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IInnddiiaa eenn uunn vviissttaazzoo Redacción PERSPECTIVA La cultura de la India se remonta a más de 5000 años de antigüedad. En este largo e ininterrumpido período la cultura de la India se ha ido enriqueciendo también por sucesivas oleadas migratorias que fueron absorbidas por la forma de vida india. Esta variedad de culturas representa un sello distintivo de la India. Su variedad física, religiosa y racial es tan inmensa como su variedad lingüística. Debajo de esta diversidad yace la continuidad de la civilización y la estructura social de la India. La India moderna presenta un pano- rama de unidad en la diversidad. GEOGRAFÍA Situación: La península India es separada del Asia continental por las Himalayas. Está rodeada por la Bahía de Bengala al este, el mar arábigo al oeste, y el Océano Indico al sur. Coordinados Geográficos: Completamente en el hemisferio norte, el país se extiende entre latitudes 8° 4’ y 37° 6’ norte del Ecuador, y longitudes 68°7’ y 97°25’ este de él. Hora India Estándar: GMT + 05:30 Área: 3.3 Millones km2 Prefijo Telefónico del País: +91 Países Fronterizos: Afganistán y Pakistán al noroeste; China, Bhutan y Nepal al norte; Myanmar al este; y Bangladesh al este de Bengala. Sri Lanka está separada de la India por tan solo un estre- cho, constituido por el Estrecho Palk y el Golfo de Mannar. Costa India: 7.516,6 km consiste en la parte continental, las Islas Lakshadweep, y las Islas Andaman & Nicobar. Clima: El clima de la India se puede clasificar como tropical monzónico. Pese a que la mayor parte del norte del país se ubica más allá de la zona tropical, prácticamente toda la India tiene un clima tropical caracterizado por más bien altas temperaturas y inviernos secos. Cuenta con cuatro estaciones – (i) invierno (diciembre-febrero), (ii) verano (marzo- junio), (iii) monzón sur-oeste (julio-septiembre), y (iv) pos-monzónica (octubre-noviem- bre). Terreno: La tierra firme consiste en cuatro regiones, a saber, la zona gran montaña, las llanuras gangéticas y del Indo, la región desértica, y la península sureña. Recursos Naturales: Carbón, mineral de hierro, mineral de manganeso, mica, bauxita, petróleo, mineral de titanio, cromo, gas natural, magnesio, piedra caliza, tierra de cultivo, dolomita, barites, caolín, yeso, apatito, fosforito, steatito, fluorito, etc. Riesgos Naturales: Inundaciones provocadas por monzones, riadas, sequías, y desprendimientos de tierra. Medioambiente-Temas Actuales: Control de contaminación del aire, conservación de energía, gestión de desechos sólidos, conservación de gas y petróleo, conservación forestal, etc. Convenios sobre Medioambiente Declaración de Río sobre Medioambiente y Desarrollo, Protocolo de Cartagena sobre Bio- Internacionales seguridad, Protocolo de Kyoto - Protocolo de la Convención de Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático, Convenio Comercial Mundial, Protocolo Helsinki al LRTAP sobre la reducción de emisiones sulfúricas de óxidos nitrógenos o sus flujos trans- fronterizos (Protocolo Nox), y Protocolo de Ginebra al LRTAP sobre el control de emisio- nes de compuestos orgánicos volátiles o sus flujos transfronterizos (Protocolo de VOCs). Nota: La India ocupa la mayor parte del subcontinente sudasiático. PUEBLO Cuadro Demográfico: India contaba con 1,028 millones de habitantes (532,1 millones varones y 496,4 millo- nes hembras) el 1 de marzo de 2001. Tasa de Crecimiento Demográfico: 1.93 por ciento durante 1991-2001. Tasa de Natalidad: 24.8 por mil según el censo de 2001. Tasa Mortalidad: Tasa de Mortalidad Cruda 8.9 según el censo de 2001. Esperanza de Vida: 63.9 años (varones); 66.9 años (hembras) Ratio entre Sexos: 933 según el censo de 2001 Nacionalidad: Indio/a Grupos Étnicos: Se encuentran entre las gentes de la India todos los cinco tipos raciales mayores del mundo - Australoide, Mongoloide, Europoide, Caucásicos, y Negroide. Religiones: De acuerdo con el censo de 2001, los Hindues constituían la mayoría con el 80.5 %, los Musulmanes ocupaban el Segundo lugar con el 13.4%, seguidos por Cristianos, los Sijs, los Budistas, los Jainistas, y demás. INDICE 4 NOTADELAEMBAJADORA 24 ECONOMÍA INDIA HACIA CRECIMIENTO ESTABLE ABDUL MAJID PADAR 29 AYURVEDA: MEDICINA TRADICIONAL INDIA DR. BHARAT NEGI 5 DÉJAME VER LA INDIA CON TUS OJOS - VERÓNICA ARANDA LA INDIA - WILL DURANT 32 DADIMA KI RASOI LASSI - EL REFRESCO DE SIEMPRE - REDACCIÓN ROGAN JOSH (CORDERO EN SALSA) - MANJULA BALAKRISHNAN 6 GANESHA Y LOS ELEFANTES INDIOS DR. ENRIQUE GALLUD JARDIEL 33 VISITANDO NUESTRO PRADESH UTTAR PRADESH - VIAJAR CON HOLA NAMASTE 37 BENARÉS - LA CIUDAD DE LA LUZ 13 CARTA DESDE LA ESENCIA DE LA VIDA FÉLIX ROIG ABIGAIL STISIN DEL AGUILA Redacción Directora: Suryakanthi Tripathi, Embajadora de la India Jefe de Redacción: Abdul Majid Padar, Primer Secretario Publicado por la Embajada de La India en España Avenida Pío XII, 30-32 - 28016 Madrid página web: http://www.embajadaindia.com correo electrónico: [email protected] y [email protected] Fax: 913 451 112. 16 LA MIRADA SE DESNUDA: LA INDIA Y YO D. Legal: M-7280-2006 Imprime: Naturprint PROF. PEDRO CARRERO ERAS Estimado lector: Está en sus manos el primer número de Hola Namaste que publicamos con la esperanza de que esta revista de por sí refleje el respeto que mutuamente guardan España y la India a la riqueza y la diver- sidad de las culturas. Como democracias pluralistas España e India tienen mucho que aprender de sus experiencias recíprocas. Aunque ha habido un aumento sustancial en las relaciones entre nuestros dos paí- ses en los últimos años, todavía prevalece el miedo a lo desconocido que impide que éstas alcancen su verdadero potencial. La hospitalidad que se nos ha brindado a los miembros de la Embajada en todas partes de España es conmovedora, y esta revista constituye nuestro homenaje a esta generosidad del pueblo español. Espero que Hola Namaste, que constituyen dos saludos respetuosos de nuestros dos pueblos, motive a sus lectores a contribuir a ampliar el entendimiento actual que nos aproxima cada vez más sobre muchos asuntos y eventos internacionales así como el intercambio bilateral que existe a los niveles político, comercial, cultural y académico. Creo que esta revista va a ser de agrado no sólo del público en España sino que también encon- trará una acogida entre los lectores de habla hispana en América Latina. Huelga decir que abrimos nues- tras puertas no sólo a los indólogos sino también a todo el mundo que desee compartir sus vivencias y experiencias sobre relaciones entre la India y España abarcando cualquier tema desde la inversión, el comercio, la tecnología, la educación, la filosofía, ciencia, literatura, turismo, cocina etc. Será de gran aprecio si las colaboraciones, inclusive con fotos, se nos hacen llegar durante la pri- mera semana de cada mes, preferiblemente por medio de correo electrónico. Las notas se pueden dirigir al Director de Hola Namaste a las señas [email protected] Con mis más atentos saludos, Suryakanthi Tripathi Embajadora 4 DÉJAME VER LA INDIA CON TUS OJOS Verónica Aranda Déjame ver la India con tus ojos, divisar cada templo desde tu perspectiva, fundirme en el bullicio de calles infinitas, mezclarme en los colores de saris y mercados. Déjame ver la India con tus ojos, arrojar los relojes al cántaro del Ganges y hacer del tiempo un surco de tranquilos camellos y ser en el paisaje como el loto del agua. Déjame ver la India con tus ojos, acostumbrarme a un norte de yugos y cloacas, pensar que Brahma o Shiva dictaron cada karma, poniendo adobe o mármol en la misma llanura. Déjame ver la India con tus ojos, que cítaras y hogueras me traigan las respuestas... LA INDIA “La India era la madre de nuestra raza y el Sánscrito la madre de las lenguas de Europa. Ella era la madre de nuestra filosofía, la madre a través de los árabes, del grue- so de nuestras matemáticas, la madre a través del Buda de los ideales encarnados en el Cristianismo, la madre a través de las comunidades rurales del auto-gobierno y la demo- cracia. La India es de muchas maneras la madre de todos nosotros.” Will Durant 5 GANESHA Y LOS ELEFANTES INDIOS Dr. Enrique Gallud Jardiel ntes de cualquier actividad espiri- Ésta es la creencia del hombre Buddhi, quienes simbolizan el intelecto tual o mundana, desde la más común en la India, porque precisamen- y los poderes sobrenaturales, respectiva- Animia a la más ambiciosa, el pri- te Ganesha es gana isha, el dios del mente. Es padre de Kshema (la prospe- mer cuidado del hindú será encomen- hombre común. Y aunque este carácter ridad) y Lâbha (el provecho). Se le consi- darse a Ganesha, el dios-elefante, sím- zoomórfico del dios de la inteligencia dera el eliminador de problemas, por lo bolo de la inteligencia y deidad propicia- fue malentendido y ridiculizado por que recibe el nombre de Vighneshvara toria de cualquier tarea o actividad, algunos occidentales de renombre — (“dios de los obstáculos”, aludiendo a especialmente las de tipo intelectual o como el mismo John Locke— veremos que es el dios que acaba con ellos). Se le invoca, como hemos dicho, antes de artístico. A esta solemnidad ritual se le que el elefante posee desde antiguo iniciarse cualquier tipo de solemnidad, denomina mangalâcharana, literalmente para los hindúes las más excelsas con- viaje o actividad. Es especialmente «acto auspicioso de reverenciar los pies notaciones. de la deidad». Sin un momento de aten- venerado por estudiantes, escritores y ción a Ganesha, ninguna actividad da El dios Ganesha es, sin duda, el más negociantes. La poetisa shivaíta Auvaiyar frutos, ni siquiera la adoración a los querido. Es hijo del dios Shiva y de la escribe al respecto: otros dioses. diosa Pârvatî y está casado con Siddhi y Si adoras a Vinâyaka, de rostro de elefante, tu vida se expandirá ili- mitadamente.
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    INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF COMMERCE, ARTS AND SCIENCE ISSN 2319 – 9202 An Internationally Indexed Peer Reviewed & Refereed Journal Shri Param Hans Education & Research Foundation Trust WWW.CASIRJ.COM www.SPHERT.org Published by iSaRa Solutions CASIRJ Volume 8 Issue 11 [Year - 2017] ISSN 2319 – 9202 Role of Indian Railways to uphold Buddhist Tourism in India Dr. Vijay Kumar Assistant Professor Address: Dept. of Tourism, Hotel, Hospitality and Heritage Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT The Buddhist cultural heritage has a long and special history that dates back over 2,500 years and truly binds to most South, Southeast and East Asia. The influence of Buddhism can be seen in all countries in Asia in terms of history and culture Buddhism is a religion that emerged around ancient Magadha, India (Bihar), and is based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama (born in Lumbini, Nepal), who is known as the Buddha (literally the Enlightened One or Awakened One). It is a philosophy encompassing a variety of traditions, beliefs and practices, largely based on teachings attributed to Buddha. There are two major branches of Buddhism Theravada ("The School of the Elders") and Mahayana ("The Great Vehicle"). Theravada has the following in Southeast Asia and Sri Lanka, and Mahayana in the west, north and then east across Asia. Initially, Buddhism remained one of the many small sects in India. The main breakthrough came when King Asoka (ca. 270-232 BCE) converted to Buddhism. He organized the spread of Buddhism throughout India, but also beyond, the most important of Sri Lanka.
  • Bihar Building New Avenues of Progress Bihar

    Bihar Building New Avenues of Progress Bihar

    BIHAR BUILDING NEW AVENUES OF PROGRESS BIHAR Uttar Pradesh Jharkhand West Bengal In the State of Bihar, a popular destination for spiritual tourists from all over the world, the length of National Highways has been doubled in the past four years. Till 2014, the length of National Highways was 4,447 km. In 2018, the length of National Highways has reached 8,898 km. The number of National Highways have been increased to 102 in 2018. Road development works worth Rs. 20,000 Cr are progressing rapidly. In the next few years, investments worth Rs. 60,000 Cr will be made towards transforming the road sector in Bihar, and creating new socio-economic opportunities for the people. “When a network of good roads is created, the economy of the country also picks up pace. Roads are veins and arteries of the nation, which help to transform the pace of development and ensure that prosperity reaches the farthest corners of our nation.” NARENDRA MODI Prime Minister “In the past four years, we have expanded the length of Indian National Highways network to 1,26,350 km. The highway sector in the country has seen a 20% growth between 2014 and 2018. Tourist destinations have come closer. Border, tribal and backward areas are being connected seamlessly. Multimodal integration through road, rail and port connectivity is creating socio economic growth and new opportunities for the people. In the coming years, we have planned projects with investments worth over Rs 6 lakh crore, to further expand the world’s second largest road network.” NITIN GADKARI Union Minister,