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Total of 10 Paces Only Ma V Be Xeroxed CENTRE FOR l'.'EWI'OUNI)I ANI) Sll!OILS TOTAL OF 10 PACES ONLY MAV BE XEROXED (WithQUt AuthOf•s Penntnlon) DISPERSAL OF Y Oill."G AFR I CA,~'\ BLACK 0YSTERCATCHERS (llAEAIATOPUS MOQUI/\1): \ (o\'cmcnt Patterns, Indh idual Characteristics, Habitat Usc and ConscrYation Implications b) © Anuradha Shakuntala Rao, B.A.Sc. i\ thesis submitted to the School of Cr:~duatc Studi<-s in partial fulfilment of the requirement> for the degree of \laster of Science Biolog> Department. \lemorial UniHr~it' of '•"foundland 22 D«ember zoo; St.John's '~foundland ,,, '~ --------------------------~ Library and Bibliotheque et 1+1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de !'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-19389-1 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-19389-1 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant a Ia Bibliotheque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par !'Internet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, electronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve Ia propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits meraux qui protege cette these. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni Ia these ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. reproduced without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a Ia loi canadienne Privacy Act some supporting sur Ia protection de Ia vie privee, forms may have been removed quelques formulaires secondaires from this thesis. ont ete enleves de cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires in the document page count, aient inclus dans Ia pagination, their removal does not represent il n'y aura aucun contenu manquant. any loss of content from the thesis. ....... Canada Abstract The African Black Oystercatcher (Haematopus moquini) is a shorebird endemic to southern Africa, and is internationally listed as "Near-threatened''. Its population is increasing following protection measures and the invasion of the mussel Mytilus ga/loprovincialis. Although adults of the species are sedentary, dispersal up to 2800 km by immature birds was discovered in 1998. To ensure that conservation programs address the species' needs throughout its life cycle, this project determines the locations of importance to oystercatchers between the start and end points of their dispersal. Young African Black Oystercatchers disperse to a range of traditional locations along the coasts of South Africa and Namibia. Dispersal roosts along the Atlantic coast allow young birds to avoid competition for food with adults. Of the total number of South African-bred birds (n = 106) whose dispersal endpoints were confirmed, 65% dispersed to Namibia, 11% to north-western South Africa, 19% within south-western South Africa, and 5% dispersed along the south coast of South Africa. At least 22% of resighted birds departed in their first year of life, and 25% returned to the vicinity of their natal sites in their third or fourth year of life. At least 4% dispersed later than their first year. Body condition, sex and relative hatch date did not differ significantly between immature oystercatchers dispersing different distances. Roosts were mostly, but not exclusively, located in wave-sheltered areas containing both rocky and sandy substrata and with wide visibility angles allowing for vigilance against predators. The birds fed in the immediate vicinity of the roost sites at low tide. The largest roosts were in sheltered areas near river mouths; these sites were II characterized by lower limpet numbers than smaller roosts. All but one roost checked also contained other shorebird and seabird species. Because these sites are traditional and used by several species for various purposes during a sensitive time of the oystercatchers' life cycle, they are important for conservation. However, several roost sites are located in areas zoned for diamond mining or development. Diamond mining can, at least temporarily, reduce the local abundance of oystercatcher prey, thereby eliminating the area as foraging habitat. Ribbon development on the coast should be discouraged to maintain undisturbed habitats, and coastal mining and mining-related activities should not be allowed in areas used by roosting or foraging shorebirds. iii Acknowledgements Thank you to the following people: '2:1 Prof. Philip Hockey of the DST/NRF Centre Excellence at Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape South Africa, for project development, field supervision, and financial and logistical ..sU.pport in South Africa; '2:1 Dr. Evan Edinger of the Biology of Memorial University of Newfoundland for agreeing to supervise me; '2:1 Dr. William Montevecchi of the Department of Memorial University of Newfoundland for insight into . research; 2:1 The National Sciences and Research Council of Canada, the Les Tuck Avian Ecology Scholarship University of Newfoundland, Bill Montevecchi and Evan Edinger, WWF-South Africa, the National Research Foundation (South Africa) and of Cape Town's Research Committee for financial support; '2:1 Douglas the Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town for orientation on the project, and assistance with field work; '2:1 Curtis Andrews, Samantha Ralston, Meidad Goren, Nola Parsons, Sheri Lim, Mao Angua, Annelie de Wet and Thiyane Duda for assistance with field work; '2:1 Dr. Robert Simmons of the Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, for historical information on oystercatcher abundance in Namibia; '2:1 Evie Wieters and Prof. George Branch of the Zoology Department, University of Cape Town, South Africa for sharing their data and expertise on mussel and limpet abundance; '2:1 Dr. David Schneider, Keith Chaulk and Danny Ings of Memorial University of Newfoundland for assistance with data and statistical analyses; '2:1 Dr. Greg Robertson of the Canadian Wildlife Service, St. John's, Newfoundland for advice regarding MARK software and migration data analysis; '2:1 And to all my friends in Cape Town for making me feel welcome. Enkosi kakhulu! Siyabonga! Dankie! iv Status of Publications and Co-Authorship Statement - Publications: Chapter 2: Rao, A.S., Hockey, P.A.R. and Montevecchi, W.A. Coastal dispersal by young African Black Oystercatchers Haematopus moquini. Submitted to Journal of Field Ornithology. Chapter 3: Rao, A.S., Hockey, P.A.R., Wieters, E.A., Montevecchi, W.A. and Edinger, E.N. Habitat characteristics and conservation along the dispersal route of the African Black Oystercatcher Haematopus moquini. To be submitted to Animal Conservation. Chapter 4: Rao, A.S. and Hockey, P.A.R. Conservation threats to African Black Oystercatcher (Haematopus moquini) roosts on the South African and Namibian Atlantic coasts. To be popularized and submitted to Africa Birds and Birding or African Wildlife. Appendices and supplements referred to in the chapters are for the purposes of this thesis only, and are not being submitted for publication. Co-Authorship Statement • Design and identification of the research proposal The primary design of the project was by Professor Philip Hockey of the University of Cape Town. From the many ideas presented to me, I narrowed down the focus of the project and placed emphasis on its conservation-related aspects. • Practical aspects of the research Unless otherwise mentioned (e.g. in historical information on oystercatchers and the collection of mollusc data), I conducted the primary research for this project. I received assistance initially from Philip Hockey and Douglas Loewenthal in getting oriented on the project and the primary tasks involved, however I was primarily responsible for the logistics of carrying out the research, including field trips and data collection. • Data analysis I performed all the data analyses presented in this thesis. • Manuscript preparation I prepared the thesis and all manuscripts contained herein, with editorial input from Professor Philip Hockey of the University of Cape Town, and Drs. Evan Edinger and William Montevecchi of Memorial University of Newfoundland. v Table of Contents saw page Abstract ll Acknowledgements iv Status of Publications and Co-Authorship Statement v Table of Contents VI List of Tables IX List of Figures X List of Appendices and Supplements xi Chapter 1: Introduction and Overview 1-1 Shorebird Movement Definitions 1-2 Shorebird Habitat Conservation 1-5 Oystercatchers around the World 1-6 Distribution and species 1-6 Habitat conflicts and threats 1-9 Migration 1-10 The African Black Oystercatcher (Haematopus moquini) 1-10 Distribution and breeding 1-10 Feeding 1-11 Roosting 1-12 Post-fledging movements 1-13 Population dynamics, mortality and conservation 1-15 Coastal Ecosystems in Atlantic
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