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Pulp and Paper Chemistry and Technology Volume 1 Pulp and Paper Chemistry and Technology Volume 1 Wood Chemistry and Wood Biotechnology Edited by Monica Ek, Göran Gellerstedt, Gunnar Henriksson Pulp and Paper Chemistry and Technology Volume 1 This project was supported by a generous grant by the Ljungberg Foundation (Stiftelsen Erik Johan Ljungbergs Utbildningsfond) and originally published by the KTH Royal Institute of Technology as the “Ljungberg Textbook”. Wood Chemistry and Biotechnology Edited by Monica Ek, Göran Gellerstedt, Gunnar Henriksson Editors Dr. Monica Ek Professor (em.) Dr. Göran Gellerstedt Professor Dr. Gunnar Henriksson Wood Chemistry and Pulp Technology Fibre and Polymer Technology School of Chemical Science and Engineering KTH Ϫ Royal Institute of Technology 100 44 Stockholm Sweden ISBN 978-3-11-021339-3 Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. ” Copyright 2009 by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, 10785 Berlin. All rights reserved, including those of translation into foreign languages. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanic, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Printed in Germany. Typesetting: WGV Verlagsdienstleistungen GmbH, Weinheim, Germany. Printing and binding: Hubert & Co. GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen, Germany. Cover design: Martin Zech, Bremen, Germany. Foreword The production of pulp and paper is of major importance in Sweden and the forestry industry has a profound influence on the economy of the country. The technical development of the industry and its ability to compete globally is closely connected with the combination of high-class education, research and development that has taken place at universities, institutes and industry over many years. In many cases, Swedish companies have been regarded as the initiator of new technology which has started here and successively found a general world-wide acceptance. This leadership in knowledge and technology must continue and be developed around the globe in order for the pulp and paper industry to compete with high value-added forestry products adopted to a modern sustainable society. The production of forestry products is based on a complex chain of knowledge in which the biologi- cal material wood with all its natural variability is converted into a variety of fibre-based products, each one with its detailed and specific quality requirements. In order to make such products, knowl- edge about the starting material, as well as the processes and products including the market demands must constitute an integrated base. The possibilities of satisfying the demand of knowledge require- ments from the industry are intimately associated with the ability of the universities to attract students and to provide them with a modern and progressive education of high quality. In 2000, a generous grant was awarded the Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology at KTH Royal Institute of Technology from the Ljungberg Foundation (Stiftelsen Erik Johan Ljungbergs Utbildningsfond), located at StoraEnso in Falun. A major share of the grant was devoted to the development of a series of modern books covering the whole knowledge-chain from tree to paper and converted products. This challenge has been accomplished as a national four-year project in- volving a total of 30 authors from universities, Innventia and industry and resulting in a four volume set covering wood chemistry and biotechnology, pulping and paper chemistry and paper physics. The target reader is a graduate level university student or researcher in chemistry / renew- able resources / biotechnology with no prior knowledge in the fields of pulp and paper. For the benefit of pulp and paper engineers and other people with an interest in this fascinating industry, we hope that the availability of this material as printed books will provide an understanding of all the fundamentals involved in pulp and paper-making. For continuous and encouraging support during the course of this project, we are much indebted to Yngve Stade, Sr Ex Vice President StoraEnso, and to Börje Steen and Jan Moritz, Stiftelsen Erik Johan Ljungbergs Utbildningsfond. Stockholm, August 2009 Göran Gellerstedt, Monica Ek, Gunnar Henriksson List of Contributing Authors Marianne Björklund Jansson Helena Lennholm Innventia AB Dianavägen 82 Box 5604 183 65 Taby, Sweden 114 86 Stockholm, Sweden [email protected] [email protected] Thomas Nilsson Elisabet Brännvall Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences KTH Royal Institute of Technology Department of Wood Science Chemical Science and Engineering Box 7008 Fibre and Polymer Technology 50 07 Uppsala, Sweden 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden [email protected] [email protected] Nils-Olof Nilvebrant Geoffrey Daniel Borregaard Industries Ltd Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences P.O. Box 162 Department of Forest Products 1701 Sarpsborg Box 7008 Norway 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden [email protected] [email protected] Tuula Teeri Göran Gellerstedt Aalto University KTH Royal Institute of Technology Lämpömiehenkuja 2 Chemical Science and Engineering P.O. Box 7800 Fibre and Polymer Technology 02015 TKK, Espoo, Finland 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden [email protected] [email protected] Anita Teleman Gunnar Henriksson Innventia AB KTH Royal Institute of Technology Drottning Kristinas väg 61 Chemical Science and Engineering Stockholm, Sweden Fibre and Polymer Technology [email protected] 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden [email protected] ix `çåíÉåíë 1 The Worldwide Wood Resource . 1 Göran Gellerstedt 2 The Trees . 13 Gunnar Henriksson, Elisabet Brännvall, and Helena Lennholm 3 Wood and Fibre Morphology . 45 Geoffrey Daniel 4 Cellulose and Carbohydrate Chemistry . 71 Gunnar Henriksson and Helena Lennholm 5 Hemicelluloses and Pectins . 101 Anita Teleman 6 Lignin . 121 Gunnar Henriksson 7 Wood Extractives . 147 Marianne Björklund Jansson and Nils-Olof Nilvebrant 8 Cellulose Products and Chemicals from Wood . 173 Göran Gellerstedt 9 Analytical Methods. 195 Göran Gellerstedt 10 Biological Wood Degradation . 219 Thomas Nilsson 11 Enzymes Degrading Wood Components . 245 Tuula Teeri and Gunnar Henriksson 12 Biotechnology in the Forest Industry . 273 Gunnar Henriksson and Tuula Teeri Index . 301 x 1 N==qÜÉ=tçêäÇïáÇÉ=tççÇ=oÉëçìêÅÉ Göran Gellerstedt KTH, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology 1.1 The Importance of Wood 1 1.2 Pulp and Paper 4 1.2.1 History 4 1.2.2 Paper Consumption 7 1.2.3 Pulp and Paper Trade 9 1.3 The European Perspective 10 NKN==qÜÉ=fãéçêí~åÅÉ=çÑ=tççÇ Wood is a very old material and its importance for the development of mankind from prehistor- ic to present time cannot be emphasized enough. From the original use of providing heating, shelter and tools, wood, a long time ago, also became the starting material for chemicals such as charcoal, tar and pitch used for iron ore reduction and in ship construction respectively. Hand in hand with the successive societal development in different parts of the world, the use of wood and wood-based materials was further developed. Solid wood found use e.g. as construction material and for furniture production but the most important invention was done in China some 2200 years ago when it was found that wood material can be converted into paper. Thereby, the foundation was laid for the development of written communication and in the modern society of today, a day without paper is unthinkable, but now the use has been expanded to encompass not only communication but also the packaging and hygiene sectors. Even today, however, the var- fuel wood, developed countries industrial wood, developing 5% countries 10 % 49% fuel wood, developing 36% countries industrial wood, developed countries Figure 1.1. The use of roundwood in developed and developing countries in the world. Source: Skogsindustri- erna, 2005. 2 ious uses of wood are very unevenly distributed in different parts of the world. This is shown in Table 1.1 and in Figure 1.1 where it can be seen that the major consumption of wood in Asia and Africa is still for fuel purposes whereas in Europe and North America, sawn wood and pulp for the production of paper and board are dominant. q~ÄäÉ=NKNK=qçí~ä=èì~åíáíó=çÑ=ÑÉääÉÇ=çê=çíÜÉêïáëÉ=êÉãçîÉÇ=êçìåÇïççÇ=Eãáääáçå=ãPLóÉ~êFK=qÜÉ=ïççÇ=ÑìÉä=áë= ìëÉÇ=Ñçê=ÅççâáåÖI=ÜÉ~íáåÖ=~åÇ=éçïÉê=éêçÇìÅíáçåK=tççÇ=Ñçê=ÅÜ~êÅç~ä=éêçÇìÅíáçå=áë=~äëç=áåÅäìÇÉÇK=qÜÉ= íÉêã=éìäéïççÇ=áåÅäìÇÉë=êçìåÇïççÇ=Ñçê=éìäéI=é~êíáÅäÉÄç~êÇ=~åÇ=ÑáÄêÉÄç~êÇ=éêçÇìÅíáçåK=líÜÉê=áåÇìëJ íêá~ä=ìëÉë=áåÅäìÇÉ=ÉKÖK=ïççÇ=Ñçê=ÑÉåÅÉëI=éçëíë=~åÇ=Ñçê=í~ååáåÖ=éìêéçëÉëK oÉÖáçå oçìåÇïççÇI= cìÉä p~ïäçÖë mìäéïççÇ líÜÉê=áåÇìëJ íçí~ä íêá~ä=ìëÉ tçêäÇ PKPMM NKTRM VPM QRM OMM ^ÑêáÅ~ RRM QRM RM OM PM kçêíÜL`Éåíê~ä= ^ãÉêáÅ~ TRM NPM QMM OMM OM pçìíÜ=^ãÉêáÅ~ PMM NSM UM RM NM ^ëá~ NKNRM VMM NRM PM TM bìêçéÉ RMM NMM OPM NQM PM lÅÉ~åá~ RM NM OM NM NM From ancient times until today, comprehensive deforestation in different parts of the world has been used to clear land for alternative uses such as farming. In the past, the resulting in- crease of atmospheric carbon dioxide that followed as a result of burning and/or microbial deg- radation of the wood was, however, largely compensated for by an increased production of agricultural crops. Thereby, carbon dioxide was again trapped by the photosynthetic production of biomass according to the reaction shown in Figure 1.2. As a consequence, only minor vari- ations in the level of atmospheric carbon dioxide resulted. During the last ~100 years, on the other hand, the use of large and increasing amounts of petroleum for energy generation has not been compensated for by any new carbon dioxide sink and as a result, a rapid increase in the amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide can be observed (Figure 1.3).
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