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2019 Benko Kissfazekas Unde EDITORS: Melinda BENKŐ & Kornélia KISSFAZEKAS UNDERSTANDING POST-SOCIALIST EUROPEAN CITIES: CASE STUDIES IN URBAN PLANNING AND DESIGN EDITORS: Melinda BENKŐ & Kornélia KISSFAZEKAS UNDERSTANDING POST-SOCIALIST EUROPEAN CITIES: CASE STUDIES IN URBAN PLANNING AND DESIGN 2019 BME Urbanisztika Tanszék / Department of Urban Planning and Design urb.bme.hu MTA Településtudományi Állandó Bizottság mta.hu Docomomo International _ ISC U+L docomomo.com © Melinda BENKŐ © Kornélia KISSFAZEKAS © Braniclav ANTONIČ © Florian FAURISSON © Tinatin GURGENIDZE © Peter HORÁK © Gergely HORY © Lukáš KOS © Eva Vaništa LAZAREVIČ © Nataliia MYSAK © Zuzanna NAPIERALSKA © Vesna TOMIĆ © Nikolai VASSILIEV © Domonkos WETTSTEIN 2019 © L’Harmattan Kiadó, 2019 ISBN 978-2-343-16182-2 Publishing director Ádám GYENES, L’Harmattan Publishing Volumes may be ordered at a discount from L’Harmattan Könyvesbolt 1053 Budapest, Kossuth L. u. 14–16. Phone: +36-1-267-5979 [email protected] www.harmattan.hu webshop.harmattan.hu CONTENTS 6 Amoeba Cities: Towards Understanding Changes in the Post-Socialist European Physical Environment Melinda BENKŐ & Kornélia KISSFAZEKAS 26 Chance for “Creative City” Turn in Belgrade Vesna TOMIĆ 44 Project for Brno Regional Centre as the “New Heart of the 20th Century City” Lukáš KOS 64 Ephermeral Metamorphosis of the City: Bulky Waste Collection in Budapest Gergely HORY 82 Bratislava’s Changing Urban Fabric After World War II Peter HORÁK 100 The Post-Soviet Glandini Housing Neighborhood in Tbilisi Tinatin GURGENIDZE 116 (Post-)Ideological Mass Housing Landscapes: Transformations within the Sykhiv District in Liv Nataliia MYSAK 134 Towards a Participatory Regeneration of the Troshevo Housing Estate in Varna Florian FAURISSON 154 The Sotsgorod in Soviet Urban Landscape Nikolai VASSILIEV 172 Decentralised Mass Housing Policy in Socialist Yugoslavia Branislav ANTONIĆ & Eva Vaništa LAZAREVIĆ 188 Post-War Single Family Settlements in Wroclaw –Analysis of their Urban Planning and Present State Zuzanna NAPIERALSKA 204 Modern Leisurescapes in Erosion: Balaton Region Case Study Domonkos WETTSTEIN UNDERSTANDING POST-SOCIALIST EUROPEAN CITIES — CASE STUDIES IN URBAN PLANNING AND DESIGN AMOEBA CITIES Melinda BENKŐ & Kornélia KISSFAZEKAS 6 1 / 20 POST — SOCIALIST EUROPE POST — SOCIALIST EUROPE 7 UNDERSTANDING POST-SOCIALIST EUROPEAN CITIES — CASE STUDIES IN URBAN PLANNING AND DESIGN 2 / 20 AMOEBA CITIES Melinda BENKŐ & Kornélia KISSFAZEKAS Melinda BENKŐ & Kornélia KISSFAZEKAS Melinda BENKŐ (Ph.D. and habil in architecture) is an urban designer, associate professor, and Head of the Department of Urban Planning and Design at Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary. (http://urb.bme.hu) Her research, teaching and professional activities focus on contemporary urban design theory and practice related to urban form and space usage. She participates in international scientific and educational networks, member of ISC / Urbanism + Landscape of DOCOMOMO, organizes urban design workshops and conferences in Budapest, and coordinates a collection of research articles and students projects about housing estates: http://www.urb.bme.hu/uhlab/prefabmh/ Kornélia KISSFAZEKAS (Ph.D in architecture) is an urban planner and urban designer; Member and Secretary of the Committee on Town Planning of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. As a senior research fellow at the Department of Urban Planning and Design of the Faculty of Architecture of the Budapest University of Tech- nology and Economics, Hungary (http://urb.bme.hu), her research, teaching and professional activities focus on two principal topics: the development of the settlement-network and the changes of urban architecture during the period of state socialism and their contemporary consequences; besides that, she is interested in issues related to urban context and urban morphology. 8 3 / 20 POST — SOCIALIST EUROPE AMOEBA CITIES: TOWARDS UNDERSTANDING CHANGES IN THE POST-SOCIALIST EUROPEAN PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT Socialist and post- socialist city; Warsaw, Poland, 2014. Source: Author We might never have been there, but we know and understand it. We look for the accustomed details, the city planning and architecture techniques from home, and we almost always find them. We feel how the city works. We sense the function of certain buildings – the significance of their location and appearance. Undoubtedly, in Europe’s post-socialist cities, there is a common ‘language’, a societal and environmental semiotics, which is easily comprehended by the inhabitants, but no one else. Those who lived, albeit only partially, through the period of state socialism understand the underlying reasons and interrelations. Nonetheless, for many others – either because they live elsewhere or are members of the generation that grew up since the changes in 1989-91 – the period’s architectural heritage exists in and of itself, its contextual messages lacking or missing completely. 9 UNDERSTANDING POST-SOCIALIST EUROPEAN CITIES — CASE STUDIES IN URBAN PLANNING AND DESIGN 4 / 20 AMOEBA CITIES Melinda BENKŐ & Kornélia KISSFAZEKAS Within the field of architecture-based research into communities, numerous excellent studies have been carried out – written in the language of the given country and appreciated there, but practically unseen in the international professional literature.1 In books of urban history for the instruction of architects and town planners,2 the Central and Eastern European (CEE) region is regularly overlooked. The majority of foreign publications that do appear are works that expose the “communist” landscape3 from an outsider’s perspective. The present volume collects writings by young researchers who deal with this sphere of inquiry, each revealing the urban heritage of a different state-socialist city, as well as the transformations they are undergoing at present, while living and/or working on site. The closed economic bloc of state socialism placed cities so singularly in the foreground that they created artificial environments in the areas of planning and development. Despite the framework of common principles, local political, economic and social conditions established these so-called socialist cities along various career paths,4 and these discrepancies continue to grow to this very day, even alongside an identifiable post-socialist model of development and urban space.5 SPACE AND TIME CONTEXT State socialism was not the first period that resulted in recognisable patterns (in terms of the urban design’s character and the architecture’s stylistic features) which are spatially uniform, 1 In 2000, the historian Ferenc Glatz, as the president of the MTA [Hungarian Academy of Sciences], stressed, “Now it is up to us to convey the synthesising cultivation of Central and Eastern European research.” He was referring to the task facing local professionals in the international discourse. Glatz, Ferenc (2003): Helyünk Európában. Beszédek, cikkek, jegyzetek. 1999-2000. Budapest:Pannonica. 2 For example, the region is not even included in one of the most well-known books of professional urban history: Benevolo, Leonardo (1993): La Cittá Nella Storia D’Europa. Roma-Bari, Gius. Laterzs & Figli Spa. 3 Hatherley, Owen (2015): Landscapes of Communism: A History through Building. London, Allen Lane. 4 French, Richard Antony and Hamilton, F. E. Ian, eds. (1979): The Socialist City. New York, Wiley and Sons. 5 Stanilov, Kiril (2007): The Post-Socialist City. Urban Form and Space Transformations in Central and Eastern Europe after Socialism. GeoJournal Library 92. Springer Netherlands Cady, A. Kathryn (2009): National memory and postcommunist Hungary: conflating the “posts”?Review of Communication, Vol. 9(1).12–16. Hirt, Sonia (2013): ”Whatever happened to the (post)socialist city?” Cities, Vol. 32. 29-38. 10 5 / 20 POST — SOCIALIST EUROPE practical and recognisable to this day. In the course of history, such Countries in Central and Eastern Europe environmental patterns either succeeded one another or completely in 1900, 1950 and or partially overlapped in Europe. While the Roman Empire’s 2010. Source: Author influence on city planning and construction can be detected time and time again in the southern, western and central regions of Europe, we no longer discover it beyond the Danube in Central and Eastern Europe. Large empires (such as the Ottoman, Prussian, Habsburg, Russian and Soviet) redrew borders again and again, sometimes inhibiting and sometimes initiating the internal development of a city network and the surrounding communities. In few places do we find structural continuity from the Roman Era till today. As a result of forced or voluntary relocations and resettlements among neighbouring territories with many nationalities, building cultures were historically mixed by the migration of peoples. At such times, groups and individuals who were more urban-minded, armed with greater experience in city building and planning, arrived in territories far from Europe’s central region – whether voluntarily or merely obeying the will of rulers. In any case, they imported their own culture that shaped landscape and cities as well. City centres in Central and Eastern Europe bear the traces of changeable historic periods with characteristic deviations in urban form and architectural stylistic features.6 The Baroque was the first period, at the end of the 18th century, to bring about urban assemblies (city neighbourhoods, religious complexes and public buildings) with a distinctly Central and Eastern European look. In the second
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