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Bruno Taut, Weltanschauung and the Concept of Dwelling

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Bruno Taut, Weltanschauung and the Concept of Dwelling BRUNO TAUT, WELTANSCHAUUNG AND THE CONCEPT OF DWELLING A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE OF BILKENT UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ARCHITECTURE By Nur Yıldız Kılınçer April 2021 BRUNO TAUT, WELTANSCHAUUNG AND THE CONCEPT OF DWELLING By Nur Yıldız Kılınçer April 2021 We certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, asa thesis for the degree of Master of Science. Giorgio Gasco (Advisor) Bülent Baturnan Esin Boyacıoğlu Approved for the Graduate School of Engineering and Science: Ezhan Karasan Directac af tbe Gcaduate Scbaol ABSTRACT BRUNO TAUT, WELTANSCHAUUNG AND THE CONCEPT OF DWELLING Nur Yıldız Kılınçer M.S. in Architecture Advisor: Giorgio Gasco April 2021 Among the building types that concern Bruno Taut, dwelling (Wohnung) is one of the most important. Therefore, it is inevitable to consider dwelling (Wohnung) in a distinct category from Taut's other architectural creations. On the one hand, dwelling is a design field of the architect that turns into a manifesto in which architect reflects his own stance and conviction. On the other hand, in the philosophical context, dwelling becomes the mental locus where existence of individual expands. In other words, within the cosmic environment, dwelling is not only a way of locating and inhabiting in the universe, but also a basis for evaluating life and understanding the world. With the intention of creating a theoretical framework in such a perspective, this research explains the importance of having a reference to a particular philosophical thinking, Weltanschauung, in development of the dwelling and in the elaboration of the architectural discourse of Taut. The concept of Weltanschauung has indications which particularly allows this research to understand Taut’s ideas and architectural works. The aim of this thesis is to reread and reorganize the discussion about Taut and his concept of dwelling that is illuminated under the Weltanschauung. Keywords: Bruno Taut, domestic architecture, Japanese architecture, Turkish architecture, German architecture, dwelling, Weltanschauung. iii ÖZET BRUNO TAUT, WELTANSCHAUUNG VE MESKEN Nur Yıldız Kılınçer Mimarlık, Yüksek Lisans Tez Danışmanı: Giorgio Gasco Nisan 2021 Bruno Taut'u ilgilendiren yapı türleri arasında mesken (Wohnung) en önemlilerinden biridir. Bu nedenle meskeni (Wohnung) Taut'un diğer mimari eserlerinden ayrı bir kategoride ele almak kaçınılmazdır. Mesken, bir yandan mimarın kendi duruşunu ve inancını yansıttığı bir manifestoya dönüşen bir tasarım alanıdır. Öte yandan, felsefi bağlamda mesken, bireyin varlığının genişlediği zihinsel mekân haline gelir. Başka bir deyişle, kozmik çevre içinde ikamet etmek, yalnızca evrende bir yer bulmanın ve yaşamanın bir yolu değil, aynı zamanda yaşamı değerlendirmek ve dünyayı anlamak için bir temeldir. Böyle bir perspektifte teorik bir çerçeve oluşturma niyetiyle, bu araştırma, meskenin geliştirilmesinde ve Taut'un mimari söyleminin detaylandırılmasında belirli bir felsefi düşünceye, Weltanschauung'a atıfta bulunulmasının önemini açıklamaktadır. Weltanschauung kavramı, özellikle bu araştırmanın, Taut’un fikirlerinin ve mimari çalışmalarının anlaşılmasına izin veren belirtilere sahiptir. Bu tezin amacı, Taut ve onun mesken kavramına ilişkin Weltanschauung başlığı altında aydınlanan tartışmayı yeniden okumak ve yeniden düzenlemektir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Bruno Taut, ev mimarisi, Japon mimarisi, Türk mimarisi, Alman mimarisi, mesken, Weltanschauung. iv To my Kadir, for his endless love, support and encouragement v ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all, I owe special thanks to my advisor Giorgio Gasco who guided and encouraged me throughout the preparation of this thesis. I would especially like to thank for his invaluable advices and inspiring discussions from the beginning until the end of this thesis. Secondly my grateful thanks to Esin Boyacıoğlu and Bülent Batuman for guiding me with their strong comments and valuable critics. I would like to sincerely thank Manfred Speidel, who kindly accepted my meeting request and generously shared his valuable time and experiences on Taut. Especially, the suggestions he gave, I have maintained the enthusiasm throughout this study. Also, my deepest gratitude to Junichiro Kawazoe for his teaching of both vernacular and modern Japanese architecture. I am most indebted to my Japanese and German teachers, through their efforts over the years, I reached the language level that I can do the research for this thesis today. I am also grateful to my mother Selma Akçayır and to my father Zafer Kılınçer for their support for my education. Lastly, my Kadir Kayalı was always been right next to me with his infinite love and care. He saved me from many moments of panic than I can count and his support is shown on the pages. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT............................................................................................................................iii ÖZ............................................................................................................................................iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT......................................................................................................v LIST OF FIGURES.............................................................................................................viii 1 INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................1 1.1 Taut’s Weltanschauung and the Concept of Dwelling.........................................10 1.2 The Development of Exile...................................................................................15 2 THE DISCOURSE ON THE CONCEPT OF DWELLING.......................................21 2.1 The Roots of Modern Dwelling in Germany.......................................................23 2.2 Taut, Dwelling and Weltanschauung..................................................................41 2.3 The New Dwelling in the 1920s..........................................................................54 2.3.1 A Metaphor of Idealwohnung....................................................................63 2.3.2 Dahlewitz: Manifesto of Idealwohnung....................................................64 3 THINKING ON JAPAN................................................................................................67 3.1 Thinking on Japanese Architecture and Japanese Houses...................................67 3.1.1 Role of Taut’s Architectural Discourse on the Modernity of Japan..........69 3.1.2 Honmono vs. Ikamono...............................................................................76 3.1.3 Katsura and Ise through Taut’s Eyes.........................................................77 3.1.4 Traditional Japanese Houses and Farmhouse............................................86 vii 4 THE DISCOURSE OF TAUT BETWEEN JAPAN AND TURKEY........................94 4.1 Thinking on Turkish Architecture and Vernacular Turkish Houses....................94 4.1.1 First Impressions........................................................................................95 4.1.2 Turkish Mosque and Vernacular Turkish House.......................................99 4.2 The legacy of Traditional and Vernacular Aspects in the Discourse of Taut Between Japan and Turkey.........................................................................................105 4.2.1 Japanese and Ottoman Interiors...........................................................105 4.2.2 Japanese Cosmic Spirit, Asymmetry and Holistic Approach in Turkey................................................................................................................110 5 FROM THINKING TO PRACTICE.........................................................................115 5.1 Tip ve Sıra Evler......................................................................................................119 5.2 Ortaköy House........................................................................................................122 6 CONCLUSION............................................................................................................130 BIBLIOGRAPHY...............................................................................................................155 viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 A social housing estate, Taut’s Hufeisensiedlung (1925-1930) in Berlin-Britz, has an open plan due to the central horseshoe-shaped building. Figure 2 The example of “Außenwohnraum” (outdoor living room) in Taut's Hufeisensiedlung project. Figure 3 The streets designed by Taut has rich vistas instead of monotonous perspective images. Taut's Hufeisensiedlung. Figure 4 “Kristalhaus in den Bergen”. Taut painted Scheerbart’s infinite imagination and created a work beyond the time, Alpine Architektur, in 1919. Figure 5 Sacred buildings born of religion, faith and deity. These buildings rule the life around them and become city's crown. Figure 6 Gartenstadt Falkenberg (1913-1916) project, it is seen that the campus is located in the suburban area. Figure 7 The city crown in the center is a group of buildings that are satisfying in terms of artistic and entertainment, including social goals. Mortal reality surrounds the crystal that represents the cosmic feelings at the top. Figure 8 “ANDERE LEBENSINHALTE ERZEUGEN ANDERE LEBENSFORMEN”. Taut describes the box with a single living space whose shape changes
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