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Base Line Studies of Nawab Shah Forest, Sindh- 2018 SFM Project

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Base line studies of nawaB shah forest, sindh-
2018

SFM Project Submitted by
Dr. Syed Aneel Ahmad Gilani
Botanical Sciences Division
Pakistan Museum of Natural History, Islamabad

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1. INTRODUCTION

  • 1.1.
  • DESCRIPTION OF LANDSCAPE SITES (NAWAB SHAH FOREST)

Seven landscapes have been selected to demonstrate approaches and good practices regarding sustainable forest management (SFM), biodiversity conservation, enhancing carbon mitigation and carbon stocks. Two of the landscapes are located within the Temperate Coniferous forests of Siran and Kaghan in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), one in the Sub-tropical Evergreen Thorn (scrub) forests in Salt Range, Punjab, and two each in the Riverine forests in Punjab and Sindh.

The salient features of these landscapes are described here

  • 1.2.
  • Dhingano-Lakhat
  • Riverine
  • Forests

Landscape

The proposed site is situated along the Indus River, downstream of Sukkur Barrage on the left bank in the Nawab Shah District. The landscape is comprised of Dhingano Reserve Forest (1,538 ha) and Lakhat Reserve Forest (1,462 ha) in Nawab Shah District. Both forests are also separately designated as wildlife sanctuaries under the Sindh Wildlife law in addition to their designation as Reserved Forest under the Forest Act. The total area of the Dhingano-Lakhat Riverine landscape is 3,300 ha. One of the reasons of inclusion of this landscape in this project is that most of the forests downstream of Sukkur Barrage do not get inundation except in high or super floods whereas this landscape, situated between Sukkur and Kotri barrages that is in Central Sindh still receives substantial annual inundation. Abad Reserve Forest is located adjacent to this landscape. There is an opportunity of developing a corridor from the riverine landscape to Abad Reserve Forest. River meandering in this section of the river is common with the result that the processes of erosion and accretion are also common. Thus, there is an opportunity for recreating new riverine forest with traditional regeneration techniques that is broadcasting of treated seed of native species including Populus euphratica during the last receding flood There are two villages and hamlets situated in and around these forests which consist of 1,670 households and 10,000 forest dependent local persons. One of the two dependent local communities are actively involved in protection and conservation of forests.

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  • 1.3.
  • Map of Nawab shah forest area

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  • 1.4.
  • Sindh Forest area

Sindh Forest Department controls an area of 241,198 hectares in the Riverine tract of the province which are categorized as "Riverine Forests"; locally known as Kacho forests. These forests are located along both the banks of River Indus in Thatta, Hyderabad, Dadu, Larkana, Naushero Feroze, Nawabshah, Khairpur, Sukkur, Shikarpur, Ghotki and Jacobabad Districts and

have been declared as “Reserved Forests” under Forests Act, 1927. The rich alluvial soils

support the tree species including Acacia nilotica (Babul), Populus euphratica (bahan), Tamarix aphylla, Tamarix dioca (Lai) and Prosopis cineraria (Kandi). Riverine forests are the most productive forests of Sindh; producing wood material for domestic and commercial purposes. Existence of Riverine forests of Sindh is dependent on flooding by the river. They are flooded by the spate of River Indus, on lands and soils over its banks. Floods occur due to the flow of large quantities of water in the river that cannot be accommodated. Both the land configuration and the soils in riverine tract are made by flood waters. The spate was a common summer phenomenon in the past, until such a time that the river water was not diverted and extracted through dams, barrages, head-works and link-canals.

Riverine forests are the mainstay of forestry in Sindh. They provide products and services such as timber, firewood, pit props for mines, forage and browse for livestock; supports biodiversity and game animals. Other non-timber forest products include tannin from bark, gum, honey and even fish from dhands (ponds) and dhoras (depression of old river beds). They act as carbon sinks, moderate climate, stop soil erosion and also protect soils and settlements from the ferocity of flood waters.

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  • 1.5.
  • GIS Map of Nawab Shah Forest

1.6.

Map-01: Nawab shah forest Grids on the GIS Map

Map-02: GIS Map for the Nawab shah forest sites

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Map-03: Nawab shah Reserve Forest Locations for the field work

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2. Methodology (Vegetation Analysis)

Collection: Flowering plants should be collected when they are in the flowering or fruiting stage, it is better if both flowers and fruits are present. Entire plants of herbs and grasses are to be collected. In case of shrubs and trees, take cuttings of the flowering and fruiting shoots. Put the collected specimens in a large polythene bag to prevent drying and put a tag inside the bag giving the name of the locality. Note the date of collection, field number, habit of the plant, flower colour, etc. in a field notebook. Press the plants in the field between newspaper sheets and blotters. Change the blotters daily till the plants are completely dry. Use extra blotters for fleshy plants and change blotters twice a day. Some heat may be applied to facilitate drying. Some plants turn black if they are not dried quickly. Trim large flowers, rhizomes, etc. to make them thin; cut away the thicker branches.

Preservation: For preservation, soak the dried specimens in a solution of ethyl alcohol containing 3% mercuric chloride. Then dry them again. When fully dry, mount each specimen on a herbarium sheet. Use some glue to fix the plant on the sheet. Use scotch tape to fix thick fruit or floral parts. Seeds can be kept in a paper-pocket and pasted on the sheet. Preserve large and fleshy fruits in F.A.A. (90 ml alcohol + 5 ml acetic acid + 5 ml formalin) in glass jars. Herbarium sheet size: 11.5 x 16.5 inches (PMNH Herbarium)

Mounting and Storage: Put a label on the lower right side of the sheet. Write down the name of the plant, family, locality, collectors name, identifiers name and field numbers on the label. After giving an accession number to each sheet put the specimens family-wise in steel almirahs arranging them genus and species-wise alphabetically.

Vegetation Analysis

Phytosociological survey, an important tool of ecology for vegetation assessment to be conducted in Sept. 2017 at Kaghan and Siran valley.

On the basis of Importance Value Index (IVI.), sampled vegetation shall be described into different plant communities. The community within each stand was named with the first three of the species having highest Importance Value Index irrespective of its habit. When two or more species closely approached each other in order of Importance Value, the community shared the names of these dominants. The name of the species with highest I.V appeared first followed by other dominant species. The generic names of the dominant species were used for naming the community.

Quadrate Analysis

For vegetatoinal investigations the quadrate method is the important method if we are studying vegetaion structure in a particular habitat.

Bryophytes & Lichens

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0.5 ×0.5 meters Herbacous flora 1 to 2 ×2 meters Shrubs 5-10 × 10 meters Trees 10-20 × 20 meters

Density.

Number of individuals of a species in a unit area is called density. (Mass per unit volume). Density should not be compared with the similar types of plants. The relative density is referred to as percentage of the individuals of each species that contribute to the total individuals in a community or the area. Density of a species = Total number of individuals of a species in all the quadrates (plots)
Total area of the sample quadrates e.g. sample area = 10 × 10 m, five plots = 500 m2 Relative Density = Number of individuals of a species ×
Total number of individuals of all speceis
100

Frequency

The percentage of the plot, point or quadrate in which a species occur is called the frequency (%). It only tells us the chance of finding a speceis in a sampling area. Relative frequency of a species is a percentage frequency of the total frequency. Frequency (%) = No.of quadrates in which a speceis occur
Total No. Of plots taken
× 100

Cover

Cover is one of the most important attribute in phytosociological studies. It is a ground area occupied by herb, shrub, or tree. Canopy cover is a total ground surface under a canopy of a plant and could be a larger than the actual area sampled due to the overlapping branches of different trees, specially in the stratified forest. For DBH (diameter at breast height) of tree species, diameter measuring tape is used to measure stem girth at 4.5 feet above the ground surface. Each measurement is individually converted into the basal area using the following formula.

Basal area of the tree = π r 2

For example DBH of tree is 25 cm Radius will be 25/2 = 12.5 cm Now basal area of the tree will be 12.5 × 12.5 × 3.1415 = 490.86 cm2 For m2 = 490.85/10000=0.049 m2

  • Average cover of a species =
  • Total basal area of a species
  • × 100

No. Of plants of that particular speceis

  • Relative cover of species= Total cover of all individual of a species
  • × 100

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Total cover of all the speceis

IVI (Importance Value Index)

Density indicates the number of individuals of a species while, frequency shows how these individuals are distributed (pattern of distribution) in a community. If a species is regularly distributed, the frequency value will be high, otherwise, low frequency value be recorded, a species with irregular distribution in a community. Cover tells how much area is occupied by a species. Ecologists use to recognize dominant species of the community on the basis of frequency or density alone. Now scientists give equal weight to all the 3 attributes.

IVI= RF+RD+RC = IVI RF= Relative frequency RD=Relative Density RB/RC= Relative basal area/Relative Cover

Dominance

If a group of speceis has a capacity to control the community due to its high number, large volume or some specific activity is called dominant species. Dominance is considered as a biological structure of community too.

Dominance = basal area or area coverage of a species Area samples Relative Dominance = Dominance of speceis A
Dominance of all species
× 100

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3. Results

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3. Results
3.1. Location-01 Kot Dingano
GPS Data / Coordinates

Location

Kotdngo

  • Coordinates/GPS
  • Altitude

N26 16.339 E67 56.810 N26 16.249 E67 56.697 N26 16.339 E67 56.810 N26 16.441 E67 56.908 N26 16.579 E67 59.636 N26 16.532 E67 59.495 N26 16.488 E67 59.353 N26 16.666 E67 57.975 N26 16.732 E67 57.822 N26 16.697 E67 57.676 N26 15.524 E67 57.284 N26 14.765 E67 57.355 N26 14.884 E67 57.085 N26 14.596 E67 57.116 N26 14.863 E67 57.069
95 ft 95 ft 95 ft 93 ft
Kotdngo Kotdngo Kotdngo Kotdngo Kotdngo Kotdngo Kotdngo Kotdngo Kotdngo Kotdngo Kotdngo Kotdngo Kotdngo Kotdngo
141 ft 131 ft 116 ft 107 ft 116 ft 92 ft 102 ft 99 ft 131 ft 116 ft 116 ft

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Site-01 (Kot Dingano Forest) Transect-01 Table: 01

S.No
1.
Plant Species

Tamarix dioica

  • IVI
  • Community

35.36 Desmostachya-Acacia-Prosopis Community
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

Acacia nilotica Sonchus asper Prosopis cineraria Phyllanthus sp Tamarix aphylla Solanum surratense Solanum nigrum Amaranthus viridis Desmostachya bipinnata Launea procumbens Alhaji mauroram

50.43 14.76 37.82 16.31 26.49 9.2 5.98 11.11 52.99 11.81 10.4

Saccaharum spontaneum  14.19

Vegetation (Transect-01)

In this transect the data describes the equal distribution of the floral diversity including the trees, shrubs and herbs. The maximum plant species with highest IVI is Desmostachya (52.99) with second highest specie is Acacia nilotica with second highest IVI value (50.43) and third highest value of IVI is Prosopis with value of (37.82). The plant species with lowest IVI is Solanum nigrum having the lowest value of 5.98. The sampled area has more herbs including the fair representation of trees and shrubs. The Phyllanthus is the most commonly found shrubs along with Saccharum. The tree species with fair representation is Acacia nilotica. The IVI values of the plant species is mentioned in Table: 01.

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Site-01 (Kot Dingano forest) Transect-02 Table: 02

S.No
1.
Plant Species

Tamarix aphylla

IVI 33.43
Community Populus-Tamarix dioica-Tamarix aphylla community
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Pantanema sp

7.96 18.67 7.16 15.82 20.82 9.51 57.55 23.49 10.99 5.37 15.18 37.74 7.45 2.94 8.06

Desmostachya bipinnata Launea procumbens Cynadon dactylon Saccharum spontaneum Salix sp Populus euphratica Phyla nodiflora
10. Solanum surratense 11. Sonchus asper 12. Alhaji mauroram 13. Tamarix dioica 14. Calotropis procera 15. Citrullus colocynthis 16. Cyperus sp 17. Aerva javanica 18. Acacia nilotica

6.36 11.15

Vegetation (Transect-02)

In this transect the data describes the equal distribution of the floral diversity including the trees, shrubs and herbs. The maximum plant species with highest IVI is tree species Populus euphratica having the IVI value (57.55) with second highest specie is Tamarix dioica with second highest IVI value (37.74) and third highest value of IVI is Tamarix aphylla with value of (33.43). The plant species with lowest IVI is Citrullus colocynthis having the lowest value of 2.94. The sampled area has more herbs including the fair representation of trees and shrubs. The Tamarix aphylla and Saccharum spontaneum are the most commonly found shrubs in the sampled area. The tree species with fair representation is Populus euphratica and Tamarix dioica. The IVI value of all the species is mentioned in the Table: 02.

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Site-01 (Kot Dingano forest) Transect-03

Table: 03 S.No

1.

Plant Species

Prosopis cineraria

  • IVI
  • Community

84.32 Prosopis-Cynadon-Desmostachya
Community
20.29 4.85
2. 3.

Tamarix dioica Sonchus asper

4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

Cynadon dactylon Launea procumbens Phyla nodiflora Desmostachya bipinnata Polygonum plebium Euphorbia prostrate Tribulus terestris Phyllanthus sp

34.54 6.3 20.36 31.36 12.83 6.75 4.56 13.71 10.94 9.03 11.48 4.48

Acacia nilotica Solanum surratense Alhaji maurorom Eclipta alba Heliotropium sp Cyperus sp

13.23 10.64

Vegetation (Transect-03)

In this transect the data describes the equal distribution of the floral diversity including the trees, shrubs and herbs. The maximum plant species with highest IVI is the plant species Prosopis cineraria having the IVI value (84.32) with second highest specie is Cynadon dactylon with second highest IVI value (34.54) and third highest value of IVI is Desmostachya bipinnata with value of (31.36). The plant species with lowest IVI is Tribulus terestris having the lowest value of IVI i.e. (4.56). The sampled area has fair representation of trees, shrubs. The Tamarix dioica, Acacia nilotica and Prosopis cineraria are the commonly found tree species. Phyllanthus sp is the most commonly found shrubs in the sampled area. The herbs commonly found are Cynadon, Polygonum plebium, Desmostachya, and Phyla nodiflora. The IVI value of the plant species is mentioned in the table: 03.

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Site-01 (Kot Dingano forest) Transect-04

Table: 04

S.No
1.
Plant Species

Tamarix dioica

  • IVI
  • Community

50.13 Zizyphus-Tamarix-Desmostachya
Community
10.77 24.78 29.6 23.13
2. 3. 4. 5.

Prosopis cineraria Saccharum spontenaum Desmostachya bipinnata Acacia nilotica

6.

Phayllanthus sp

10.72
7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

Cynadon dactylon Zizyphus Mauritania Alhaji mauroram Chenopodium sp Calotropis procera Amaranthus viridis Heliotropium sp

20.52 59.41 10.89 14.76 4.72 11.79 11.81 6.83

Capparis deciduas Solanum surratense

10.1

Vegetation (Transect-04)

In this transect the data describes the equal distribution of the floral diversity including the trees, shrubs and herbs. The maximum plant species with highest IVI is the plant species Zizyphus Mauritania having the IVI value (59.41) with second highest specie is Tamarix dioica with second highest IVI value (50.13) and third highest value of IVI is Desmostachya bipinnata with value of (29.6). The plant species with lowest IVI is Calotropis procera having the lowest value of IVI i.e. (4.72). The sampled area has fair representation of trees, shrubs. The Tamarix dioica, Acacia nilotica and Prosopis cineraria are the commonly found tree species. Phyllanthus sp and Calotropis sp are the most commonly found shrubs in the sampled area. The herbs commonly found are Cynadon, Alhaji mauroram, Chenopodium, Amaranthus and Heliotropium sp. The IVI value of the plant species is given in the Table: 04

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3.2. Location-02 Lakhat Forest
GPS Data / Coordinates

GPS Points (Lakhat Forest)

  • Location
  • Coordinates/GPS
  • Altitude

Lakhat Lakhat
N26 15.153 E68 01.605 N26 14.977 E68 01.832
127 ft 127 ft

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Site-2 (Lakhat Forest) Transect-01

Table-05

S.No
1.
Plant Species

Imperata cylindrica

  • IVI
  • Community

31.73 Zizyphus-Imperata-Melilotus
Community
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Anagalis arvensis Desmostachya bipinnata Melilotus indica Alhaji mauroram Carthamus oxycantha Chenopodium sp Sonchus asper

12.96 14.22 22.86 9.19 9.34 9.19 10.9
9.

Polygonum plebium Solanum nigrum Phlaris minor Zizyphus mauritania Acacia nilotica Launea procumbens Aerva javanica Citrullus colocynthis Calotropis sp

12.88

  • 7.13
  • 10.

11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.
21.88 92.83 11.23 10.98 9.19 7.13 6.3

Vegetation (Transect-01)

In this transect the data describes the equal distribution of the floral diversity including the trees, shrubs and herbs. The maximum plant species with highest IVI is the plant species is Zizyphus mauritania having the IVI value (92.83) with second highest specie is Imperata cylindrica with second highest IVI value (31.73) and third highest value of IVI is Melilotus indica with value of (22.86).

The plant species with lowest IVI is Calotropis sp having the lowest value of IVI i.e. (6.3). The sampled area has fair representation of trees, shrubs. The Zizyphus Mauritania and Acacia nilotica are the commonly found tree species. Calotropis sp is the most commonly found shrubs in the sampled area. The herbs commonly found are Melilotus indica, Lzunea procumbens, Polygonum plebium, Phlaris minor,Imperata cylindrica, Citrullus colocynthis and Sonchus asper The IVI value of the plant species is given in the Table: 05

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Site-2 (Lakhat Forest) Transect-02

Table-06

S.No
1.
Plant Species

Euphorbia hirta

IVI 4.46
Community Acacia-Alhaji-Carthamus Community
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

Solanum surratense Aerva javanica Amaranthus viridis Cynadon dactylon Euhorbia prostrata Cyperus sp

11.33 11.56 5.93 15.11 14.33 18.55 93.29 40.9 26.78 26.55 11.33 5.7

Acacia nilotica Alhaji mauroram Carthamus oxycantha Phlaris minor Heliotropium sp Citrullus colocynthis Convolvulus arvensis Melilotus sp

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    Keesing's Record of World Events (formerly Keesing's Contemporary Archives), Volume 7, June, 1961 Pakistan, Afghanistan, Pakistani, Afghan, Page 18172 © 1931-2006 Keesing's Worldwide, LLC - All Rights Reserved. Jun 1961 - “Pakhtoonistan” Dispute. - Military Operations in Frontier Areas. - Pakistani Allegations of Afghan Incursions. Fighting occurred in the Bajaur area of the Pakistani frontier with Afghanistan (north of the Khyber Pass) in September 1960 and again in May 1961. The Pakistani Government announced that it had repelled Afghan incursions on its territory allegedly carried out with the support of the Afghan Army, while the Afghan Government alleged that the Pakistani armed forces were engaged in operations against discontented Pathan tribesmen. Relations between Pakistan and Afghanistan have been strained for a number of years as a result of Afghanistan's demands for the establishment of an independent Pathan State of “Pakhtoonistan” or “Pushtunistan.” Diplomatic relations between the two countries were broken off in 1955 but resumed in September 1957; King Zahir Shah visited Karachi in February 1958, and an agreement on the improvement of transit facilities for Afghan goods through Pakistan was signed on May 29, 1958. In the later months of 1959, however, relations again deteriorated; the Pakistani Government protested in September of that year against broadcast speeches by King Zahir Shah and Sardar Mohammed Daud Khan (the Afghan Premier) reaffirming Afghanistan's support for the establishment of “Pakhtoonistan,” and on Nov. 23, 1959, made a further protest against unauthorized flights overPakistani territory by aircraft believed to have come from bases in Afghanistan. The Afghan Foreign Minister, Sardar Mohammed Naim, visited Rawalpindi on Jan.
  • 1 Hyderabad Municipal Survey Index to CHADARGHAT and RESIDENCY AREA

    1 Hyderabad Municipal Survey Index to CHADARGHAT and RESIDENCY AREA

    1 Hyderabad Municipal Survey Index to CHADARGHAT AND RESIDENCY AREA (Leonard Munn 1911-13). Area 9, 1- 64 (missing 13, 17, 21, 32, 37, 38, 39, 40, 45, 47, 53, 56, 60, 61, 62, 63) Compiled by Arvin Mathur and Karen Leonard, 2015 Details below, names and features on each map; [ ] =title on index; QS=Qutb Shahi 1 [Khusrau Manzil] Nawab Zafar Jang; Nawab Zafar Jang Br. (gdn); Dewal; Dewal; Dewal; Dewal; Habibnagar Road; Bihari Lal (gdn); Bihari Lal Dewal; Dewal Hanuman; Darmsala; Samadh; Baoli; Bagh Hanuman (gdn); Regtl. Stores; Tennis court; Second Infantry Guard Street; Khusrau Manzil; Raja Tej Rao; Mukarrab Jang Tank Street; Quarter Guard; Bell of Arms Right Wing; Bell of Arms Left Wing; Orderly Room 2 [A.C.G. Barracks] Masan (gdn); Bihari Lal (gdn); Baoli; Nawab Akbar Jang Br. (gdn); Hockey Ground; Stables; Stables; Quarter Guard; Baoli; Magazine; Tennis Court; Tennis Court 3 [Town Hall/Public Gardens] Town Hall; Animals; Baoli; Office of the Superintendent; Stores; Tennis Court; Tennis Court; Brigade Office Lane; Police station; Muhammad Hassan-ud-Din Khan; Nala; Clock Tower; Tennis Court; Public Gardens Gate Road 4 [Fateh Maidan] Nawab Hussain Dost Khan; baoli; Brigade Office Lane; Moti Lal Sahu (gdn); Dewal; Brigade Office; Divisional Office; Band School; Officers’ Mess H. H. The Nizam’s Regular Troops; Bashir Bagh Road; Fateh Maidan; Police Station 5 [ ] Takya; Fakhr-ul-Mulk Br. (gdn); Baoli; Masan; Baoli; Baoli; Reservoir; Rai Murli Dhar Br.; Baoli; Bishangir Gosa-in; baoli; Dewal Mata; Reservoir; baoli; reservoir; reservoir 6 [Phul Bagh] Rai Murli Dhar Br.; Baoli; Dhobi Ghat; reservoir; Ramkaran Sahu (gdn); Masan; Baoli; Baoli 7 [Narayangura] Dhobi Ghat; reservoir; baoli; baoli; Karim-ud-din Sahib (gdn) 8 [Distillery] Baoli; Ghiyas-ud-din Sahib; Nala Basharat; Kakku Raja; Ghiyas-ud-din Sahib (gdn); Bhagwan Das (gdn); Askar Jang Br.
  • A Political Scenario of Kahror Pacca: 1988 – 1999

    A Political Scenario of Kahror Pacca: 1988 – 1999

    A POLITICAL SCENARIO OF KAHROR PACCA: 1988 – 1999 Research Thesis for M.Phil History Session 2011-2013 Researcher: Supervisor Ahmad Ali Dr. AFtab Hussain Gillani Roll No. 08 Assistant Professor History Department The Islamia University of Bahawalpur v INDEX Serial. No. Content Page No. Chapter: 1 Significance of Kahror Pacca 1-32 1 Etymology 2 2 Historical significance of Kahror Pacca 3 3 Egyptian period and history of Kahror Pacca 4 4 Sikandar-e-Azam and Kahror 4 5 Kahror in Bikarmajeet era 4 6 Hun family and Kahror 5 7 Regime of Raja Chuch and Kahror 6 8 Arrival of Mohammad bin Qasim in Lodhran (Kahror) 7 9 Reign of Salateen and situation of Kahror Pacca 9 10 Ibne Batuta and Kahror Pacca 10 11 Kahror Pacca in the Regime of Langah family 11 12 Sher Shas’s rule and Kahror 13 13 Mughal empire and Kahror Pacca 14 14 Natural Kingdom Bahawalpur and Kahror Pacca 17 15 Sikh Govt. and status of Kahror Pacca 18 16 British period and standing of Kahror Pacca 19 17 Geographical significance of Kahror Pacca 21 18 Cultural significance of Kahror Pacca 24 19 Economic significance of Kahror Pacca 24 20 Educational and Religious significance of Kahror Pacca 25 21 Mandar Gosaeenlal Das 29 22 Mandar Sanatan Dharam 29 23 Joge Maya temple 30 24 Ranchor temple 30 25 Political significance of Kahror Pacca 30 26 Notable political personalities 31 Chapter: 2 Political parties and families of Kahror Pacca 33-100 27 What is political party? 33 28 Political parties of Kahror Pacca 35 vi Serial.
  • Cultural Geography of the Jats of the Upper Doab, India. Anath Bandhu Mukerji Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College

    Cultural Geography of the Jats of the Upper Doab, India. Anath Bandhu Mukerji Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College

    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1960 Cultural Geography of the Jats of the Upper Doab, India. Anath Bandhu Mukerji Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Mukerji, Anath Bandhu, "Cultural Geography of the Jats of the Upper Doab, India." (1960). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 598. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/598 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE JATS OF THE UPPER DQAB, INDIA A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Geography and Anthropology by Anath Bandhu Muker ji B.A. Allahabad University, 1949 M.A. Allahabad University, 1951 June, I960 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Individual acknowledgement to many persons who have, di­ rectly or indirectly, helped the writer in India and in United States is not possible; although the writer sincerely desires to make it. The idea of a human geography of the Jats as proposed by the writer was strongly supported at the very beginning by Dr. G. R. Gayre, formerly Professor of Anthropo-Geography at the University of Saugor, M. P. , India. In the preparation of the preliminary syn­ opsis and initial thinking on the subject able guidance was constantly given by Dr.
  • Floristic Inventory of Pai Forest, Nawab Shah, Sindh, Pakistan

    Floristic Inventory of Pai Forest, Nawab Shah, Sindh, Pakistan

    Pak. J. Bot., 42(4): 2215-2224, 2010. FLORISTIC INVENTORY OF PAI FOREST, NAWAB SHAH, SINDH, PAKISTAN RAHMATULLAH QURESHI* AND G.R. BHATTI Department of Botany, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Murree Road, Rawalpindi. Pakistan Department of Botany, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur, Pakistan *Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The main objective of this study was to record the existing floral diversity of Pai forest, Nawab Shah, Sindh, Pakistan. For this purpose, field surveys were conducted in September, 2006 and March, 2009. A total of 93 plant species belonging to 67 genera and 30 families were identified. Poaceae was the largest family that contributed 14 species (15.05%), followed by Amaranthaceae with 7 species (7.53%), Capparidaceae and Tiliaceae with 5 spp., (5.38% each); while 7 families contributed 4 species (4.30%). The most common life form class of the existing flora was Phanerophyte with the large number of species (37), followed by Therophyte (33), Chaemophytes (12), Hemicryptophyte (6) and Cryptophyte (3). The anthropogenic activities coupled with irrigation water deficit and allelopathic behavior of alien species (Prosopis juliflora) led to decline the natural ecosystem of this plantation. Introduction The Sindh province owns 0.241 million hectares of riverine forests, which are about 1.7 percent of the total land cover of the province (Anon., 2009). Talpur/Mirs ruled in Sindh till 1947, who maintained all the well-stocked forests as game reserves in the province. During their ruling, the elicit cutting of trees in all such forests was banned. Delineation and establishment of natural reserves and protected forests was started in 1823 and continued till 1972.
  • Stratification and Role of the Elite Muslim Women in the State of Awadh, 1742-1857

    Stratification and Role of the Elite Muslim Women in the State of Awadh, 1742-1857

    Athens Journal of History - Volume 7, Issue 4, October 2021 – Pages 269-294 Stratification and Role of the Elite Muslim Women in the State of Awadh, 1742-1857 By Naumana Kiran This paper focuses on stratification and role of the elite Muslim women in the State of Awadh during the second-half of the eighteenth, and first-half of nineteenth century India. It evaluates the categorization of women associated with the court and the division of political and domestic power among them. It also seeks their economic resources and their contribution in fields of art and architecture. The study finds that the first category of royal women of Awadh, including queen mothers and chief wives, enjoyed a powerful position in the state-matters unlike many other states of the time in India. Besides a high cadre of royal ladies, three more cadres of royal women existed in Awadh’s court with multiple ratios of power and economic resources. Elite women’s input and backing to various genres of art, language and culture resulted in growth of Urdu poetry, prose, drama and music in addition to religious architecture. The paper has been produced on the basis of primary and secondary sources. It includes the historical accounts, written by contemporary historians as well as cultural writings, produced by poets and literary figures of the time, besides letters and other writings of the rulers of Awadh. The writings produced by the British travelers, used in this paper, have further provided an insightful picture and a distinctive perspective. Introduction The study of Muslim women of Awadh, like women of all other areas of India during the 18th and 19th centuries, is a marginalized theme of study in historiography of India.
  • Preliminary Floristic List of Chotiari Wetland Complex, Nawab Shah, Sindh, Pakistan

    Preliminary Floristic List of Chotiari Wetland Complex, Nawab Shah, Sindh, Pakistan

    Pak. J. Bot., 40(6): 2281-2288, 2008. PRELIMINARY FLORISTIC LIST OF CHOTIARI WETLAND COMPLEX, NAWAB SHAH, SINDH, PAKISTAN RAHMATULLAH QURESHI Department of Botany, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Murree Road, Rawalpindi. Pakistan. Tel. +9251-9290093; +92300-6730496 Abstract The goal of this study is to provide the existing botanical inventory of the area under study. A preliminary floristic survey was conducted in the month of September, 2006 for the record of plant biodiversity of Chotiari Wetland Complex. So far 120 plant species belonging to 84 genera and 39 families were identified. Of them, 22 grasses (Poaceae family) have been identified. Besides, one pteridophyte and one gymnospermic species were also discovered. The major plant families that contributed in the formation of vegetation in the area in question were Poaceae (18.33%), Fabaceae (8.33%), Capparidaceae and Solanaceae (5% each). The floristic checklist of species is provided in this paper. Introduction Chotiari wetland complex lies in the province of Sindh, on western flanks of Anchor Thar desert (white sandy desert) at about 30 - 35 km northeast of Sanghar Town. The reservoir occupies an area of about 18,000 hectares and has water storage capacity of 0.75 million acre feet (MAF) flooding an area of approximately 160 km2. The climate of this area is of tropical to subtropical type. The hottest months are May and June when average maximum daily temperature exceeds 40°C. The coolest months are December to February, when the maximum daily temperatures range from 25 to 30°C. Rainfall is sparse and erratic and is most frequent between July and August when it averages 40 mm monthly.