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Foliar Applications of Bio-Fabricated Selenium Nanoparticles to Improve

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Foliar Applications of Bio-Fabricated Selenium Nanoparticles to Improve Green Processing and Synthesis 2020; 9: 706–714 Research Article Muhammad Ikram, Naveed Iqbal Raja*, Bilal Javed*, Zia-ur-Rehman Mashwani, Mubashir Hussain, Mujahid Hussain, Maria Ehsan, Noman Rafique, Khafsa Malik, Tahira Sultana, and Abida Akram Foliar applications of bio-fabricated selenium nanoparticles to improve the growth of wheat plants under drought stress https://doi.org/10.1515/gps-2020-0067 parameters decreased gradually at higher concentrations received August 27, 2020; accepted October 22, 2020 (40 mg/L) in both selected wheat varieties. Therefore, - Abstract: The present study was aimed to biosynthesize 30 mg/L concentration of SeNPs was found most prefer selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) and assess their foliar able to enhance the growth of selected wheat varieties - fi applications to improve the growth of wheat plants under under normal and water de cient conditions. controlled irrigation and drought stress. Bud aqueous Keywords: morphological parameters, drought stress, con- extract of Allium sativum L. was used as a reducing and trolled irrigation, foliar applications, selenium nanoparticles stabilizing agent of SeNPs followed by their optical and morphological characterization by using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier- transform infrared, and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. 1 Introduction Various concentrations of SeNPs (10, 20, 30, and 40 mg/L) were applied exogenously to drought-tolerant (V1) and Good agriculture practices of an area help economic fl drought-susceptible (V2) wheat varieties at the trifoliate growth, ensure food security, reduce in ation, and stage. Under the positive control conditions, plants were improve the livelihood of farmers and the associated irrigated with 450 mL of water/pot (100% field capacity); people. Poor agriculture practices include wrong seed - - and under water-deficit environment, plants were irri- selection and the use of low grade pesticides and fertili ff gated with 160 mL of water/pot (35% field capacity). zers along with drastic environmental conditions, a ecting [ ] Remarkable increase in plant height, shoot length, shoot crop production and yield greatly 1,2 . Drought is an ff fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root length, root fresh abiotic stress that a ects crops worldwide. Drought is ff weight, root dry weight, leaf area, leaf number, and leaf considered a main cause to a ect the crop yield and grain length has been observed when 30 mg/L concentration quality and results in the accumulation of various heavy of SeNPs was used. However, the plant morphological metals into plant bodies that make them unusable for humans and cause various health issues [3–5]. The other drastic abiotic environmental factors include extreme * Corresponding author: Naveed Iqbal Raja, Department of Botany, salinity, severe water-deficit soil, and harsh temperature PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Punjab 46300, that adversely affect the development and growth of the Pakistan, e-mail: [email protected] wheat crop. It also causes pollen sterility, produces shri- * Corresponding author: Bilal Javed, Department of Botany, PMAS veled seeds in wheat, disturbs photosynthetic and respira- Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Punjab 46300, Pakistan, tory enzymes, and leads to the excessive production of e-mail: [email protected], [email protected] ( ) Muhammad Ikram, Zia-ur-Rehman Mashwani, Mubashir Hussain, reactive oxygen species ROS that pose detrimental Maria Ehsan, Khafsa Malik, Tahira Sultana, Abida Akram: impacts on plasma cell membrane lipids, deoxyribonu- Department of Botany, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, cleic acids, carbohydrates, and protein contents and Rawalpindi, Punjab 46300, Pakistan finally induce oxidative stress in plant species [1,6,7]. Mujahid Hussain: Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Wheat is considered an important staple food world- Punjab, Pakistan Noman Rafique: Department of Botany, Mirpur University of Science wide and is ranked as the third most important crop after and Technology, Mirpur City, Azad Jammu and Kashmir 10250, rice and corn. Wheat and its products are used in various Pakistan countries of the world including Pakistan, India, Sri Open Access. © 2020 Muhammad Ikram et al., published by De Gruyter. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Applications of SeNPs to improve the growth of wheat plants 707 Lanka, Bangladesh, and Nepal. Among all other abiotic 2 Materials and methods stresses, drought is one of the destructive natural disas- ters for terrestrial ecosystems with the characteristics of 2.1 Preparation of Allium sativum aqueous severe influence, high frequency, and extensive coverage [6,8]. It indirectly results in economic losses worldwide. extract Extreme dry conditions due to increasing temperature could be an essential concern for the production of the Buds of the Allium sativum were collected and washed wheat crop in South Asian countries such as India, Paki- with the distilled water to eliminate dust particles. After stan, Bangladesh, and Nepal [4,6,8,9]. A prolonged and drying at the room temperature, 20 g of buds was crushed severe water deficit results in a significant decline in the and a thick paste was formed with the distilled water [19]. production of crops and disturbs food supply mainte- This paste was filtered by using the Whatman No. 1 filter nance [8,10]. Drought stress brings about depletion in paper. The resulting liquid was used to reduce the sele- plant growth rate, stomatal movements, leaf expansion, nium salt into Se° [20,21]. and stem elongation. Furthermore, it changes several biochemical and physiological processes governing plant growth and productivity [6]. To overcome the unfavorable impacts of biotic and 2.2 Biosynthesis of SeNPs by using Allium abiotic stress on wheat plants, different approaches, i.e., sativum extract genetic engineering, quantitative trait locus mapping, - molecular marker assisted selection, and hybridization, are A flask containing 25 mL of Na2SeO3 solution (5mM) was usually in use [11]. These innovative techniques have some kept on a magnetic stirrer. Followed by the dropwise disadvantages that require technical expertise and opera- addition of Allium sativum aqueous extract until the color tion procedures and are not cost-effective. The current of the reaction mixture changed to the brick red which is situation requires a reasonable, viable, and practical a characteristic of SeNPs synthesis. After the synthesis of strategy having the ability to outperform these inadequa- SeNPs, the resultant reaction mixture was centrifuged at cies. Among these technological innovations, nanobiotech- 14,000 × g for 15 min to separate the NPs from crude plant nology has attained a prominent position due to its various extract. The NPs were resuspended in distilled water and applications in agricultural ecosystem maintenance [12]. recentrifuged thrice. After purification, the NPs were col- Nanobiotechnology has extensive implementations lected and dried on filter paper for further experimenta- in the discipline of climate change, sustainability, crop tion [16]. productivity and food security and is being utilized for creating various tools sets, i.e., nano-pesticides, nano- fertilizers, nano-herbicides, nano-sensor, and smart nanomachines for controlled and maintained discharge 2.3 Characterization of biosynthesized of agrochemicals [13]. Among various NPs, biosynthe- SeNPs sized SeNPs are nontoxic and biocompatible compared ( 2−) to the counterparts, selenate SeO4 and selenite The morphological and optical characterization of SeNPs ( 2−)[ ] SeO3 14,15 . Synthesis of SeNPs by using plant extract was performed by using various material characterization is safe and very inexpensive and employs environment- techniques, e.g., ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophot- friendly nontoxic materials [16,17]. Additionally, SeNPs ometer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) Fourier- stimulate root growth and organogenesis. Trace amounts transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and energy dis- of selenium have been reported to stimulate growth in persive X-ray (EDX) analysis. The UV-Vis spectrophoto- lettuce, ryegrass, Brassica oleracea, and potato plants metry (Systronics HALO DB-20, Dynamica Scientific Ltd.) [18]. However, no report is available on the differential was used to confirm the synthesis of SeNPs by measuring effects of biosynthesized SeNPs on different wheat vari- the wavelength of the reaction sample in the range of eties under control irrigation and drought stress. The pre- 200–800 nm of the light wavelength [22]. FTIR investiga- sent investigation aimed to study the effects of different tion was performed in the range of 400–4,000 cm−1 by concentrations of biosynthesized SeNPs on morpholo- employing an FTIR spectrometer with a resolution of gical or agronomic parameters of the selected wheat vari- 0.15 cm−1 to identify the functional groups that are re- eties under controlled irrigation and drought stress. sponsible to stabilize SeNPs [23]. Morphological analysis 708 Muhammad Ikram et al. of the synthesized SeNPs was done by using an SEM 10 mg/L foliar application of SeNPs (T7−), drought condi- (SIGMA model, Zeiss, Germany) at 15 kV. The sample was tion with 20 mg/L foliar application of SeNPs (T8−),drought prepared on copper grids and dried in a vacuum chamber condition with 30 mg/L foliar application of SeNPs (T9−), beforeplacingitinanSEMholder.TheEDXanalysiswas and drought condition with 40
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