2000 Third Annual International Symposium on Advanced Radio Boulder, CO, 08 September 2000

Interplanetary

Adrian J. Hooke Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS)

ISO/TC20/SC13 Industry Associates MANAGEMENT COUNCIL COUNCIL Liaisons

Secretariat Technical Steering Group

PANNEL 1 PANEL 2 PANEEL 3 INFORMATION CROSS SPACE INTERCHANGE SUPPORT COMMUNICATIONS PROCESSES OPERATIONS

Member Agencies Observer Agencies ASI/Italy ESA/Europe ASA/Austria CTA/Brazil IKI/Russia NOAA/USA BNSC/UK INPE/Brazil CAST/China DSRI/Denmark ISAS/Japan NSPO/Taipei CRC/Canada EUMETSAT/Europe ISRO/India SSC/Sweden CNES/France NASA/USA CRL/Japan EUTELSAT/Europe KARI/Korea TsNIIMash/Russia CSA/Canada NASDA/Japan CSIR/South Africa FSST&CA/Belgium KFKI/Hungary USGS/USA DLR/Germany RSA/Russia CSIRO/Australia HNSC/Greece MOC/Israel CCSDS Panel Work

CCSDS Panel 1

End-to-End Protocols Space Link Protocols

Space Link Data Description Extension Protocols & Archiving Intranet Internet

CCSDS Panel 3 CCSDS Panel 2 Current CCSDS Space/Ground Communications Protocol Stack

Store and Interactive Forward Application

CCSDS Space Internet FTP FTP File Delivery Protocol (CFDP) Space Internet TCP/UDP TCP/UDP Transport

P1F Space Security Protocol Internet IPSec Network Space Packet Space Network Protocol Protocol (IPv4, IPv6)

TM Space Data AOS Space Data Proximity 1 Space TC Space Data Link Protocol Link Protocol Data Link Protocol Link Protocol Space Data Link Security Mechanisms Link Communications Link ARQ Operation P1A Procedure 1 Synchronous Links Asynchronous Links

Convolutional Reed-Solomon Turbo TLM Frame CLTU and BCH Coding P1B Coding Coding Coding Sync. PLOPs

P1E Radio Frequency and Modulation Physical

CCSDS Recommendation Draft CCSDS Recommendation CCSDS Report Internet RFC 10 COTS Spacecraft 16 COTS Space Products 151 Missions 2 COTS Ground Networks 28 COTS Ground Products

http://hope.gsfc.nasa.gov/ccsds/implementations/ 1970 1980 1990 2000

NASA Telemetry Standardization “Packet” Spacecraft Telemetry and Telecommand NASA/ESA Working Group Basic Space/Ground Communications Standards for Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) Space Missions }

Extension of Standards for International Space Station More Complex Space Missions } Extension of the Terrestrial Internet Evolution of space standards into Space

NASA/DOD Space Communications Protocol Standards (SCPS) Project

InterPlaNetary Internet (IPN)

Evolution of the terrestrial Internet

Today’s Internet: High rate fiber backbone Negligible delay Negligible errors Symmetric data channels Continuous connectivity Loss = Congestion Tomorrow’s “Earthnet” Untethered edge- market ‘plug-ins’ to the fiber backbone [satellites, wireless, mobile ad-hoc networks, etc.] may introduce: Significant delay & errors Power/bandwidth constraints Disjoint connectivity Corruption as source of loss Asymmetric channels AA CandidateCandidate SharingSharing ofof IssuesIssues andand TechnologiesTechnologies

Moon Mars • Generally high bandwidth-delay products • Possible data loss due to bit-errors and/or Surface Satellite, transient link outages to Orbit Potentially asymmetric data rates Wireless • Relay

• Power constrained end systems • Episodic/disjoint connectivity Mobile/ • Networks may need to be self-organizing Roving Surface applications Operations • Channels often periodically unidirectional • Need for progressive/selectable reliability • Need for store-and-forward delivery

Long Internet • Ultra high bandwidth-delay product Haul to backbone • typically >> transaction size Earth • ‘Ping-pong of bursts’ replaces streaming IPN leverage

FTP/TCP/IP

Short Fiber Satellites -haul communications Terrestrial Cable Internet Standards Mobile/Wireless Nomadic

Self-organizing WDM Terabit communications Similar Problems, low delay Common Solutions Megabit communications Mars Deep-space high delay Network Optical File-based Operations Space LEO Internet Constellations -haul communications Standards Ka-band Long S-band X-band Thirty years down the road….. IPN Organizational Relationships Open Architecture Open Specifications Open Implementations Demonstrations Robert Rumeau - France Eric Travis - USA

USC IPNRG

UCLA UDEL

UMD

Caltech

IPN Architecture Core Team

DARPA Projects IPNSIG Public

NASA Projects The Basic IPN Concept: Construct a “Network of ”

• Deploy standard internets in low latency remote environments (e.g., on other planets, on remote spacecraft)

• Connect these distributed internets via an interplanetary backbone that handles the high latency deep space environment.

• Create gateways and relays to interface between low and high latency environments Deploy standard internets in low latency remote environments (e.g., on other planets)

Connect distributed internets via an interplanetary backbone

The Basic IPN Concept: Provide dialog across a network of Internets construct a “Network of Internets” IPN Technology Thrust Areas earth.sol i i i i I

IG i i i Inter-Internet Interplanetary I IG I i Dialog and Nodes Gateways i IG i i i Security mars.sol luna.sol Deployed Stable Internets Backbone

i I i IG IG i

IG

i i i i

I Wired

i Tetherless Inter-Internet Dialog Interplanetary and Nodes Gateways Security

Deployed Stable Internets Backbone IPN Security

i i i i I

Security of user data earth.sol flowing through the IPN IG i i i I IG i i IG I i i i mars.sol luna.sol Security of the IPN backbone i Ø access control to the IPN will be required because I IG IG i space-based assets will have limited available resources. i

Ø authentication will be required to perform access controls. IG

Ø data integrity will be required to assure that what was sent is received. i i Ø data privacy will be required to assure that i i unauthorized users cannot obtain information. Deployed Inter-Internet Dialog Interplanetary and Nodes Gateways Security

Deployed Stable In-Situ Internets Internets Backbone Untethered Mobile Mass constrained Location-Location-Location Power-Power-Power Inter-Internet Dialog Interplanetary and Nodes Gateways Security

Deployed Stable Internets Backbone

What’s a Backbone?

Ø A set of high-capacity, high-availability links between network traffic hubs

– Terrestrial backbone links are between hubs like Houston and Chicago.

– Interplanetary backbone links are between hubs like Earth and Mars. On the Interplanetary Backbone:

• Communications capacity is expensive

– Bits count

• Round Trips hurt

– Interactive protocols don’t work • doesn’t scale well with increasing latency • Negotiation is impractical • Reliable in-order delivery takes too long • Protocols need to be connectionless • Congestion control and flow control are difficult • Reliance on forward coding versus retransmission for error recovery

• Custodial store-and-forward data transfer is fundamental

– “Chatty Telephony” gives way to “Bundled Mail” as the model of operations Resulting Backbone Differences Terrestrial Interplanetary Backbone Backbone

Transport TCP “Bundling”

Network IP IP, NP, None?

Link SONET CCSDS

Physical Optical fiber R/F or laser IP: the “Thin Waist” of the Earth’s Internet

App App

App App App App

Transport Transport TCP TCP Network Network Network Network IP IP IP IP

Link. 1 Link. 1 Link. 2 Link. 2 Link. 3 Link. 1

Phys. 1 Phys. 1 Phys. 2 Phys. 2 Phys. 3 Phys. 1

Sub-network Sub-network Sub-network

Internet: a Network of Connected Sub-Networks Bundles: A Overlay - the “Thin Waist” of the Interplanetary Internet

Network of disconnected Internets spanning dissimilar environments

Application Application

Bundle Bundle Bundle Bundle

Transport Transport Transport Transport

Network Network Network Network

Bundling supports end-to-end transfer across a “network of disconnected Internets” having heterogeneous network protocol stacks Bundling:

Inter-Internet Dialog Interplanetary Design Principles and Nodes Gateways Security

Deployed Stable • Names are the means of reference Internets Backbone

– Names have two parts: a part (specifies the IPN region) and an administrative part (specifies the DNS name) – Routing between IPN regions based upon routing part of the name

• Late-Binding

– Separate addressing domains for each internet; administrative names converted to local addresses in destination IPN region

• Indirection

– Inherent dependence on intermediate relay agents

• Custodial transfer

– “Bundles” are the common end-to-end transfer mechanism Single Name Space, Late Name-to-Address Binding(s)

Name Space - Common Across All Internets

Name-to-Address Name-to-Address Name-to-Address Binding Space A Binding Space B Binding Space C

Internet Interplanetary Internet Backbone

IPN Region: .earth.sol IPN Region: .ipn.sol IPN Region: .mars.sol

Name: Name: {routing part: earth.sol, {routing part: mars.sol, admin part: http://www.bughunter.org} admin part: http://www.rockshop.com}

Local Address: 137.79.10.232 Local Address: 137.79.10.232 Interplanetary Internet Deployment Plan

Basic IPN Architectural Definition

R&D Development of Key Protocols Basic

Protocol Test and Validation

Earth Vicinity, Lunar Vicinity, Mars 2001 2002 2003+ New Capability Demonstrations Rollout Sponsored Space Mission Infusion and Rollout Interplanetary Internet, “2020”

Interplanetary Backbone

Interplanetary Gateways