled from an orchard near the canal. ference of nutrition between the soil and the sediment. Paddy soil, another popular soil type in Hangzhou area, Two seeds of pakchoi were sown in each pot to ensure was sampled from a rice field 200 m away from the to get the sprout, and one of them was discarded after canal. Basic properties of the dredged sediment, red soil germination. During the experiment, plants were water and paddy soil were presented in Table 1. Before used, every day with 50 ml distilled water. Ten days after dredged sediment, red soil and paddy soil were air- germination, every pot was put on a bigger pot that filled dried, crushed, mixed thoroughly and passed through a with sands, watered the sand every day to keep enough 2 mm sieve, respectively. moisture for pakchoi growth. Tested plants in three pots of each treatment were harvested in 20 days after sow- 2.2. Experimental design ing, and another three pots of plant in each treatment were harvested in 40 days after sowing. The plant height The pot experiment of pakchoi was carried out in the of pakchoi was measured before harvest, and the fresh greenhouse, cylindrical polyvinyl chloride pots with 15 weight of the plant was also recorded immediately after cm in diameter and 15 cm in depth were used. For each harvest. Then the plant was dried at 70 C for 48 h for kind of soil, six kinds of treatments were carried out, dry mass determination and tissue analysis. Plant shoots which were soils (CK), 4:1 mixture of soil and sediment were ground, digested and analyzed for Cd, Cu, Pb and (T-A), 3:2 mixture of soil and sediment (T-B), 2:3 mix- Zn. After pot experiment, the DTPA extractable Cd, ture of soil and sediment (T-C), 1:4 mixture of soil and Cu, Pb and Zn in potted soils, soil–sediment mixtures, sediment (T-D), and sediment (DS). The soil–sediment and sediment were analyzed. mixtures were prepared with air-dried soils and sedi- Germination test was carried out in petri dishes (diam- ment, and were thoroughly mixed.
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