Digital Broadcasting Industries Are Yielding Optimal Economic Return to NZ (E.G
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Broadcast Television (1945, 1952) ………………………
Transformative Choices: A Review of 70 Years of FCC Decisions Sherille Ismail FCC Staff Working Paper 1 Federal Communications Commission Washington, DC 20554 October, 2010 FCC Staff Working Papers are intended to stimulate discussion and critical comment within the FCC, as well as outside the agency, on issues that may affect communications policy. The analyses and conclusions set forth are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the view of the FCC, other Commission staff members, or any Commissioner. Given the preliminary character of some titles, it is advisable to check with the authors before quoting or referencing these working papers in other publications. Recent titles are listed at the end of this paper and all titles are available on the FCC website at http://www.fcc.gov/papers/. Abstract This paper presents a historical review of a series of pivotal FCC decisions that helped shape today’s communications landscape. These decisions generally involve the appearance of a new technology, communications device, or service. In many cases, they involve spectrum allocation or usage. Policymakers no doubt will draw their own conclusions, and may even disagree, about the lessons to be learned from studying the past decisions. From an academic perspective, however, a review of these decisions offers an opportunity to examine a commonly-asserted view that U.S. regulatory policies — particularly in aviation, trucking, and telecommunications — underwent a major change in the 1970s, from protecting incumbents to promoting competition. The paper therefore examines whether that general view is reflected in FCC policies. It finds that there have been several successful efforts by the FCC, before and after the 1970s, to promote new entrants, especially in the markets for commercial radio, cable television, telephone equipment, and direct broadcast satellites. -
Foreign Government-Sponsored Broadcast Programming
February 11, 2021 Foreign Government-Sponsored Broadcast Programming Overview Radio Sputnik, a subsidiary of the Russian government- Congress has enacted several laws to enable U.S. citizens financed Rossiya Segodnya International Information and the federal government to monitor attempts by foreign Agency, airs programming on radio stations in Washington, governments to influence public opinion on political DC, and Kansas City, MO. Rossiya Segodnya has contracts matters. Nevertheless, radio and television viewers may with two different U.S.-based entities to broadcast Radio have difficulty distinguishing programs financed and Sputnik’s programming. One entity is a radio station distributed by foreign governments or their agents. In licensee itself, while the other is an intermediary. DOJ has October 2020, the Federal Communications Commission directed each entity to register under FARA. Copies of the (FCC) proposed new requirements for broadcast radio and Rossiya Segodnya’s contracts with both entities are television stations to identify foreign government-provided available on both the FCC and DOJ websites. programming. FCC filings and a November 2015 report from the Reuters Statutory Background news agency indicate that China Radio International (CRI), For nearly 100 years, beginning with the passage of the an organization owned by the Chinese government, may Radio Act of 1927 (P.L. 69-632) and the Communications have agreements to transmit programming to 10 full-power Act of 1934 (P.L. 73-416), Congress has required broadcast U.S. radio stations, but independent verification is not stations to label content supplied and paid for by third readily available. parties so viewers and listeners can distinguish it from content created by the stations themselves (47 U.S.C. -
Public Service Broadcasting in Transition: a Documentary Reader
University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Other Publications from the Center for Global Center for Global Communication Studies Communication Studies (CGCS) 11-2011 Public Service Broadcasting in Transition: A Documentary Reader Monroe Price University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Marc Raboy Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/cgcs_publications Part of the Broadcast and Video Studies Commons Recommended Citation Price, Monroe and Raboy, Marc. (2011). Public Service Broadcasting in Transition: A Documentary Reader. Other Publications from the Center for Global Communication Studies. Retrieved from https://repository.upenn.edu/cgcs_publications/1 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/cgcs_publications/1 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Public Service Broadcasting in Transition: A Documentary Reader Abstract This is a book of documents, comments, and cases that has been prepared, at the request of the European Institute for the Media, for the use of government officials and citizens interested in strengthening public service broadcasting in transition societies. In this book we try to provide a small chest of tools and background information that will be of assistance. We start, in Chapter 1, with an overview of some of the general principles of public service broadcasting, and include pertinent comments on each of them. Here, as throughout the book, we concentrate on issues of governance and financing, with some attention as well ot issues surrounding programming. In Chapter 2, we turn to current issues in the European-level debate, partly from the perspective of European expectations and standards that are employed in evaluation and accession processes. -
Download ATSC 3.0 Implementation Guide
ATSC 3.0 Transition and Implementation Guide INTRODUCTION This document was developed to provide broadcasters with ATSC 3.0 information that can inform investment and technical decisions required to move from ATSC 1.0 to ATSC 3.0. It also guides broadcasters who are planning for its adoption while also planning for channel changes during the FCC Spectrum Repack Program. This document, finalized September 9, 2016, will be updated periodically as insight and additional information is made available from industry testing and implementation of the new standard. This document was developed by the companies and organizations listed in the Appendix. Updates to the Guide are open to input from all companies and individuals that wish to contribute. Those interested in suggesting changes or updates to this document can do so at [email protected]. 2 ATSC 3.0 Transition and Implementation Guide EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Television service continues to evolve as content distributors – from traditional cable operators to internet-delivered services – utilize the latest technologies to reach viewers and offer a wide variety of program choices. New receiving devices are easily connected to the internet, which relies on the language of Internet Protocol (IP) to transport content. Now terrestrial broadcasters are preparing both for the adoption of an IP-ready next-generation digital TV (DTV) standard and a realignment of the U.S. TV spectrum. Viewers are already buying high-quality displays that respond to 4K Ultra HDTV signals and High Dynamic Range (HDR) capabilities. Immersive and personalized audio is also emerging, with the ability to enhance the quality and variety of audio. -
Digital Television: an Overview
Order Code RL31260 CRS Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web Digital Television: An Overview Updated June 22, 2005 Lennard G. Kruger Specialist in Science and Technology Resources, Science, and Industry Division Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress Digital Television: An Overview Summary Digital television (DTV) is a new television service representing the most significant development in television technology since the advent of color television in the 1950s. DTV can provide sharper pictures, a wider screen, CD-quality sound, better color rendition, and other new services currently being developed. The nationwide deployment of digital television is a complex and multifaceted enterprise. A successful deployment requires: the development by content providers of compelling digital programming; the delivery of digital signals to consumers by broadcast television stations, as well as cable and satellite television systems; and the widespread purchase and adoption by consumers of digital television equipment. The Telecommunications Act of 1996 (P.L. 104-104) provided that initial eligibility for any DTV licenses issued by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) should be limited to existing broadcasters. Because DTV signals cannot be received through the existing analog television broadcasting system, the FCC decided to phase in DTV over a period of years, so that consumers would not have to immediately purchase new digital television sets or converters. Thus, broadcasters were given new spectrum for digital signals, while retaining their existing spectrum for analog transmission so that they can simultaneously transmit analog and digital signals to their broadcasting market areas. Congress and the FCC set a target date of December 31, 2006 for broadcasters to cease broadcasting their analog signals and return their existing analog television spectrum to be auctioned for commercial services (such as broadband) or used for public safety communications. -
Public Access TV” (NP PATV) –Refers to the New Paltz Public Access Channel That Currently Offers Public, Educational and Governmental Programming on Channel 23
New Paltz Public Access Television Program and Bulletin Board Policies Revised May 6, 2009 1. INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................2 2. MISSION STATEMENT.................................................................................3 3. GENERAL POLICIES ....................................................................................4 3.1 Responsibility for Submissions ...............................................................4 3.2 Content Restrictions ...............................................................................4 3.3 Commercial Restriction...........................................................................5 3.4 Disclosure of Information Regarding Individuals Submitting Material .....6 3.5 Submissions from Outside the NP PATV Viewing Area .........................6 3.6 Program Credits for Contribution of Goods and Services.......................6 3.7 Charging for Time on NP PATV..............................................................7 3.8 Solicitation by Non-Profits.......................................................................7 3.9 Limits of Liability .....................................................................................8 3.10 Government Officials and Political Use of NP PATV..............................8 4. PROGRAM SUBMISSION POLICIES ...........................................................8 4.1 Responsibility for Program Content ........................................................9 4.2 Technical -
Mac 343 Radio/Tv Programming
MAINCOURSE WORK GUIDE MAC 343 RADIO/TV PROGRAMMING COURSE TEAM Course Developer Chidinma H. Onwubere. PhD, LL.B (NOUN) Course Writers Mr. Myke Esiri Department of Mass Communication Redeemerr’s University, Ogun State [email protected] +2348143092044 Chidinma H. Onwubere , PhD, LL.B School of Arts and Social Sciences National Open University of Nigeria, Victoria Island, Lagos [email protected] +2348023014372 EDITOR Dr. Sunday Olayinka Alawode Department of Mass Communication Lagos State University (LASU) Lagos State +234-8096095589 HEAD OF UNIT Chidinma H. Onwubere. PhD, LL.B School of Arts and Social Sciences National Open University of Nigeria, Victoria Island, Lagos NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA 1 National Open University of Nigeria Headquarters 14/16 Ahmadu Bello Way Victoria Island Lagos Abuja Office National Open University of Nigeria 5, Dar Es Salaam Street, Off Aminu Kano Crescent Wuse II, Abuja Nigeria email: [email protected] URL: www.nou.edu.ng Published by National Open University of Nigeria Printed ISBN: All Rights Reserved 2 Table of Contents Contents Page MODULE 1 INTRODUCTION.................................................................. Unit 1: The nature of radio............................................................................................ Unit 2: The nature of television Unit 3: Station Format Unit 4: Programming the station MODULE 2 SCRIPTING Unit 1 Scripting Unit 2 The scriptwriter Unit 3 Radio TV Script format MODULE 3 WRITING AND PRODUCING TALKS ON RADIO/TV Unit 1 Talk Programmes Unit -
The Economics of Retransmission Consent
E MPIRIS L L C THE ECONOMICS OF RETRANSMISSION CONSENT † JEFFREY A. EISENACH , PH.D. March 2009 † Chairman and Managing Partner, Empiris LLC and Adjunct Professor, George Mason University Law School. I am grateful to several commenters for helpful suggestions. Any remaining errors are my own. Support for this paper was provided by the National Association of Broadcasters. THE ECONOMICS OF RETRANSMISSION CONSENT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Congress created retransmission consent in 1992 to ensure that broadcasters would be able to negotiate in a free marketplace for fair compensation for their programming. Examining retransmission consent from an economic perspective, this study demonstrates that retransmission consent achieves Congress’ intended purpose of establishing a market based mechanism to ensure that broadcasters receive an economically efficient level of compensation for the value of their signals. This compensation ultimately benefits consumers by enriching the quantity, diversity, and quality of available programming, including local broadcast signals. In particular, the evidence demonstrates that: • The market for television programming is highly competitive. The sellers’ side of the video programming market (broadcasters) is relatively unconcentrated and is becoming less concentrated while the buyers’ side (the multichannel video program distributors market) is experiencing consolidation at both the national and local levels. In 2006, the four MVPDs with the largest shares served 63 percent of all MVPD subscribers, up from 50 percent in 2002. National networks depend on just four purchasers to reach nearly 70 percent of all MVPD subscribers nationwide. Thus, broadcasters do not have monopoly power, and are not in a position to extract excessive retransmission consent fees from cable operators or other program distributors. -
Broadcast Regulation and the Irrelevant Logic of Strict Scrutiny R
Journal of Legislation Volume 37 | Issue 2 Article 2 5-1-2011 Broadcast Regulation and the Irrelevant Logic of Strict Scrutiny R. George Wright Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.law.nd.edu/jleg Recommended Citation Wright, R. George (2011) "Broadcast Regulation and the Irrelevant Logic of Strict Scrutiny," Journal of Legislation: Vol. 37: Iss. 2, Article 2. Available at: http://scholarship.law.nd.edu/jleg/vol37/iss2/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journal of Legislation at NDLScholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Legislation by an authorized administrator of NDLScholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BROADCAST REGULATION AND THE IRRELEVANT LOGIC OF STRICT SCRUTINY R. George Wright * I. INTRODUCTION For decades, legal regulation of the content of broadcast2 television entertainment3 programs has looked for guidance to the case of Federal Communications Commission v. Pacifica Foundation.4 Whatever its precise scope * Lawrence A. Jegen Professor of Law, Indiana University School of Law-Indianapolis. 1. For purposes of this Article, I set aside ways in which the FCC might regulate entertainment broadcast television apart from programming content, such as with regard to assigned broadcast frequency, digitalization rules, and other such matters. For discussion of the murky distinction between content-based and content-neutral restrictions on speech, see R. George Wright, Content-Based and Content-Neutral Regulation of Speech: The Limitations of a Common Distinction, 60 U. MIAMI L. REV. 333 (2006) [hereinafter The Limitationsof a Common Distinction]. 2. The legal standards for media such as pay cable television or paid access via telephone to particular kinds of entertainment content have departed from those for broadcast television. -
Second Report of the Video Programming Accessibility Advisory Committee on the Twenty-First Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act of 2010
Second Report of the Video Programming Accessibility Advisory Committee on the Twenty-First Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act of 2010 Access to Emergency Information April 9, 2012 Table of Contents 1. Introduction/Overview................................................................................................ 1 1.1. The VPAAC Working Group on Emergency Information .................................... 2 2. Background on Access to Emergency Information .................................................... 3 2.1. History.................................................................................................................. 3 2.2. Emergency Information Delivery: Current Practice ........................................... 4 2.2.1. Production and Terrestrial Broadcast.......................................................... 4 2.2.2. Cable............................................................................................................. 5 2.2.3. Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS).................................................................. 6 2.2.4. Internet Protocol Television (IPTV) ............................................................. 6 2.3. User Interface Issues Related to Emergency Information ................................... 7 3. Findings and Recommendations................................................................................. 7 3.1. Findings – General............................................................................................... 7 3.2. Longer-term Solutions....................................................................................... -
Recognizing the Interests of the Public in Broadcast Programming Don R
Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics & Public Policy Volume 6 Article 5 Issue 1 Symposium on Media and the Law 1-1-2012 Recognizing the Interests of the Public in Broadcast Programming Don R. Le Duc Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndjlepp Recommended Citation Don R. Le Duc, Recognizing the Interests of the Public in Broadcast Programming, 6 Notre Dame J.L. Ethics & Pub. Pol'y 75 (1992). Available at: http://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndjlepp/vol6/iss1/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics & Public Policy at NDLScholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics & Public Policy by an authorized administrator of NDLScholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. RECOGNIZING THE INTERESTS OF THE PUBLIC IN BROADCAST PROGRAMMING DON R. LE Duc* THE ERA OF BAD FEELINGS The 1980s offered a rather pleasant interlude for most businesses in the United States as interest rates plummeted, capitalism gained new prestige, and regulation began to disap- pear. For the broadcast industry, however, the era was one marred by bitter clashes with a growing number of hostile and aggressive citizen groups. Although many of these attacks on the broadcast industry came from the so-called "religious right," those who battled with television networks, broadcast stations and cable TV sys- tems during this decade also included such widely disparate organizations as Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD), the Gay Media Task Force, -
Programming for TV, Radio, and the Internet: Strategy, Development, and Evaluation
Programming for TV, Radio, and the Internet: Strategy, Development, and Evaluation Philippe Perebinossoff Brian Gross Lynne S. Gross ELSEVIER Programming for TV, Radio, and the Internet Programming for TV, Radio, and the Internet Strategy, Development, and Evaluation Philippe Perebinossoff California State University, Fullerton Brian Gross EF Education, Jakarta, Indonesia Lynne S. Gross California State University, Fullerton AMSTERDAM · BOSTON · HEIDELBERG · LONDON NEW YORK · OXFORD · PARIS · SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO · SINGAPORE · SYDNEY · TOKYO Focal Press is an imprint of Elsevier Acquisition Editor: Amy Jollymore Project Manager: Bonnie Falk Editorial Assistant: Cara Anderson Marketing Manager: Christine Degon Cover Design: Dardani Gasc Focal Press is an imprint of Elsevier 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP, UK Copyright © 2005, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: (+44) 1865 843830, fax: (+44) 1865 853333, e-mail: [email protected] may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier homepage (http://elsevier.com), by selecting “Customer Support” and then “Obtaining Permissions.” Recognizing the importance of preserving what has been written, Elsevier prints its books on acid-free paper whenever possible. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.