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Regional E-Waste Monitor REGIONAL E-WASTE MONITOR EAST AND SOUTHEAST ASIA by Shunichi Honda, Deepali Sinha Khetriwal, Ruediger Kuehr Regional E-waste Monitor: East and Southeast Asia By Shunichi Honda, Deepali Sinha Khetriwal and Ruediger Kuehr 4 5 Acknowledgement Contact information For enquiries please contact the corresponding author via [email protected] We take great pleasure in thanking the Japanese Ministry of the Environment Please cite this publication as in substantially monetarily supporting the development of this Shunichi Honda, Deepali Sinha Khetriwal & Ruediger Kuehr (2016), publication to address the E-waste issue which is one of the priority programmes Regional E-waste Monitor: East and Southeast Asia, under the Basel Convention and other international regimes. United Nations University ViE – SCYCLE, Bonn, Germany. Imprint Edition 1, 2016 Published by United Nations University & Japanese Ministry of the Environment Photos: © Empa, Feng Wang, Benjamin Hale, Yvan Schulz, Shunichi Honda, Ruediger Kuehr, Ministry of the Environment Japan [MOEJ], Step Initiative, fotolia.com Graphic design: www.alder.design ISBN Print 978-92-808-1240-4 | ISBN Ebook 978-92-808-7209-5 6 7 Disclaimer United Nations University (UNU) is an autonomous organ of the UN General Assembly dedicated to generating and transferring knowledge and strengthening capacities relevant to global issues of human security, development, and welfare. The University operates through a worldwide network of research and training centres and programmes, coordinated by UNU Centre in Tokyo. Copyright The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this This book is licensed by the United Nations University publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 IGO License. the United Nations University and the Japanese Ministry of the Environment concerning Please take the time to learn more about Creative Commons. the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Moreover, the views expressed are solely those of the co-authors and do not necessarily represent the decision or the stated policy of the United Nations University and the Japanese Ministry of the Environment, nor does citing of trade names or commercial processes constitute endorsement. Your fair use and other rights are in no way affected by the above. 8 9 TABLE OF CONTENTS 2.4.9. System financing .............................................................................................. 73 2.5. E-waste management system matrix and types................................................... 75 Executive Summery ........................................................................................................ 12 2.5.1. E-waste system matrix ..................................................................................... 75 CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................... 16 2.5.2. E-waste management system types ............................................................... 78 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................... 18 CHAPTER THREE ........................................................................................................... 80 1.1 What is E-waste? ..................................................................................................... 22 1.2. E-waste: An International Issue ............................................................................. 28 Type 1: Advanced mechanism ....................................................................................... 82 1.3. Framework Conditions in East and Southeast Asia ............................................. 30 1. Japan ......................................................................................................................... 84 1.4. Main Actors ............................................................................................................. 35 2. Taiwan ........................................................................................................................ 96 1.5. Background to the Report ..................................................................................... 38 3. South Korea ............................................................................................................. 106 1.6. Quantification and Assessment Methodologies .................................................. 44 Type 2: Voluntary initiative ........................................................................................... 116 1.6.1. Methodologies for Assessment of National E-waste Inventories ................ 44 4. Singapore ................................................................................................................ 118 1.6.2. Methodology for Assessment of Transboundary Shipments ....................... 50 5. Hong Kong .............................................................................................................. 128 CHAPTER TWO .............................................................................................................. 54 Type 3: In transition ...................................................................................................... 138 2. Overview of e-waste management in East & Southeast Asia ............................... 56 6. China ........................................................................................................................ 140 2.1 E-waste arising ........................................................................................................ 57 7. Malaysia ................................................................................................................... 152 2.2 E-waste legislation .................................................................................................. 62 8. Philippines ............................................................................................................... 160 2.3 E-waste collection, treatment and recycling ....................................................... 62 9. Vietnam .................................................................................................................... 170 2.4 Common issues and challenges ............................................................................ 64 2.4.1. Increasing volumes ......................................................................................... 64 Type 4: Informal initiative ............................................................................................. 180 2.4.2. Improper & illegal dumping ........................................................................... 65 10. Cambodia .............................................................................................................. 182 2.4.3. Open burning................................................................................................... 66 11. Indonesia ............................................................................................................... 190 2.4.4. Backyard acid bath .......................................................................................... 67 12. Thailand ................................................................................................................. 198 2.4.5. Occupational & community health ................................................................ 68 CHAPTER FOUR ........................................................................................................... 204 2.4.6. Competition between informal and formal sectors ...................................... 69 2.4.7. Transboundary movements............................................................................. 70 TBM Chapter: Transboundary movements ................................................................ 206 2.4.8. Regulation and enforcement .......................................................................... 72 The Authors .................................................................................................................. 212 10 11 Executive Summary Electrical appliances and electronic gadgets are pervasive in our lives, and their number With a focus on the national jurisdictions of Vietnam, Thailand, Taiwan, Singapore, the and use is still on the rise, impacting our professional and personal lives daily. Philippines, Malaysia, South Korea, Japan, Indonesia, Hong Kong, China and Cambodia, this Monitor covers nearly 30 per cent of the world’s population across a wide range of socio- These devices, typically powered by a battery or a power supply, are used in all parts of the economic parameters. world and across all strata of society. In 2012, an estimated 56.56 million tonnes of Electrical and Electronic Equipment (EEE) were put on the global market. This report uniquely presents a summary of the regional e-waste statuses, and it is arranged so as to allow direct comparisons where possible that can help further the development of Asia is both the world’s largest manufacturer of and market for EEE, consuming 26.69 million e-waste management systems based on other countries’ experiences. tonnes in 2012 of what was put on the global market, or about half the global amount. In 2014, Asia generated 16 million tonnes of e-waste, which equals
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