June 2: Failure to Protect Session 3 – “Inside the UN Security Council
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JOURNEY to JUSTICE Continued from Page 145 a Continual Anxiety Over Her Personal Safety
J O U R N E Y t o J USTICE Barbara Mulvaney pursued criminals from Malibu to Miami before her own life and family fell apart. Then she found a new mission: bringing the accused perpetrators of the Rwandan genocide to a reckoning By KENNETH MILLER Photographed by ALESSANDRA PETLIN 138 HAIR AND MAKEUP KIM GOODWIN FOR CLOUTIERAGENCY COM STYLIST MICHAEL CIOFFOLETTI SHIRT AND JACKET EILEEN FISHER ILLUSTRATION OPPOSITE PAGE JOSE FERNANDEZ : . : . : . , : C International t o 2OO7, January Mulvaney, he United Nations Nations United he riminal Tribunal riminal n a rare break from from break rare a n 139 139 “Everyone has rewritten history to protect themselves,” Mulvaney says, with rueful cynicism. “How the hell can you blame them?” On this warm December afternoon, Mulvaney is enduring a round of testimony she finds merely irritating. The witness, a Belgian colonel who was second in command of U.N. peacekeepers in Rwanda during the genocide in 1994, has recently turned against the prosecution. The colonel, Luc Marchal, lost 10 of his own men on the first day of the massacre, and has spent the past decade publicly agonizing over whether he could have done more to stop the killing. But now he is testifying for one of the accused; he has joined a minority of international observers who believe that Tutsi rebels brought the massacre on their own people by provoking the Hutu. In his dealings with the Rwandan military before To reach Trial Chamber 1 the slaughter, Marchal insists, “I can say sincerely that [the of the United Nations International Criminal U.N.] received high-quality cooperation.” Tribunal for Rwanda, you take a creaky His claim sends a ripple of reaction around the packed elevator to the fourth floor of a conference gallery. -
Papaoutai Memory Studies Redacted for Pure Dec 2018
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by King's Research Portal King’s Research Portal Document Version Peer reviewed version Link to publication record in King's Research Portal Citation for published version (APA): Norridge, Z. C. (Accepted/In press). Papaoutai? Family Memory, Parental Loss and Rwandan Artists Today. Memory Studies. Citing this paper Please note that where the full-text provided on King's Research Portal is the Author Accepted Manuscript or Post-Print version this may differ from the final Published version. If citing, it is advised that you check and use the publisher's definitive version for pagination, volume/issue, and date of publication details. And where the final published version is provided on the Research Portal, if citing you are again advised to check the publisher's website for any subsequent corrections. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the Research Portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognize and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. •Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the Research Portal for the purpose of private study or research. •You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain •You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the Research Portal Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. -
The International Response to Conflict and Genocide:Lessom from the Rwanda Experience
The International Response to Conflict and Genocide: Lessons from the Rwanda Experience March 1996 Published by: Steering Committee of the Joint Evaluation of Emergency Assistance to Rwanda Editor: David Millwood Cover illustrations: Kiure F. Msangi Graphic design: Designgrafik, Copenhagen Prepress: Dansk Klich‚, Copenhagen Printing: Strandberg Grafisk, Odense ISBN: 87-7265-335-3 (Synthesis Report) ISBN: 87-7265-331-0 (1. Historical Perspective: Some Explanatory Factors) ISBN: 87-7265-332-9 (2. Early Warning and Conflict Management) ISBN: 87-7265-333-7 (3. Humanitarian Aid and Effects) ISBN: 87-7265-334-5 (4. Rebuilding Post-War Rwanda) This publication may be reproduced for free distribution and may be quoted provided the source - Joint Evaluation of Emergency Assistance to Rwanda - is mentioned. The report is printed on G-print Matt, a wood-free, medium-coated paper. G-print is manufactured without the use of chlorine and marked with the Nordic Swan, licence-no. 304 022. 2 The International Response to Conflict and Genocide: Lessons from the Rwanda Experience Study 2 Early Warning and Conflict Management by Howard Adelman York University Toronto, Canada Astri Suhrke Chr. Michelsen Institute Bergen, Norway with contributions by Bruce Jones London School of Economics, U.K. Joint Evaluation of Emergency Assistance to Rwanda 3 Contents Preface 5 Executive Summary 8 Acknowledgements 11 Introduction 12 Chapter 1: The Festering Refugee Problem 17 Chapter 2: Civil War, Civil Violence and International Response 20 (1 October 1990 - 4 August -
Papaoutai? Family Memory, Parental Loss and Rwandan Artists Today
King’s Research Portal DOI: 10.1177/1750698019844807 Document Version Peer reviewed version Link to publication record in King's Research Portal Citation for published version (APA): Norridge, Z. (2019). Papaoutai? Family Memory, Parental Loss and Rwandan Artists Today. Memory Studies, 0(0), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750698019844807 Citing this paper Please note that where the full-text provided on King's Research Portal is the Author Accepted Manuscript or Post-Print version this may differ from the final Published version. If citing, it is advised that you check and use the publisher's definitive version for pagination, volume/issue, and date of publication details. And where the final published version is provided on the Research Portal, if citing you are again advised to check the publisher's website for any subsequent corrections. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the Research Portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognize and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. •Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the Research Portal for the purpose of private study or research. •You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain •You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the Research Portal Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. -
EYEWITNESS Dilemmas of Protection
EYEWITNESS Dilemmas of Protection: The Log of the Kigali Battalion ASTRI SUHRKE The shooting down of President Habyarimana's plane over the Rwandan capital Kigali on 6 April 1994 set off multiple crises. There was the genocide itself - the systematic hunting down and killing of several hundred thousand persons - and a smaller civil war which unfolded alongside it. The events produced something akin to a crisis as well in the UN peacekeeping mission in Rwanda. Deployed half a year earlier to help implement the peace agreement, UNAMIR was suddenly in the midst of a situation that was totally different from what it had been prepared and equipped for. It was soon to become a classic in the annals of UN peacekeeping gone awry. As a general failure of UN peacekeeping, the Rwanda case has been well documented.' Although this article does not focus on the political and diplomatic dimensions of the crisis, it is obvious that the mandate and configuration of the peacekeeping forces reflected the political attitudes of the permanent members of the Security Council. Effective UN action was obstructed by the major powers who had their own priorities.2 From the perspective of the forces on the ground, however, much has remained unexplored and unknown. What did the transformed situation mean to the UN contingent in operational, policy and moral terms? At the outset of the crisis, ten Belgian blue berets stationed in Kigali were killed by Rwandan soldiers. Rumours of force evacuation followed. Systematic 'cleansing' and killings took place all around them. This article presents the consequent dilemmas of protection as they appeared to the Belgian battalion in Kigali (KIBAT), which by virtue of its location and strength in UNAMIR as a whole took the brunt of the question of how to respond. -
ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS Studia Historica Upsaliensia 264
ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS Studia Historica Upsaliensia 264 Utgivna av Historiska institutionen vid Uppsala universitet genom Margaret Hunt och Maria Ågren Cover Photo: Nyamata Church, Rwanda Photographer: Ben Curtis, Associated Press Cover Layout: Kerri Sandell Olov Simonsson God Rests in Rwanda The Role of Religion in the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda Dissertation presented at Uppsala University to be publicly examined in Geijersalen, Thunbergsvägen 3P, Uppsala, Friday, 14 June 2019 at 09:15 for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The examination will be conducted in English. Faculty examiner: Professor R. Scott Appleby. Abstract Simonsson, O. 2019. God Rests in Rwanda. The Role of Religion in the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda. Studia Historica Upsaliensia 264. 312 pp. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. ISBN 978-91-513-0655-1. This study analyses the role of religion in the Rwandan genocide, providing new explanations to the complex dynamics of devaluation and victimisation processes in genocidal violence. The thesis explains how religion was used in different contexts prior to, during, and after the 1994 genocide. The following questions guide this study: What kinds of religious concepts and arguments were used in the context of the Rwandan genocide, and how? Why were they used and what did these concepts and arguments mean? Finally, did the meanings of the religious arguments change over time and between different contexts, and if so why? Texts from three sources were analysed: the Hutu extremist propaganda in Kangura magazine and in RTLM broadcasts, and testimonies from the ICTR trials. The analysis was guided by Roger Dale Petersen’s theory on Fear, Hatred, and Resentment, as well as theories on devaluation, social identity, self-victimisation, and competitive victimhood. -
ORIGINAL: ENGLISH TRIAL CHAMBER I Before: Judge Erik Møse
International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda Tribunal pénal international pour le Rwanda ORIGINAL: ENGLISH TRIAL CHAMBER I Before: Judge Erik Møse, presiding Judge Jai Ram Reddy Judge Sergei Alekseevich Egorov Registrar: Adama Dieng Date: 18 December 2008 THE PROSECUTOR v. Théoneste BAGOSORA Gratien KABILIGI Aloys NTABAKUZE Anatole NSENGIYUMVA Case No. ICTR-98-41-T JUDGEMENT AND SENTENCE Office of the Prosecutor: Counsel for the Defence: Barbara Mulvaney Raphaël Constant Christine Graham Allison Turner Kartik Murukutla Paul Skolnik Rashid Rashid Frédéric Hivon Gregory Townsend Peter Erlinder Drew White Kennedy Ogetto Gershom Otachi Bw’Omanwa The Prosecutor v. Théoneste Bagosora et al., Case No. ICTR-98-41-T TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION........................................................................................ 1 1. Overview ................................................................................................................... 1 2. The Accused ............................................................................................................. 8 2.1 Théoneste Bagosora ................................................................................................... 8 2.2 Gratien Kabiligi ....................................................................................................... 10 2.3 Aloys Ntabakuze ...................................................................................................... 10 2.4 Anatole Nsengiyumva ............................................................................................. -
Chapter 8 the Genocide Fax and the Prohibition From
CHAPTER 8 THE GENOCIDE FAX AND THE PROHIBITION FROM U.N. HEADQUARTERS TO ACT 8.1 MARCHAL MEETS INFORMANT JEAN PIERRE January 10, 1994, was the date on which UNAMIR received the most impor tant warning about the unfolding genocide. Faustin Twagiramungu, the Prime Minister-designate, had insisted on a pri vate meeting with General Romeo Dallaire, Canadian Force Commander of UNAMIR, for the afternoon ofMonday, January 10. He told Dallaire about an informant from inside the Interahamwe who wanted to inform UNAMIR of highly important intelligence. l On the evening ofthat day, the informant, code-named Jean Pierre, met with Colonel Luc Marchal. Jean Pierre explained that it was his job to monitor the general security within the MRND, that he had to make sure that the different "cells" throughout Kigali were supplied with weapons and that he was a trainer of the militia. He added that he received his orders directly from Mathieu Ngirumpatse, the president ofthe MRND. He explained his reason for unfolding his story to UNAMIR by saying: "As long as it is about warfare with the RPF I have no feelings ... But since I have been asked to localize and to make an inven tory ofall Tutsi in Kigali, I realize innocent people will be killed ... As my own mother is Tutsi, you understand I cannot agree with what is happening."2 The story that followed was most extraordinary and went beyond anything that Marchal could have imagined.3 After two hours of talking, Marchal and Jean-Pierre decided to stay in contact through the Belgian Captain Frank Claes who had been present at their meeting.4 Marchal went straight to the residence Romeo Dallaire, Shake Hands with the Devil, The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda, p. -
Preventing the Bloodbath: Could the UN Have Predicted and Prevented the Rwandan Genocide?
Preventing the Bloodbath: Could the UN Have Predicted and Prevented The Rwandan Genocide? A. Walter Dorn Jonathan Matloff Jennifer Matthews CORNELL UNIVERSITY PEACE STUDIES PROGRAM OCCASIONAL PAPER #24 ©November 1999 © 1999 Cornell University Peace Studies Program. All rights reserved. ISSN 1075-4857 Preventing the Bloodbath: Could the UN Have Predicted and Prevented the Rwandan Genocide? A. Walter Dorn, Jonathan Matloff, and Jennifer Matthews The Peace Studies Program was established at Cornell in 1970 as an interdisciplinary program concerned with problems of peace and war, arms control and disarmament, and more generally, instances of collective violence. Its broad objectives are to support graduate and post-doctoral study, research, teaching and cross-campus interactions in these fields. Copies of Occasional Papers may be ordered from: Peace Studies Program 130 Uris Hall Cornell University Ithaca, NY 14853-7601 PREVENTING THE BLOODBATH: Could the UN have Predicted and Prevented the Rwandan Genocide? A. Walter Dorn, Jonathan Matloff and Jennifer Matthews CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .............................................................1 BACKGROUND ..............................................................3 Historical Review .......................................................6 UN Mandate for Monitoring and Prevention...................................9 EARLY WARNING SIGNALS .................................................15 Illicit Arms ............................................................15 Conscientious Informers -
A Failure to Protect in Peacekeeping Operations: a Commander’S Responsibility? Obligations and Responsibilities of Military Commanders in UN Peacekeeping Operations
Sprik, Lenneke H.M. (2017) A failure to protect in peacekeeping operations: a commander’s responsibility? Obligations and responsibilities of military commanders in UN peacekeeping operations. PhD thesis. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/8613/ Copyright and moral rights for this work are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This work cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Enlighten:Theses http://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] A Failure to Protect in Peacekeeping Operations: A Commander’s Responsibility? Obligations and Responsibilities of Military Commanders in UN Peacekeeping Operations Lenneke (H.M.) Sprik Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Law College of Social Sciences University of Glasgow October 2017 Abstract Inaction by UN peacekeeping troops in the face of the commission of genocide in Srebrenica and Kigali raised significant questions regarding the duty owed by UN peacekeeping forces to those under their protection. Recent court judgments have recognised that the Netherlands and Belgium were to a certain extent legally responsible to protect those under the care of each state’s peacekeeping troops, and that also the role of individual peacekeeping commanders may be questioned. -
The Oxford Companion to Politics of the World Is Mative Action, Summarizes the Arguments for Explicit Not Bedtime Reading
BOOK REVIEWS THE OXFORD COMPANION experts in their respective fields. In fact, the editors TO POLITICS OF THE WORLD, have sought out recognized authors for almost every entry — more than 500 contributors are listed, and Second Edition almost every one has been published. This means that Editor in Chief Joel Krieger the handbook is a useful research tool despite its lack London and New York: Oxford University Press, 1018 pages, $79.95. of bibliography and footnotes. Want to know more Reviewed by Major David Last about war? Jacek Kugler wrote the entry. Look him up and you will find his books on political capacity, power icture your first interview with a new com- transitions, the stability of deterrence, and his classic, manding officer. You stand at her door, The War Ledger, which examined the statistics of vio- salute, sit down — what the heck is that brick lent conflict. Did you think Marxism died with the end on the desk? This can’t be a good sign. What of the Cold War? Read August Nimtz on the contribu- muddy-boots soldier or eagle-eyed knight of the air tion of Marxism to the democratic breakthrough, Pwould have The Oxford Companion to World Politics on “…seldom in history has a writing been so prescient as the desk? Times sure have changed. Or have they? the 150-year-old Manifesto of the Communist Party. Look at it from her point of view. Did she get there Much of the document reads better today than when it because of affirmative action? Will she censor the jun- was written…” (529). -
Annexe 49 : Le Rapport De Michaël Hourigan, Enquêteur Du TPIR, À La Procureure Louise Arbour Sur L’Attentat Du 6 Avril 1994 (Janvier 1997)
Annexe 49 : Le rapport de Michaël Hourigan, enquêteur du TPIR, à la procureure Louise Arbour sur l’attentat du 6 avril 1994 (janvier 1997) 49.1 Internal Memorandum de la National Team Inquiry....................................................................... 2 49.2 Note de presentation (Nick McKenzie)........................................................................................... 9 49.3 Affidavit de Michaël Hourigan ..................................................................................................... 14 49.1 Internal Memorandum de la National Team Inquiry 49.2 Note de présentation (Nick McKenzie) www.theage.com.au Uncovering Rwanda's secrets Nick McKenzie February 10, 2007 Latest related coverage * UN 'shut down' Rwanda probe « MICHAEL Hourigan reviewed his orders as the car pulled into Rwanda's main airport. He had finished a memo on the intelligence gathered by his Rwandan war crimes investigation team. Check. He had saved it onto a disk placed in a secure UN diplomatic bag. Check. He had ordered his investigators to leave Rwanda. Check. For the Australian policeman-turned-lawyer, everything appeared to be going smoothly. But airports are unreliable places and the bullet-scarred Kigali terminal in the African state of Rwanda was no exception. As Hourigan prepared to board his plane, he was approached by the flight manager. "You cannot board this flight, Mr Hourigan. I am afraid it is already full." It is early 1997. Just days before, Hourigan has used a secure phone in the US embassy to brief the head of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), Judge Louise Arbour, about his team's discovery. They have obtained incendiary information linking the Tutsi rebel leader and now Rwandan President Paul Kagame to the incident precipitating the Rwandan genocide — the shooting down in April 1994 of a plane carrying Rwandan president Juvenal Habyarimana and the president of Burundi, Cyprien Ntaryamira.