DOCSLIB.ORG

31 May 1950 ENGLISH TARIFFS and TRADE ORIGINAL: ENGLISH/ FRENCH

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
31 May 1950 ENGLISH TARIFFS and TRADE ORIGINAL: ENGLISH/ FRENCH RESTRICTED SPECIAL GATT/CP/62 GENERAL AGREEMENT ON 31 May 1950 ENGLISH TARIFFS AND TRADE ORIGINAL: ENGLISH/ FRENCH CONTRACTING PARTIES DISCRIMINATORY ADMINISTRATION OF IMPORT RESTRICTIONS STATEMENTS BY CONTRACTING PARTIES ON USE OF IMPORT RESTRICTIONS TO SAFEGUARD THEIR BALANCESTHEIR OF PAYMENTS Replies to GATT/CP/39 Paragraph 1 (g) of Article XIV of the General Agreement requires the Contracting Parties to report, not later than March 1, 1950, on any action still being taken by the contracting parties under the exceptional transitional period arrangements of Article XIV for non-observance of the rule of non-discrimination in the application of import restrictions which they apply under Article XII to safeguard their balances of payments. To prepare for this reports the Secretariat issued a questionnaire on 7 October 1949 (GATT/CP/39) to ascertain which of the contracting parties were still taking action under these arrangements and to obtain details of their restrictions and data concerning their foreign trade. The replies to the Secretariat's enquiry were examined at the Fourth Session of the Contracting Parties, which was held in Geneva from 23 February to 3 April 1950. The resulting report has been printed (Sales No. GATT 1950-1) and copies may be obtained from the office of ICITO, Palais des Nations, Geneva. On the completion of the report the Contracting Parties decided that the replies to the Secretariat's enquiry should be issued in a restricted document. Accordingly, the replies are reproduced in full in this document. GATT/CP/62 Page 2 TABLE OFCONTENTS Page THE ENQUIRY ISSUED BY THE SECRETARIAT (GATT/CP/39) . 3 REPLIES FROM CONTRACTING PARTIES WHICH WERE NOT IMPOSING IMPORT RESTRICTIONS FOR BALANCE-OF- PAYMENT REASONS Belgium. .. .... .. Syria. .. 8 BelgiumUnited States. 10 REPLIES FROM CONTRACTING PARTIES IMPOSING RESTRICTIONS FOR BALANCE-OF-PAYMENT REASONS Australia . 11 Brazil . 27 Canada. 31 . 49 Chile. .. 52 . Czechoslovakia. 56 . Denmark . 71 Finland . 81 Ceylon... 90 . 98 . India. .. 105 . 115 . Netherlands . 122 . Now Zealand . 131 France.. 150 . 157 Greece.. Southern Rhodesia.. 168 . 173 Italy. U. of South. Africa.. 175 United Kingdom. 5 182 (Note: The Roman numerals in the margin of the replies Norway indicate. the... questions to which subsequent paragraphs relate. The replies to Question 1 have boon .. were an Pakistanin cases where affirma- omitted they merely Sweden tion)..... GATT/CP/62 Page 3 ENQUIRY ISSUED TO CONTRACTING PARTIES ON 7 OCTOBER 1949 (GATT/CP/39) I. Do you restrict the importation of merchandise in order to safeguard your balance of payments under the provisions of Article XII? Note: In replying to this question, as well as to others indicated below contracting parties should boar in mind that import restrictions include those made effective either directly or indirectly through state trading operations or otherwise. The expression "state-trading operations" is meant to include the operation of enter- prises, wherever located, to which the contracting party has granted, formally or in effect, exclusive or special privileges. The answer to this question, as well as to the others indicated below, should also take into account restrictions operated by means of exchange controls if those controls are used as a substitute for, or a supplement to import restrictions. II. If so, describe the general system of import restrictions to safeguard your balance of payments which is now in effect. Note: This description should be sufficiently detailed to give an accurate general picture of the nature of the controls used and the criteria by which the use of such controls is governed. Among other things, the description should indicate the specific techniques used, e.g., global quotas, quotas allocated by specific countries or groups of countries, or other techniques. Where your system of import controls differs for different classes of commodities or distinguishes among groups of countries, the nature of such differences and of such distinctions should be adequately described. Where your description indicates deviations from the rule of non-discrimination,indicate whether such deviation is pursuant to Article XIV 1 (b) or 1 (c) or to Annex J. III. Describe the main changes introduced since January 1, 1948 in the system outlined in your reply to question 2 above, particularly those which have had the effects of either intensifying or alleviating the discriminatory effects of your restrictions. IV. For an adequate number of individual commodities representing a cross section of products subject to import restrictions describe in detail the provisions, policies, and practices followed with respect to import restrictions in each commodity. Supplement such description with specific statistical and other information designed to describe the effects which existing import restrictions have had upon the distribution among sources of supply from which such imports are obtainable. GATT/CP/62 Page 4 Note: The commodities selected should be of sufficient number to provide an adequate cross section of commodities affected by existing import restrictions. It is believed that such illustrations would probably not be representative unless in total they represented at least 30 percent of the import trade of the reporting country and covered at least 10 commodities. In determining the effects of such restrictions upon sources of supply, comparable data on prices existing in alternative sources would be extremely helpful. V. 1 Describe the effects which you believe discriminatory import restrictions imposed by you or by other countries, have had upon the volume and pattern of your export trade. GATT/CP/62 page 5 REPLIESEFROM CONTRACTING PARTIES WHICH WERENOT IMPOSING IMPORT RESTRICTIONS FOR BALANCE-OF-PAYMENT REASONS B(Translation)E L G I U M V. A. Discriminatory restrictions imposed by Belgium Since Belgium now places no restrictions on the importation of goods to safeguard her balance of payments in accordance with the provisions of Article XII of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade no discrimination is practised by Belgium within the framework of her import trade policy. In the years following the 1940-45 war Belgium set out to adopt a distinctly liberal economic policy. To that end she has opened her frontiers wide to foreign products. B. Discriminatory restrictionsimposed by other countries Belgium's free import policy was inevitably bound to lead to a rapid saturation of the domestic market, with the result that the latter would cease to afford Belgian industry an adequate demand enabling it to market its production. It was precisely at that juncture that Belgium, in view of the many assurances she had received not only during bila- teral negotiations, but also within the international organi- sations, had hoped to find in the export market the outlets no longer available in the domestic market. Unfortunately this hope proved vain. Despite the demand for Belgian products in most markets our exporters were confronted not only with severe import restrictions but also with widespread discrimination. Belgium is not at present in a position to supply the Contracting Parties with a detailed account of the effects on the volume and pattern of her export trade of the discrimina- tory import restrictions imposed by other countries, but she can mention a few of them: (1) Effectson the pattern of our export trade Generally speaking, foreign countries, alleging financial difficulties as grounds for discrimination, have developed the idea of essential and non-essential commodities. This distinction has affected the level of activity in certain Belgian industries. We find, for example, in Belgium at the present time that certain branches of industry (glass, leather, non-ferrous metals etc.) are working to only 60 or 80% of their pre-war productions capacity while in other branches (metallurgical and steel industries) the coefficient is 120 and even 169. The direct corollary of this situation was an increase in unemployment, which at the present time affects more than 300,000 out of a working population of approximately 2 million. GATT/CP/62Page 6 BELGIUM (continued) (2) Effects on theVolume of ourExport Trade It is impossible at the moment to estimate the overall prejudice caused to the total volume of Belgian exports. Nevertheless, merely by way of example, the Belgian delegation can cite two particular cases for which it has adequate data: (a) In her export trade with the United Kingdom Belgium does not enjoy the advantages of the Open General Licence which the United Kingdom has accorded to other countries. With regard to the first "batch" of releases, and taking only the articles for which Belgium had received quotas into account, it may be estimated, very roughly, That the Open General Licence would have enabled the sale of Belgian products to be increased from £7,100,000 to £10,000,000 over a period of twelve months. If we take the second "batch" of releases and opportunities in the Outer Sterling Area into account we, may reasonably put the damage sustained at £5 million. (b) Discrimination by the Union of South Africa against Belgian exports affects several products. The Belgian delegation would like, by way of examples to cite here the particular case of sheet glass and plate glass. The two main suppliers of the Union of South Africa for these products were the United Kingdom and Belgium, a fact which is illustrated by the following pre-war statistics: Imports of Sheet Glass and Plate Glass into the Union of South Africa Value of Imports in £ Year Total from the United from Kingdom Belgium 1937 213, 513 117,073 64, 143 1938 166,495 96,761 43, 973 A comparison of the above statistics with the post-war figures at once shows the effect on Belgium of the discriminatory measures applied by the Union of South Africa. GATT/CP/62 BELGIUM(continued) Page 7 EXports of Sheet Glass and Plate Glass to the Union of South Africa Exports in tons Year from Belgium from the United Kingdom 1948 6, 548 13,206 1949 871 (1) 14,398 1950 ? (estimates) (1) First 10 months of 1949.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Atlantic Disjuncture: Recent Historiography of Transoceanic Diasporas, Communities, and Empires
    Cromwell, Jesse. 2019. Atlantic Disjuncture: Recent Historiography of Transoceanic Diasporas, Communities, and Empires. Latin American Research Review 54(4), pp. 1023–1030. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25222/larr.631 BOOK REVIEW ESSAYS Atlantic Disjuncture: Recent Historiography of Transoceanic Diasporas, Communities, and Empires Jesse Cromwell University of Mississippi, US [email protected] This essay reviews the following works: Staying Afloat: Risk and Uncertainty in Spanish Atlantic World Trade, 1760–1820. By Jeremy Baskes. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2013. Pp. ix + 381. $54.57 hardcover. ISBN: 9780804785426. The Material Atlantic: Clothing, Commerce, and Colonization in the Atlantic World, 1650–1800. By Robert S. DuPlessis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016. Pp. vii + 332. $29.99 hardcover. ISBN: 9781107105911. The Temptations of Trade: Britain, Spain, and the Struggle for Empire. By Adrian Finucane. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016. Pp. 1 + 211. $45.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9780812248128. Guiana and the Shadows of Empire: Colonial and Cultural Negotiations at the Edge of the World. By Joshua R. Hyles. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2014. Pp. ix + 185. $76.56 hardcover. ISBN: 9780739187791. The Portuguese-Speaking Diaspora: Seven Centuries of Literature and the Arts. By Darlene J. Sadlier. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2016. Pp. 314. $29.95 paperback. ISBN: 9781477311486. Amsterdam’s Atlantic: Print Culture and the Making of Dutch Brazil. By Michiel van Groesen. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016. Pp. xx + 272. $47.50 hardcover. ISBN: 9780812248661. Atlantic history is an ever-evolving discipline. For decades, it has sought to disrupt the myopia of discrete colonial and regional studies of early modern polities by emphasizing the transimperial and transnational interactions between people of the four continents surrounding the Atlantic Ocean.
    [Show full text]
  • ORNAMENTAL GARDEN PLANTS of the GUIANAS: an Historical Perspective of Selected Garden Plants from Guyana, Surinam and French Guiana
    f ORNAMENTAL GARDEN PLANTS OF THE GUIANAS: An Historical Perspective of Selected Garden Plants from Guyana, Surinam and French Guiana Vf•-L - - •• -> 3H. .. h’ - — - ' - - V ' " " - 1« 7-. .. -JZ = IS^ X : TST~ .isf *“**2-rt * * , ' . / * 1 f f r m f l r l. Robert A. DeFilipps D e p a r t m e n t o f B o t a n y Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. \ 1 9 9 2 ORNAMENTAL GARDEN PLANTS OF THE GUIANAS Table of Contents I. Map of the Guianas II. Introduction 1 III. Basic Bibliography 14 IV. Acknowledgements 17 V. Maps of Guyana, Surinam and French Guiana VI. Ornamental Garden Plants of the Guianas Gymnosperms 19 Dicotyledons 24 Monocotyledons 205 VII. Title Page, Maps and Plates Credits 319 VIII. Illustration Credits 321 IX. Common Names Index 345 X. Scientific Names Index 353 XI. Endpiece ORNAMENTAL GARDEN PLANTS OF THE GUIANAS Introduction I. Historical Setting of the Guianan Plant Heritage The Guianas are embedded high in the green shoulder of northern South America, an area once known as the "Wild Coast". They are the only non-Latin American countries in South America, and are situated just north of the Equator in a configuration with the Amazon River of Brazil to the south and the Orinoco River of Venezuela to the west. The three Guianas comprise, from west to east, the countries of Guyana (area: 83,000 square miles; capital: Georgetown), Surinam (area: 63, 037 square miles; capital: Paramaribo) and French Guiana (area: 34, 740 square miles; capital: Cayenne). Perhaps the earliest physical contact between Europeans and the present-day Guianas occurred in 1500 when the Spanish navigator Vincente Yanez Pinzon, after discovering the Amazon River, sailed northwest and entered the Oyapock River, which is now the eastern boundary of French Guiana.
    [Show full text]
  • Tinamiformes – Falconiformes
    LIST OF THE 2,008 BIRD SPECIES (WITH SCIENTIFIC AND ENGLISH NAMES) KNOWN FROM THE A.O.U. CHECK-LIST AREA. Notes: "(A)" = accidental/casualin A.O.U. area; "(H)" -- recordedin A.O.U. area only from Hawaii; "(I)" = introducedinto A.O.U. area; "(N)" = has not bred in A.O.U. area but occursregularly as nonbreedingvisitor; "?" precedingname = extinct. TINAMIFORMES TINAMIDAE Tinamus major Great Tinamou. Nothocercusbonapartei Highland Tinamou. Crypturellus soui Little Tinamou. Crypturelluscinnamomeus Thicket Tinamou. Crypturellusboucardi Slaty-breastedTinamou. Crypturellus kerriae Choco Tinamou. GAVIIFORMES GAVIIDAE Gavia stellata Red-throated Loon. Gavia arctica Arctic Loon. Gavia pacifica Pacific Loon. Gavia immer Common Loon. Gavia adamsii Yellow-billed Loon. PODICIPEDIFORMES PODICIPEDIDAE Tachybaptusdominicus Least Grebe. Podilymbuspodiceps Pied-billed Grebe. ?Podilymbusgigas Atitlan Grebe. Podicepsauritus Horned Grebe. Podicepsgrisegena Red-neckedGrebe. Podicepsnigricollis Eared Grebe. Aechmophorusoccidentalis Western Grebe. Aechmophorusclarkii Clark's Grebe. PROCELLARIIFORMES DIOMEDEIDAE Thalassarchechlororhynchos Yellow-nosed Albatross. (A) Thalassarchecauta Shy Albatross.(A) Thalassarchemelanophris Black-browed Albatross. (A) Phoebetriapalpebrata Light-mantled Albatross. (A) Diomedea exulans WanderingAlbatross. (A) Phoebastriaimmutabilis Laysan Albatross. Phoebastrianigripes Black-lootedAlbatross. Phoebastriaalbatrus Short-tailedAlbatross. (N) PROCELLARIIDAE Fulmarus glacialis Northern Fulmar. Pterodroma neglecta KermadecPetrel. (A) Pterodroma
    [Show full text]
  • French Reaction to the Menace from Cabanos and Bonis Within the Litigious Territory Between Brazil and French Guiana (1836-1841)1
    125 French reaction to the menace from Cabanos and Bonis within the litigious territory between Brazil and French Guiana (1836-1841)1 Reação francesa às ameaças de Cabanos e Bonis no território litigioso do Amapá (1836-1841) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2236-463320161408 Débora Bendocchi Alves Instituto de História Ibérica e Latinoamericana (IHILA) Faculdade de História da Universidade de Colônia, Colônia, Alemanha [email protected] Abstract: This article will analyze an historical episode that occurred between 1836 and 1841 during the French occupation of the disputed territory located between Brazil and French Guiana. I intend to consider two regional factors that influenced the decision of both the Cayenne Government and the metropolitan government to build military forts in the region. Such factors are the Cabanagem and the attempts of black Bonis to settle in Lower Oiapoque. I will go on to show that the French withdrawal from Amapá Lake in 1840, but not from the post on the right bank of the Oiapoque River, was due not only to international and diplomatic factors but also had regional causes. Notwithstanding the French government's interests in expanding the territory of its South American colony, I want to draw attention to the threats - real or fictitious - of Cabanos, from Brazil, and black Bonis, from Dutch Guiana. 1 This article forms part of a research project funded by Gerda Henkel Foundation (Germany) about the region of the French-Brazilian Boarding between 1840-1900. It is a revised and extended version of my participation at the ANPUH 2015 XXVIII National History Symposium, held in Florianópolis.
    [Show full text]
  • Slave Trading and Slavery in the Dutch Colonial Empire: a Global Comparison
    rik Van WELie Slave Trading and Slavery in the Dutch Colonial Empire: A Global Comparison INTRODUCTION From the early seventeenth to the mid-nineteenth century, slavery played a fundamental role in the Dutch colonial empire.1 All overseas possessions of the Dutch depended in varying degrees on the labor of slaves who were imported from diverse and often remote areas. Over the past decades numer- ous academic publications have shed light on the history of the Dutch Atlantic slave trade and of slavery in the Dutch Americas.2 These scholarly contribu- tions, in combination with the social and political activism of the descen- dants of Caribbean slaves, have helped to bring the subject of slavery into the national public debate. The ongoing discussions about an official apology for the Dutch role in slavery, the erection of monuments to commemorate that history, and the inclusion of some of these topics in the first national history canon are all testimony to this increased attention for a troubled past.3 To some this recent focus on the negative aspects of Dutch colonial history has already gone too far, as they summon the country’s glorious past to instill a 1. I would like to thank David Eltis, Pieter Emmer, Henk den Heijer, Han Jordaan, Gerrit Knaap, Gert Oostindie, Alex van Stipriaan, Jelmer Vos, and the anonymous reviewers of the New West Indian Guide for their many insightful comments. As usual, the author remains entirely responsible for any errors. This article is an abbreviated version of a chapter writ- ten for the “Migration and Culture in the Dutch Colonial World” project at KITLV.
    [Show full text]
  • Saramaka Maroons on the Brazilian Frontier Richard Price College Of
    Saramaka Maroons on the Brazilian Frontier Richard Price College of William and Mary, Virginia, USA, and Anse Chaudière, Martinique Maroons in the Americas have always been champions at seizing the moment, whether in battles against their colonial enemies or in carving out imaginative economic niches in more recent times. This essay focuses on Maroon men from central Suriname who, in the second half of the nineteenth century, migrated to French Guiana where they monopolized the river transport system that supplied thousands of non-Maroon goldminers in that colony and, in the process, created a new of way of life for themselves and their descendants. The Oyapok region of French Guiana, which borders the Brazilian state of Amapá, might best be considered the distant frontier of a distant frontier B many thousands of kilometers from the metropolitan political center of Paris, many hundreds through the forest from the colonial capital of Cayenne, and, from the perspective of the Saramaka Maroons of central Suriname, at the farthest edge of the known geographical universe. In 1900, the mayor of the Commune de l=Oyapok gave the total population as 304. (He did not include members of the Aindigenous tribes of autochthonous or African origin living in the region@ which, according to a 1901 document, lived there Aunder the administrative protection of the customs service.@) Despite plans on the drawing board in 2002 for a bridge between St.- Georges-de-l'Oyapok and the Brazilian town of Oiapoque and for a road between St.- Georges-de-l'Oyapok and Cayenne (which would in theory permit direct road travel between, say, Macapá and Cayenne) the region has long remained a backwater B in 1971, for example, the largest town in the region, St-Georges-de-l'Oyapok, boasted only two cars.1 By 1900, when Saramaka Maroon migrants from Suriname (the main Atribe .
    [Show full text]
  • MF Coastal Radio Stations
    M.F. Coastal & Maritime Stations 1608 kHz to 4000 kHz This list was last amended 17th September 2008 TX Freq. RX Freq. Mode Callsign Station Name/Frequency Usage Country 1609 2144 SITOR TYA Cotonou Radio Benin 1612 2417 SITOR SUQ Ismaila Radio Egypt 1613 2148 SITOR TYA Cotonou Radio Benin 1614 2149 SITOR SUH El Iskandariya (Alexandria) Radio Egypt 1615 2150 SITOR TYA Cotonou Radio Benin 1615.5 2150.5 SITOR SVH Iraklion Kritis Radio Crete Greece 1618.5 2153.5 SITOR SUK Kosseir Radio Egypt 1621.5 2156.5 DSC LGP Bödo Radio Norway 1621.5 2156.5 DSC National Norwegian Channel Norway 1621.5 2156.5 DSC LGS Svalbard Radio Svalbard 1621.5 2156.5 DSC LGT Tjome Radio Norway 1621.5 2156.5 DSC LGV Vardö Radio Norway 1624.5 2159.5 DSC OXZ Lyngby Radio Denmark 1624.5 2159.5 DSC OXJ Torshavn Radio Faeroe Islands 1627.5 2162.5 DSC Den Helder Rescue Traffic Service Netherlands 1635 2060 SSB LGV Vardö/Hammerfest Radio Norway 1636.4 2045 SSB HZH Jeddah Radio Saudi Arabia 1638 2022 SSB OFK Turku/Vaasa Radio Finland 1641 2045 SSB OXJ Torshavn Radio Faeroe Islands 1641 2066 SSB OXJ Torshavn Radio Faeroe Islands 1642.5 1642.5 SSB Den Helder Rescue (Dutch Coast Guard) Netherlands 1644 2069 SSB EAL Las Palmas/Arrecife Radio Canary Islands 1644 2069 SSB EJM Malin Head Coast Guard Radio Republic of Ireland 1650 2075 SSB TYA Cotonou Radio Benin 1650 Broadcast SSB CROSS Griz-Nez France 1650 Broadcast SSB CROSS Corsen France 1650 Broadcast SSB CROSS Jobourg France 1650 SSB Kardla Piirivalve MRSCC Estonia 1650 SSB Kuressaare Piirivalve MRSCC Estonia 1650 2182 SSB 5VA
    [Show full text]
  • The Haitian Migratory System in the Guianas: Beyond Borders
    Dossiê JOSEPH, Handerson. The haitian migratory system in the guianas: beyond borders 2177-2940 The haitian migratory system in the guianas: beyond borders https://doi.org/10.4025/dialogos.v24i2.54154 Handerson Joseph https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8634-9435 Universidade Federal do Amapá, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected] The haitian migratory system in the guianas: beyond borders Abstract: The Guianas are an important field in the Caribbean migratory system, whereby goods, objects, currencies, and populations circulate for different reasons: geographical, cultural proximity, climatic, geopolitical and socioeconomic factors. From the 1960s and 1970s, Haitian migration increased in the Guianas. Five decades later, after the January 2010 earthquake, the migratory spaces were intensified in the region, Brazil became part of them as a country of residence and transit to reach French Guiana and Suriname. In 2013, the routes were altered. Some migrants started to use the Republic of Guyana to enter Brazil through the border with Roraima, in the Amazon, or to cross the border towards Suriname and French Guiana. This article is divided into two levels. First, it describes the way in which migrants' practices and trajectories intersect national borders in the Guianas. Then, it analyzes the migratory system, documents and papers, and the problems that the different Haitian migratory generations raise in space and time. The ethnographic research is based on the Triple Border Brazil, Colombia and Peru, but also in Suriname, French Guiana and Haiti. Key words: Haitian migration; Migration system; Suriname; French Guiana; Brazil; Borders. O sistema migratório haitiano nas guianas: para além das fronteiras Resumo: As Guianas constituem um importante campo no sistema migratório caribenho, pelo qual circulam mercadorias, objetos, moedas e populações por razões diversas: proximidade geográfica, cultural, fatores climáticos, geopolíticos e socioeconômicos.
    [Show full text]
  • The Dutch Atlantic and American Life: Beginnings of America in Colonial New Netherland
    City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works Theses Lehman College 2021 The Dutch Atlantic and American Life: Beginnings of America in Colonial New Netherland Roy J. Geraci Lehman College City University of New York, [email protected] How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/le_etds/12 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] THE DUTCH ATLANTIC AND AMERICAN LIFE: BEGINNINGS OF AMERICA IN COLONIAL NEW NETHERLAND by ROY J. GERACI A master’s thesis submitteD to the GraDuate Faculty in history in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts, The City University of New York at Lehman College 2021 ©2021 ROY J. GERACI All Rights ReserveD 2 CUNY Lehman College The Dutch Atlantic and American Life: Beginnings of America in Colonial New Netherland by Roy J. Geraci Abstract Advisor: AnDrew Robertson SeconD ReaDer: Robert Valentine The Dutch colony of New NetherlanD was one of the earliest attempts at a non- inDigenous life on the east coast of North America. That colony, along with the United Provinces of the NetherlanDs anD Dutch Atlantic as a whole, playeD crucial roles in the Development of what woulD become the UniteD States. This thesis project examines the significance New NetherlanD helD in American history as well as explores topics which allow for new anD inclusive narratives of that history to reach further exploration.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Jewish Colony at Remire, French Guiana
    ON THE JEWISH COLONY AT REMIRE, FRENCH GUIANA Zvi Loker The age of exploration initiated by the discoveries of Cristobal Col6n, Pizarro, Vespucci, and others continued throughout the sixteenth century, with Portugal and Spain assuming the leading role in the New World. The greatest achievement of the Portuguese was the discovery and eventual colonization of Brazil, while the Spaniards reached many South American lands, including the Caribbean chain of islands. During the first half of the sixteenth century, parts of the huge Guianan territories came under Spanish control, but by the latter half of the century, other European powers had entered the area. Of special significance for the topic of this paper is the rivalry between French and Dutch traders and adventw'ers for control of Guiana. Although the Dutch must be credited with the establishment of the first Guianan settlement, located on the Pomeroon River, both the British and the French sent expeditions to the area in the 1590s and early 1600s, headed by Raleigh for the British, and by Postel of Dieppe and Jean Moques for the French. Franco-Dutch rivalry for control of the area continued into the seventeenth century. A French attempt at settlement in Cayenne, in 1613, involving some one hundred and sixty families, failed; two years later, the Dutch Zealanders introduced colonists into the area, also with no lasting results. With the captw'e of Bahia in northeastern Brazil in 1624. the Dutch initiated their colonizing endeavors in the Caribbean area, but these lasted barely a generation. Although Jews were involved in these early endeavors, it is mainly the conclusion of this period that concerns us.
    [Show full text]
  • ACE Export Manifest
    CBP Export Manifest Appendix O - Schedule K February 2018 CBP Export Manifest Schedule K Appendix O This appendix provides a complete listing of foreign port codes in Alphabetical order by country. Foreign Port Codes Code Ports by Country Albania 48100 All Other Albania Ports 48109 Durazzo 48109 Durres 48100 San Giovanni di Medua 48100 Shengjin 48100 Skele e Vlores 48100 Vallona 48100 Vlore 48100 Volore Algeria 72101 Alger 72101 Algiers 72100 All Other Algeria Ports 72123 Annaba 72105 Arzew 72105 Arziw 72107 Bejaia 72123 Beni Saf 72105 Bethioua 72123 Bona 72123 Bone 72100 Cherchell 72100 Collo 72100 Dellys 72100 Djidjelli 72101 El Djazair 72142 Ghazaouet 72142 Ghazawet 72100 Jijel 72100 Mers El Kebir 72100 Mestghanem 72100 Mostaganem 72142 Nemours 72179 Oran Schedule K Appendix O F-1 CBP Export Manifest 72189 Skikda 72100 Tenes 72179 Wahran American Samoa 95101 Pago Pago Harbor Angola 76299 All Other Angola Ports 76299 Ambriz 76299 Benguela 76231 Cabinda 76299 Cuio 76274 Lobito 76288 Lombo 76288 Lombo Terminal 76278 Luanda 76282 Malongo Oil Terminal 76279 Namibe 76299 Novo Redondo 76283 Palanca Terminal 76288 Port Lombo 76299 Porto Alexandre 76299 Porto Amboim 76281 Soyo Oil Terminal 76281 Soyo-Quinfuquena term. 76284 Takula 76284 Takula Terminal 76299 Tombua Anguilla 24821 Anguilla 24823 Sombrero Island Antigua 24831 Parham Harbour, Antigua 24831 St. John's, Antigua Argentina 35700 Acevedo 35700 All Other Argentina Ports 35710 Bagual 35701 Bahia Blanca 35705 Buenos Aires 35703 Caleta Cordova 35703 Caleta Olivares 35703 Caleta Olivia 35711 Campana 35702 Comodoro Rivadavia 35700 Concepcion del Uruguay 35700 Diamante 35700 Ibicuy Schedule K Appendix O F-2 CBP Export Manifest 35737 La Plata 35740 Madryn 35739 Mar del Plata 35741 Necochea 35779 Pto.
    [Show full text]
  • In and out of Suriname Caribbean Series
    In and Out of Suriname Caribbean Series Series Editors Rosemarijn Hoefte (Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies) Gert Oostindie (Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies) Editorial Board J. Michael Dash (New York University) Ada Ferrer (New York University) Richard Price (em. College of William & Mary) Kate Ramsey (University of Miami) VOLUME 34 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/cs In and Out of Suriname Language, Mobility and Identity Edited by Eithne B. Carlin, Isabelle Léglise, Bettina Migge, and Paul B. Tjon Sie Fat LEIDEN | BOSTON This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported (CC-BY-NC 3.0) License, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. The realization of this publication was made possible by the support of KITLV (Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies). Cover illustration: On the road. Photo by Isabelle Léglise. This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface issn 0921-9781 isbn 978-90-04-28011-3 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-28012-0 (e-book) Copyright 2015 by the Editors and Authors. This work is published by Koninklijke Brill NV. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Nijhoff and Hotei Publishing. Koninklijke Brill NV reserves the right to protect the publication against unauthorized use and to authorize dissemination by means of offprints, legitimate photocopies, microform editions, reprints, translations, and secondary information sources, such as abstracting and indexing services including databases.
    [Show full text]