Appendices Appendix 1

APPENDICES APPENDIX 1. SOURCES AND METHODS FOR THE SETTLEMENT MAP The median figures represented on the map refer to total agricultural population. The discrimination of agricultural and non-agricultural population is available in the local detail of the census materials only from Hungary and Eastern Germany. In all other countries, the medians for total rural population have been reduced proporticinately to the ratio between rural and agricultural population. This procedure risks to some extent to over-estirnate the size of agricultural villages, but this is largely compensated by the fact that agglomera tions of an urban character, where the majority of the population belongs to non-agricultural occupations, are not inc1uded in the area for which the com putation is made. The "agrotowns" in some Southern areas are on the other hand inc1uded among the agricultural settlement. The results thus obtained are, of course, reliable mainly in their broad features, and details should be read with caution. For the calculations here presented, administrative subdivisions have been followed. For reasons obvious in connection with a survey like this one, the administrative units are generally on the provinciallevel, and sometimes even larger subdivisions have had to be accepted as basis. It has not been possible to make the distribution to correspond with homogeneous geographical regions. Contrasts occurring at short distances are therefore largely hidden. In many instances it might have been desirable to calculate more fractiles, e.g, quartiles. In regions where the settlement consists of a combination of large rural centers and scattered farms, the median values may represent a size of village which is of rare occurrence. It would however not have been possible to represent further detail on map. Whether the median size of village is in practice frequent or not, the median size at any rate represents the average situation as regards the distance factor and related factors, In the following, details of methods used and results found are given for each country, listed in alphabetical order, ALBANIA. A population census was taken in 1930 but never published (cf South-Eastern Europe.A political and economic suruey, ed . by The Royal Institute of International Affairs, London 1939). M. Urban, Die Siedlungen Südalbaniens (Öhringen 1938), has analyzed the data ofthis census with regard to the southern half of the country. There were in this part 1,636 localities, out of which 300 had less than 100 inhabitants each, 1,063 had between 100 and 500,208 between 500 and 1,000, 60 between 1,000 and 5,000, and 5 over 5,000 inhabitants. I( the latter five are reckoned as urban settlement, then the median among the rest will fall close to 500. But according to the quoted author, pp 95 sqq and 107, many of these localities were not nuc1eated but were distriets with scattered settlement. It is therefore certain that the median should have been below 400. On the other hand, the part played by nuc1eated villages in many parts of the area makes it unlikely that the median were under 200. The category 2~00 was therefore inserted on the map. The analogy with neighbouring parts of Greece and Yugoslavia allowed the same category to be interpolated for 't he northern part of Albania as weil. SOURCES AND METHODS FOR THE SETTLEMENT MAP 357 The low quotient ofagriculturalland per man working in agriculture indicates that the Albanian villages cannot be very large, as measured in cultivated area. When rough grazings and waste mountain land are included, some of them may cover a considerable area. AUSTRIA. The main sources are the Volkszdhlungsergebnisse 1951 (Wien 1952), and Verwaltungsatlas auf statistischer Grundlage (Wien 1952). Medians were calculated for each of some 80 "polit ische Bezirke". In the following, indication is given of the maxima and minima between which these medians range in each of the "Bundesländer". To these are added calculated values for the extension of village territories, both in all land put to agricultural use and in arable land. It has also seemed interesting to add the figures for average size of "ortschafte n" according to the population census of 1900 (Die Ergebnisse der Volkszählung vom 31 Dezember 1900 • .. Wien 1902--{)3, H . 2). Although the concept is different and also includes the towns, a certain resemblance can be traced with the medians from 1950. Median of viIlage sizein 19SO Average sise of Bundesland - "Ortschaft" in In agriculturaJ In land put to 1900 population Iagricultural use I In arable land Niederö5teneich • 125- ..SO 500-1 ,500 300-1,100 765 Oberösterreich .• Under 100 300 Under 100 133 Steiermark .•• 150- 400 500-1,200 300- 800 354 Kärnten 100- ISO 700 300 128 Sahburg •••• 100- 200 ~2,OOO "00-1,000 2S5 Tirol, Vorarlberg 100- 400 1,2OQ-7,OOO 700-2,500 427 Burgenland .•• 350-I,ISO ~1,700 500-1,200 Cf also A. Klaar, "Die Siedlungslandschaften Niederösterreichs", A ujbau (Wien) 1949, pp 178-188. BELGIUM. The main source used is the 1931 population census, Recensement ghlbal au 31 decembre 1931, T. 1 and 5. The census gives data only for communi ties, not for individual settlements. Approximate medians for size of village have been calculated by combining the census data with the indications on the general character of the settlement in each region contained in M. A. Lefevre, L 'habitat rural MI Belgique (Li~ge 1926). Medlans of viIlage size 1'roviD<r in agriculturaJ in agriculturaJ in total area populatioa area (heetares) (bectares) Antwerpen 300 400 900 Brabant. •••• 300 400 600 West-VIaanderen. Under 100 Under 100 About 100 Oost-VIaanderen • Under 100 Under 100 About 100 Haln.aut•• . 100 300 4SO Li~e •••. 100 300 5SO Limburg 300 4SO 900 Lu:rembourg 125 475 900 Namur •• • 100 450 900 The area figures are based on the 1950 census of agriculture, Recensement ghlbal de l'agriculture 1950, in the preliminary results issued in November 1950, and Annuaire de statistique 72, 1952. 358 APPENDIX 1 BULGARlA. The main source is the Recensemeni de la population 1934 (Sofia 1935). Total rural population was about 4.8 million and the agricultural popula t ion about 4.4 mill ion. The medians for rural population could thus be reduced by about one-tenth to approach medians for agricultural population. For the then existing seven districts (oblast), the following medians were found. Bmgaz. 1,000 Sofia . .• • 950 Vratza 2,200 Stara-Zagora 950 Pkmiiv 1,550 Sbumen ..• 1,350 PIeven 1,400 For southern Dobrudsha, recent census returns are lacking. For this area, therefore, the same category was adopted, by interpolation, as in the sur rounding regions of both Bulgaria and Rumania. On the map, also the districts of Sofia and Stara-Zagora are represented by the category 1000-2000, because they are so elose to it that it seemed safer to adopt only one representation for the whole of Bulgaria except Vratza. According to the statistical yearbooks from the early forties, the quotient of agricultural land was very elose to 1 hectare per person of the agricultural population. Tb.e size of median villages may thus be assumed to be of a similar magnitude 'in hectares as in inhabitants. Interesting information on a somewhat earlier stage of development can be drawn from the Sta üstique de la propriete fone iere pendent l'annee 1908, Vol. 2, (Sofiia 1920). Already then, most of the Bulgarian villages ineluded more than 50 holdings and many had .more than 100 or even 200 holdings, and thousands of hectares of cultivated land. Small hamlets are also registered separately but were of small importance. CZECHOSLOVAKIA. The main source for population data has been the census of 1930, Recensement de la population de la rtpublique tchecoslouaque, effeclue le ter decembre 1930, T . 1, (Prague 1934), 2 :2 (Ibid. 1935) . For the Western provinces, medians drawn from this source can be compared to average size of "Ortschaft" in the Austrian census of 1900, as in Austria. Area figures were taken from the statistical yearbook of Czechoslovakia for the year 1938. Median of Total village Arable land Average size of Part of the country agricultural area eorre per village, "Ortschaft" population sponding Id . 1900 tbereto ~ .. 00 00 00 1 285 850 430 500 Konvia-Silesia . • 420 1,100 600 800 Slovakia . • . • 725 1,875 700 For the country as a whole, the result has had to be generalized on these main parts only. For Slovakia, it can be checked on the basis of small districts, from two sources. One is the Lexikon obc! Slovenskoj republiky (Bratislava 1942), the other the Recensement de la population, de la propiete foneiere el du cheptel, en 1938, dans la zone N erd recouvree ... (F-,]blications statistiques hongroises, N.S. , Vol. 108, Budapest 1939). The result obtained from these two sources, with a somewhat different procedure, gave essentially the same picture of the settlement structure and one which is weIl in accordance with the generalization for the whole of Slovakia that was found according to the first source used for the entire republic. Seealso A. Prokeä, " Ueberkommene Siedlungsformen", Die sozialökonomische Struktur der Landwirtschaft in der Tschechoslotoakei, red. V. BrdlIk (Berlin 1938). pp 53-86. DENMARK. The weH known fact that Danish agricultural settlement in modem time has essentially the form ofisolated farmsteads can easily be studied on the ordnance survey map. Cf also, for instance, K. Skovgaard, in FAO Agricullural Studies, 11 (Rome 1950). p . 50. SOURCES AND METHODS FOR THE SETTLEMENT MAP 359 ESTONIA. As weIl as in the other Baltic countries, agricultural settlement in Estonia became to a great extent re-grouped into isolated farmsteads in connection with the land reforrn in the twenties.

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