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Indian Archaeology 1977-78 a Review

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Indian Archaeology 1977-78 a Review INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1977-78 - A REVIEW EDITED BY B.K. THAPAR Director General Archaeological Survey of India ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA GOVERNMENT OF INDIA NEW DELHI 1980 Cover; The Taj, Agra (pp. 147-150) 1980 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA GOVERNMENT OF INDIA Price : Rs. 65-00 PRINTED AT NABA MUDRAN PRIVATE LTD., CALCUTTA 700 004 PREFACE With the publication of this issue, the Review would have completed twenty-five years of its existence, and it is a matter of no mean gratification that it has fulfilled its primary function as a report, surveying the antiquarian work in the country. During these eventful years, its content has grown with the manifold activities of the Archaeological Survey of India and the development of multi-disciplinary studies. That it has been found as a useful tool of research, presenting Indian archaeology currently to the world, is amply reflected by the concern shown by various scholars, both in India and abroad, for clearing its arrears, into which it had unfortunately fallen since 1962-63. The prefatory notes in the issues of the subsequent years have no doubt explained the sustained efforts made by us to clear the backlog; with the publication of the present issue we would be behind-hand by only one issue, which is almost press-ready. For all this endeavour, I am particularly beholden to my colleagues in the Survey who have toiled hard to achieve the target. As usual I am grateful to all the contributors, both from the Survey and also from the various State Departments of Archaeology and other Institutions, for sending their material for publication in the Review. New Delhi 31 July 1980 B. K. THAPAR CONTENTS PAGE I. Explorations and Excavations ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1 Andhra Pradesh, 1; Bihar, 4; Gujarat, 8; Haryana, 23; Jammu and Kashmir, 23; Karnataka, 24; Kerala, 30; Madhya Pradesh, 30; Maharashtra, 34; Meghalaya, 42; Punjab, 43; Rajasthan, 45; Tamil Nadu, 50; Uttar Pradesh, 51; West Bengal, 59. II. Epigraphy ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 60 Sanskritic and Dravidic inscriptions, 60. Andhra Pradesh, 60; Gujarat, 62; Karnataka, 62; Madhya Pradesh, 64; Maharashtra, 65; Rajasthan, 65; Tamil Nadu, 65. Arabic and Persian inscriptions, 67. Andhra Pradesh, 67; Delhi, 68; Gujarat, 68; Madhya Pradesh, 69; Maharashtra, 70; Punjab, 70; Uttar Pradesh, 70; West Bengal, 72. III. Numismatics and Treasure Trove ... ... ... ... ... ... 73 Andhra Pradesh, 73; Gujarat, 74; Karnataka, 75; Rajasthan, 75. IV. Other Important Discoveries ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 75 Andhra Pradesh, 76; Assam, 76; Bihar, 77; Goa, Daman and Diu, 77; Gujarat, 78; Haryana, 79; Jammu and Kashmir, 79; Karnataka, 79; Madhya Pradesh, 80; Maharashtra, 80; Punjab, 82" Rajasthan, 82; Tamil Nadu, 82; Uttar Pradesh, 82; West Bengal, 85. V. Radiocarbon Dates ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 37 Haryana, 88; Madhya Pradesh, 88; Maharashtra, 88; Rajasthan, 89; Tamil Nadu, 89; Uttar Pradesh, 89. VI. Palaeobotanical and Pollen Analytical Investigations ... ... ... ... ... 91 Samples from India, 91. Andhra Pradesh, 91; Gujarat, 91; Karnataka, 91; Maharashtra, 91; Rajasthan, 92; Tamil Nadu, 92. Samples from Abroad, 93. Nepal, 93. VII. Museums ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 94 VIII. Architectural Survey of Temples ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 99 Northern Region, 99. Southern Region, 99. IX. Preservation of Monuments ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 103 Monuments of National importance, 103. Central Circle, 103; Delhi Circle, 106; Eastern Circle, 107; Mid-eastern Circle, 109; Mid-southern Circle, 111; Northern Circle, 117; North-western Circle, 120; Southern Circle, 123; South-eastern Circle, 128; South-western Circle, 130; Western Circle, 131. Monuments maintained by the States, 133. Assam, 133; Gujarat, 133; Karnataka, 134; Maharashtra, 134; Orissa, 135; Punjab, 135; West Bengal, 135. X. Expedition outside India ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 137 Preservation of Buddhist shrines at Bamiyan, Afghanistan, 137. XL Archaeological Chemistry ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 140 Treatment of Monuments and Paintings, 140. Andhra Pradesh, 140; Delhi, 140; Gujarat, 141; Himachal Pradesh, 141; Jammu and Kashmir, 141; Karnataka, 141; Kerala, 142; Madhya Pradesh, 142; Maharashtra, 143; Tamil Nadu, 145; Uttar Pradesh, 145; West Bengal, 146. Treatment of Excavated objects and Museum Exhibits, 146. XII. Archaeological Gardens ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 153 Andhra Pradesh, 153; Bihar, 153; Delhi, 153; Goa, Daman and Diu, 154; Gujarat, 154; Jammu and Kashmir, 154; Karnataka, 154; Madhya Pradesh, 155; Maharashtra^ 155; Orissa, 156; Rajasthan, 156; Uttar Pradesh, 156. XIII. Publications ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 158 Publications of the Survey, 158. Other Publications, 158. INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1977-78 -A REVIEW I. EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS ANDHRA PRADESH 1. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT ANANTAPUR.—In the course of exploration, Sarvashri P. B. S. Sengar, Basheer Khan, A. J. Nambhiraju and O. B. Khobragade of the Prehistory Branch of the Archaeological Survey of India1 discovered neolithic habitation sites at Dayyalan- kuntapalle, Hampapuram (Gollapalle) and Krishnamareddipalle, yielding plenty of tools of the pecked and ground stone industry, showing various stages of manufacture, besides a large number of microliths and handmade pottery of thick fabric. 2. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT CUDDAPAH.—Sarvashri P. B. S. Sengar, A. J. Nambhiraju and Basheer Khan of the Prehistory Branch of the Survey in the course of exploration of a part of the valley of the river Pennar and its tributaries, discovered a number of Lower and Middle Palaeolithic and Mesolithic sites. Besides, they observed interesting river-sections yielding large number of Stone Age tools from stratified deposits. The stratigraphy observed from top down wards was: red silt; yellowish kankary silt; pebbly gravel; lateritic boulder conglomerate; laterite; and bed-rock. 3. EXCAVATION AT DONGALASANI, DISTRICT CUDDAPAH.—The Department of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Andhra Pradesh, conducted excavation on a small mound at Dongalasani. The excavation revealed a brick-built temple (brick size: 41-5 x 6-5 cm) consisting of a garbhagriha (2-15 x 1-45 m), antarala, mukhamandapa and prakara, with an entrance (0-75 m) on the east. An inscription of Vankaya Choda maharaja of Telugu Choda family, belonging to circa tenth century A.D., mentioning the deity as Kuruba Bhattari, was recovered from the excavation. 4. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICTS GUNTUR, KRISHNA AND PRAKASAM.—Dr K. Krishna Murthy of the South-eastern Circle of the Survey discovered in the course of exploration a Buddhist site at Nambur and vestiges of Buddhistic establishment on the top of the hill (Vijayakiladri) with random rubble revetment along the summit of the hill at Seethanagaram in District Guntur. Further, assisted by Sarvashri G. V. Sreenivasa Rao and P. Seetharama Murthy, he discovered an extensive early historical site along the Annangi hill near Annangi in District Krishna. The site yielded large quantity of pottery including black-and-red, black-polished, red wares and Rouletted Ware, besides a lead coin, probably belonging to the Ikshvaku dynasty, terracotta figurines and terracotta pear or areca nut-shaped and o/^/fl-shaped beads. Besides, a cluster of megalithic burials of cairn-circle type was also noticed on a hill near Manikeswaram. Sarvashri C. L. N. Sastry and P. Seetharama Murthy, in their village to village survey for antiquarian remains in Districts Krishna and Prakasam respectively, discovered the following sites. 1The Archaeological Survey of India is referred to in the following pages as the 'Survey’ . 1 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1977-78—A REVIEW (NEO = NEOLITHIC CULTURE ; MEG = MEGALITHS ; EH = EARLY HISTORICAL ; EM = EARLY MEDIEVAL ; = LATE MEDIEVAL; BDS= BUDDHIST SITE; BRW = BLACK-AND-RED WARE; BW — BLACK WARE; RW = RED WARE; IP = INSCRIBED POTTERY; AND NC = NATURAL CAVES) District Taluk Village/Site Cultural assemblage Krishna Nandigama Adaviravulapadu EH, RW -do- -do- Anasagaram MEG -do- -do- Bobbellapadu NEO, EH, BRW, BW, RW -do- -do- Chintalapadu EH, BRW -do- -do- Kammavaripalem EH, RW -do- -do- Kandrapadu EH, BRW, RW -do- -do- Kommavarapupad u EH, BRW, RW -do- -do- Muppalla EH, RW -do- -do- Pallagiri LM -do- -do- Raghavapuram EH, BRW, BW, RW -do- -do- Satyavaram EH, RW -do- -do- Totaravulapadu EM, RW Prakasam Addanki Ambadipudi EM -do- -do- Anamanamuru LM -do- -do- Baitamanjulur EH, IP -do- -do- Boggukonda (Kukutapalli) NEO -do- -do- Daivalaravuru EM -do- -do- Darmavaram MEG, EH, EM, IP, NC -do- -do- Dhenukonda EH, EM, IP -do- -do- Doddavaram LM -do- -do- Doddikonda (Mukteswaram) EM -do- -do- Elchur NEO, EH, IP -do- -do- Ghadiyapudi LM -do- -do- Gopalapuram EH, LM, IP -do- -do- Gopalapuram-Agraharam LM -do- -do- Guntupalle NEO, MEG -do- -do- Ilapavulur EH, LM, IP -do- -do- Jangamaheswarapuram MEG -do- -do- Kalavakur EH, EM, IP -do- -do- Kondamunjaluru EM, LM -do- -do- Konidena NEO, EM, IP -do- -do- Kottakota LM -do- -do- Kukutlapalle EH, BDS -do- -do- Kundurru EH, EM, IP -do- -do- Manikeswaram MEG, EH, EM, IP -do- -do- Medarametla NEO, EH, IP -do- -do- Mukteswaram EH, LM, IP -do- -do- Nannurpadu EH, EM, IP -do- -do- Perayapalem LM -do- -do- Ramkur LM -do- -do- Singarakonda LM -do- -do- Tellapadu EH, LM, IP EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS District Taluk Village/Site Cultural assemblage Prakasam Addanki Timmayapalem EM -do- -do- Vellalacheruvu EH, IP -do- -do- Vaidana EH, LM, IP -do- Darsi Mylavaram EH -do- -do- Uppalapadu EH, IP -do- -do- Vemparala EH, EM, IP -do- Ongole Annangi EH, IP 5. EXCAVATION AT NELAKONDAPALLY,
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