CARBOHYDRATES STRUCTURE and CLASSIFICATION • Term Carbohydrate Is Derived from the French: HYDRATE DE CARBONE • Compounds Composed of C, H, and O
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Postulated Physiological Roles of the Seven-Carbon Sugars, Mannoheptulose, and Perseitol in Avocado
J. AMER. SOC. HORT. SCI. 127(1):108–114. 2002. Postulated Physiological Roles of the Seven-carbon Sugars, Mannoheptulose, and Perseitol in Avocado Xuan Liu,1 James Sievert, Mary Lu Arpaia, and Monica A. Madore2 Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521 ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. ‘Hass’ avocado on ‘Duke 7’ rootstock, phloem transport, ripening, Lauraceae ABSTRACT. Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) tissues contain high levels of the seven-carbon (C7) ketosugar mannoheptulose and its polyol form, perseitol. Radiolabeling of intact leaves of ‘Hass’ avocado on ‘Duke 7’ rootstock indicated that both perseitol and mannoheptulose are not only primary products of photosynthetic CO2 fixation but are also exported in the phloem. In cell-free extracts from mature source leaves, formation of the C7 backbone occurred by condensation of a three-carbon metabolite (dihydroxyacetone-P) with a four-carbon metabolite (erythrose-4-P) to form sedoheptulose-1,7- bis-P, followed by isomerization to a phosphorylated D-mannoheptulose derivative. A transketolase reaction was also observed which converted five-carbon metabolites (ribose-5-P and xylulose-5-P) to form the C7 metabolite, sedoheptu- lose-7-P, but this compound was not metabolized further to mannoheptulose. This suggests that C7 sugars are formed from the Calvin Cycle, not oxidative pentose phosphate pathway, reactions in avocado leaves. In avocado fruit, C7 sugars were present in substantial quantities and the normal ripening processes (fruit softening, ethylene production, and climacteric respiration rise), which occurs several days after the fruit is picked, did not occur until levels of C7 sugars dropped below an apparent threshold concentration of ≈20 mg·g–1 fresh weight. -
The No-Amylose Diet the Goal of This Diet Is to Avoid Foods That Contain Amylose and Glucose Which in Turn Cause a Rapid Rise in Blood Sugar When Ingested
The No-Amylose Diet The goal of this diet is to avoid foods that contain amylose and glucose which in turn cause a rapid rise in blood sugar when ingested. This diet is based on the 00-2-3 rule and is an easy way for you to remember what should or should not be included in your diet each day. • 0 sugars (glucose or sucrose, including corn syrup) • 0 amylose • 2 servings of protein that total at least 6 to 8 ounces • 3 servings each of vegetables that grow above the ground and fruit (except bananas) per day. Easy-To-Make Adjustments This diet allows for sufficient quantities of food so that you won’t be hungry and can actually enjoy good-tasting, high-quality meals. It just involves adjusting some of our habits and thought patterns when it comes to food. For instance, you can still eat a hamburger, just not the bun. Why not try some melted cheese and a hearty slice of tomato on top instead? Soups can be a nutritious and filling meal or snack, but not when they are loaded with pasta, potatoes, or rice. Why not try some delicious black bean soup or maybe a homemade cream-based tomato soup without the added sugar so often found in canned varieties? Benefits of This Eating Plan And added benefit of this diet is that it is also a gluten-free diet. The avoidance of wheat, oats, rye, and barley is the same for both diets. If you have also been advised to be on a gluten-free diet, no adjustments need to be made in order for you to eat gluten-free. -
Pentose PO4 Pathway, Fructose, Galactose Metabolism.Pptx
Pentose PO4 pathway, Fructose, galactose metabolism The Entner Doudoroff pathway begins with hexokinase producing Glucose 6 PO4 , but produce only one ATP. This pathway prevalent in anaerobes such as Pseudomonas, they doe not have a Phosphofructokinase. The pentose phosphate pathway (also called the phosphogluconate pathway and the hexose monophosphate shunt) is a biochemical pathway parallel to glycolysis that generates NADPH and pentoses. While it does involve oxidation of glucose, its primary role is anabolic rather than catabolic. There are two distinct phases in the pathway. The first is the oxidative phase, in which NADPH is generated, and the second is the non-oxidative synthesis of 5-carbon sugars. For most organisms, the pentose phosphate pathway takes place in the cytosol. For each mole of glucose 6 PO4 metabolized to ribulose 5 PO4, 2 moles of NADPH are produced. 6-Phosphogluconate dh is not only an oxidation step but it’s also a decarboxylation reaction. The primary results of the pathway are: The generation of reducing equivalents, in the form of NADPH, used in reductive biosynthesis reactions within cells (e.g. fatty acid synthesis). Production of ribose-5-phosphate (R5P), used in the synthesis of nucleotides and nucleic acids. Production of erythrose-4-phosphate (E4P), used in the synthesis of aromatic amino acids. Transketolase and transaldolase reactions are similar in that they transfer between carbon chains, transketolases 2 carbon units or transaldolases 3 carbon units. Regulation; Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is the rate- controlling enzyme of this pathway. It is allosterically stimulated by NADP+. The ratio of NADPH:NADP+ is normally about 100:1 in liver cytosol. -
Determination of Total Dietary Fibre and Available Carbohydrates: a Rapid Integrated Procedure That Simulates in Vivo Digestion
860 DOI 10.1002/star.201500017 Starch/Stärke 2015, 67, 860–883 RESEARCH ARTICLE Determination of total dietary fibre and available carbohydrates: A rapid integrated procedure that simulates in vivo digestion Barry V. McCleary, Naomi Sloane and Anna Draga Megazyme International Ireland, Bray Business Park, Bray, County Wicklow, Ireland The new definition of dietary fibre introduced by Codex Alimentarius in 2008 includes resistant Received: January 23, 2015 starch and the option to include non-digestible oligosaccharides. Implementation of this definition Revised: March 5, 2015 required new methodology. An integrated total dietary fibre method was evaluated and accepted by Accepted: March 5, 2015 AOAC InternationalandAACCInternational(AOACMethods2009.01and2011.25;AACCMethod 32–45.01 and 32–50.01, and recently adopted by Codex Alimentarius as a Type I Method. However, in application of the method to a diverse range of food samples and particularly food ingredients, some limitations have been identified. One of the ongoing criticisms of this method was that the time of incubation with pancreatic a-amylase/amyloglucosidase mixture was 16 h, whereas the time for food to transit through the human small intestine was likely to be approximately 4 h. In the current work, we use an incubation time of 4 h, and have evaluated incubation conditions that yield resistant starch and dietary values in line with ileostomy results within this time frame. Problems associated with production, hydrolysis and chromatography of various oligosaccharides have been addressed resulting in a more rapid procedure that is directly applicable to all foods and food ingredients currently available. Keywords: Available carbohydrates / Codex Alimentarius / Dietary fibre determination / Enzymic / Non-digestible oligosaccharides / Resistant starch : Additional supporting information may be found in the online version of this article at the publisher’s web-site. -
Liquid Chromatography with Electrospray Ionization And
Hindawi Publishing Corporation International Journal of Analytical Chemistry Volume 2016, Article ID 9269357, 8 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9269357 Research Article Liquid Chromatography with Electrospray Ionization and Tandem Mass Spectrometry Applied in the Quantitative Analysis of Chitin-Derived Glucosamine for a Rapid Estimation of Fungal Biomass in Soil Madelen A. Olofsson and Dan Bylund DepartmentofNaturalSciences,MidSwedenUniversity,85170Sundsvall,Sweden Correspondence should be addressed to Madelen A. Olofsson; [email protected] Received 2 September 2015; Accepted 12 January 2016 Academic Editor: Frantisek Foret Copyright © 2016 M. A. Olofsson and D. Bylund. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. This method employs liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to rapidly quantify chitin-derived glucosamine for estimating fungal biomass. Analyte retention was achieved using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography, with a zwitter- ionic stationary phase (ZIC-HILIC), and isocratic elution using 60% 5 mM ammonium formate buffer (pH 3.0) and 40% ACN. Inclusion of muramic acid and its chromatographic separation from glucosamine enabled calculation of the bacterial contribution to the latter. Galactosamine, an isobaric isomer to glucosamine, found in significant amounts in soil samples, was also investigated. Thetwoisomersformthesameprecursorandproductionsandcouldnotbechromatographicallyseparatedusingthisrapid method. Instead, glucosamine and galactosamine were distinguished mathematically, using the linear relationships describing the differences in product ion intensities for the two analytes. The m/z transitions of 180 → 72 and 180 → 84 were applied for the detection of glucosamine and galactosamine and that of 252 → 126 for muramic acid. -
Chapter 12 Slides
11/15/17 CHAPTER 12: Carbohydrates: Structure and Function OUTLINE • 12.1 Role of Carbohydrates • 12.2 Monosaccharides • 12.3 Complex Carbohydrates • 12.4 Carbohydrate Catabolism • 12.5 Oligosaccharides as Cell Markers CHAPTER 12: Carbohydrates: Structure and Function WHAT ARE CARBOHYDRATES? • Glucose and its derivatives are carbohydrates: Ø Carbohydrates are simple organic molecules that have a shared basic chemical Formula: Cn(H2O)n Ø The name “carbo + hydrate” represents that Fact that they are made from CO2 and H2O by photosynthesis • About halF oF all earth’s solid carbon is Found in two polymers of glucose found in plants: Ø Starch = major energy storage molecule Ø Cellulose = major structural component oF the plant cell wall (aka. “fiber”) CHAPTER 12: Carbohydrates: Structure and Function THE SIMPLEST CARBOHYDRATES • Monosaccharides are carbohydrates that cannot be hydrolyZed into simpler carbohydrates: Ø These are the Fundamental building blocks For all other carbohydrates (oFten called “simple sugars”) Ø All have Formulas of based on the basic pattern: Cn(H2O)n • Monosaccharides have speciFic Functional groups: 1. An aldehyde OR a ketone (not both!) 2. Several (two or more) alcohol (-OH) groups 1 11/15/17 CHAPTER 12: Carbohydrates: Structure and Function STRUCTURE & NOMENCLATURE OF MONOSACCHARIDES • Monosaccharides are classiFied by two features: 1. Length of their main carbon chain (utilize standard IUPAC naming For # oF carbons) 2. Whether they contain an aldehyde or ketone group • Names always end with –ose • Two common hexoses: -
Some Nutritional Properties of Starch and Dietary Fiber in Barley Genotypes Containing Different Levels of Amylose
Some Nutritional Properties of Starch and Dietary Fiber in Barley Genotypes Containing Different Levels of Amylose 2 I. BJORCK,' A.-C. ELIASSON, A. DREWS,' M. GUDMUNDSSON, 2 and R. KARLSSON3 ABSTRACT Cereal Chem. 67(4):327-333 The nutritional properties of starch and dietary fiber (DF) were studied differences in rate of starch hydrolysis were seen between boiled barley in barley genotypes containing different amylose contents: Waxy Campana flours. In contrast, autoclaving produced a slower course of amylolysis (-8% amylose); Alva, Lina, and Glacier normal (normal varieties, 25-27% in Glacier high, despite complete gelatinization. This material also amylose); and Glacier high (-35% amylose). On an equivalent starch contained a somewhat higher level of retrograded enzyme-resistant starch, basis, all barley varieties showed a somewhat higher availability to a- 3% (starch basis). The content of soluble DF was lower in Alva and amylase than a wheat reference. Among the barley flours, starch in the Lina (4.8%) compared with 6.5% in the other genotypes (dwb). The waxy variety was most available to a-amylase when tested raw. With viscosity of suspensions of isolated DF (1.6%, w/v) correlated to the excess water (90% H2 0), the gelatinization was completed at about 80 C, proportion of soluble DF and was in decreasing order: Waxy > Glacier as measured with differential scanning calorimetry, irrespective of high > Alva. When added to a starch suspension, isolated barley DF amylose content. At lower moisture (50% H2 0), the temperature interval preparations were equally effective in reducing the rate of gastric emptying for gelatinization was considerably broadened. -
BASICS of the FODMAP DIET Elizabeth English RD, CLC OBJECTIVES
BASICS OF THE FODMAP DIET Elizabeth English RD, CLC OBJECTIVES Describe sources of FODMAP carbohydrate Recognize appropriate patient populations for the FODMAP diet Identify high FODMAP foods which are necessary to restrict when following the FODMAP diet Identify low FODMAP foods which are allowed when following the FODMAP diet FODMAP • Fermentable • Oligosaccharides • Disaccharides • Monosaccharides • And • Polyols POPULATION • Prevalence of IBS varies between 8% - 20% of the US population depending on diagnostic criteria and population evaluated • Most studies report a higher prevalence of IBS in women than men • Average medical expenditure for IBS in the US is estimated to be $1.35 billion in direct costs and $205 million in indirect costs • IBS accounts for almost half of all visits to gastroenterologists MAGGE & LEMBO . GASTORENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY 2012 KIDS • Kids with FGID (functional gastrointestinal disorders) report lower quality of life than healthy controls •Increased incidence of school absenteeism •Decreased energy •Less likely to be physically active •Less likely to be involved in school activities •Increased feelings of sadness and loneliness YOUSSEF ET AL. PEDIATRICS 2014 TARGET POPULATION • Patients diagnosed with functional gastrointestinal diseases (FGIDs) including IBS, abdominal migrane & childhood functional abdominal pain • Diagnosis by exclusion • Celiac disease • IBD • Food allergies • EoE • Cancer • Gastritis FODMAP HISTORY • Sue Shepherd developed the FODMAP diet in 1999 at her Shepherd Works RD practice • Realized that FODMAP foods were triggers for IBS • In 2005, the first paper describing FODMAPs was published with Dr. Peter Gibson • In 2006, the first research trial was a retrospective audit of patients with IBS and fructose malabsorption on a low fructose/fructan diet with 74% of patients reporting symptomatic improvement on this dietary regimen • Early research continued until 2009 when the FODMAP diet became well known throughout the digestive community BARRETT & GIBSON. -
Genomewide and Enzymatic Analysis Reveals Efficient D-Galacturonic
RESEARCH ARTICLE Molecular Biology and Physiology Genomewide and Enzymatic Analysis Reveals Efficient D-Galacturonic Acid Metabolism in the Basidiomycete Yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides Ryan J. Protzko,a,b Christina A. Hach,c Samuel T. Coradetti,b,d Magdalena A. Hackhofer,c Sonja Magosch,c Nils Thieme,c Gina M. Geiselman,b,d Adam P. Arkin,b,d,f Jeffrey M. Skerker,b,d,f John E. Dueber,b,e,f J. Philipp Benzc aDepartment of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA bEnergy Biosciences Institute, Berkeley, California, USA cHolzforschung München, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany dEnvironmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA eBiological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA fDepartment of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA ABSTRACT Biorefining of renewable feedstocks is one of the most promising routes to replace fossil-based products. Since many common fermentation hosts, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, are naturally unable to convert many component plant cell wall polysaccharides, the identification of organisms with broad catabolism capabilities represents an opportunity to expand the range of substrates used in fer- mentation biorefinery approaches. The red basidiomycete yeast Rhodosporidium to- ruloides is a promising and robust host for lipid- and terpene-derived chemicals. Pre- vious studies demonstrated assimilation of a range of substrates, from C5/C6 sugars to aromatic molecules similar to lignin monomers. In the current study, we analyzed the potential of R. toruloides to assimilate D-galacturonic acid, a major sugar in many pectin-rich agricultural waste streams, including sugar beet pulp and citrus peels. -
Pharmaceutical Compositions of Rifaximin Pharmazeutische Rifaximin-Zusammensetzungen Compositions Pharmaceutiques De Rifaximine
(19) TZZ Z__ T (11) EP 2 011 486 B2 (12) NEW EUROPEAN PATENT SPECIFICATION After opposition procedure (45) Date of publication and mention (51) Int Cl.: of the opposition decision: A61K 9/20 (2006.01) A61K 31/44 (2006.01) 12.08.2015 Bulletin 2015/33 (45) Mention of the grant of the patent: 23.05.2012 Bulletin 2012/21 (21) Application number: 08252198.0 (22) Date of filing: 26.06.2008 (54) Pharmaceutical compositions of rifaximin Pharmazeutische Rifaximin-Zusammensetzungen Compositions pharmaceutiques de rifaximine (84) Designated Contracting States: (56) References cited: AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR EP-A1- 0 616 808 EP-B1- 1 763 339 HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC MT NL NO PL PT WO-A-2006/094737 WO-A2-2006/039022 RO SE SI SK TR US-A- 6 140 355 US-A1- 2005 101 598 (30) Priority: 06.07.2007 IN KO09682007 • DUPONT ET AL: "Treatment of Travelers’ 23.06.2008 EP 08252158 Diarrhea: Randomized Trial Comparing Rifaximin, Rifaximin Plus Loperamide, and (43) Date of publication of application: Loperamide Alone" CLINICAL 07.01.2009 Bulletin 2009/02 GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY, AMERICAN GASTROENTEROLOGICAL (60) Divisional application: ASSOCIATION, US, vol. 5, no. 4, 17 April 2007 11176043.5 / 2 420 226 (2007-04-17), pages 451-456, XP022029177 ISSN: 14186563.4 / 2 837 378 1542-3565 • ARYA ET AL: "Rifaximin-the promising anti- (73) Proprietor: Lupin Ltd. microbial for enteric infections" JOURNAL OF Mumbai, Maharashtra 400 098 (IN) INFECTION, ACADEMIC PRESS, LONDON, GB, vol. -
Xylooligosaccharides Production, Quantification, and Characterization
19 Xylooligosaccharides Production, Quantification, and Characterization in Context of Lignocellulosic Biomass Pretreatment Qing Qing1, Hongjia Li2,3,4,Ã, Rajeev Kumar2,4 and Charles E. Wyman2,3,4 1 Pharmaceutical Engineering & Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China 2 Center for Environmental Research and Technology, University of California, Riverside, USA 3 Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, USA 4 BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge, USA 19.1 Introduction 19.1.1 Definition of Oligosaccharides Oligosaccharides, also termed sugar oligomers, refer to short-chain polymers of monosaccharide units con- nected by a and/or b glycosidic bonds. In structure, oligosaccharides represent a class of carbohydrates between polysaccharides and monosaccharides, but the range of degree of polymerization (DP, chain length) spanned by oligosaccharides has not been consistently defined. For example, the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) database of the US National Library of Medicine defines oligosaccharides as carbohy- drates consisting of 2–10 monosaccharide units; in other literature, sugar polymers with DPs of up to 30–40 have been included as oligosaccharides [1–3]. ÃPresent address: DuPont Industrial Biosciences, Palo Alto, USA Aqueous Pretreatment of Plant Biomass for Biological and Chemical Conversion to Fuels and Chemicals, First Edition. Edited by Charles E. Wyman. Ó 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 392 Aqueous Pretreatment of Plant Biomass for -
Carbohydrates: Structure and Function
CARBOHYDRATES: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION Color index: . Very important . Extra Information. “ STOP SAYING I WISH, START SAYING I WILL” 435 Biochemistry Team *هذا العمل ﻻ يغني عن المصدر المذاكرة الرئيسي • The structure of carbohydrates of physiological significance. • The main role of carbohydrates in providing and storing of energy. • The structure and function of glycosaminoglycans. OBJECTIVES: 435 Biochemistry Team extra information that might help you 1-synovial fluid: - It is a viscous, non-Newtonian fluid found in the cavities of synovial joints. - the principal role of synovial fluid is to reduce friction between the articular cartilage of synovial joints during movement O 2- aldehyde = terminal carbonyl group (RCHO) R H 3- ketone = carbonyl group within (inside) the compound (RCOR’) 435 Biochemistry Team the most abundant organic molecules in nature (CH2O)n Carbohydrates Formula *hydrate of carbon* Function 1-provides important part of energy Diseases caused by disorders of in diet . 2-Acts as the storage form of energy carbohydrate metabolism in the body 3-structural component of cell membrane. 1-Diabetesmellitus. 2-Galactosemia. 3-Glycogen storage disease. 4-Lactoseintolerance. 435 Biochemistry Team Classification of carbohydrates monosaccharides disaccharides oligosaccharides polysaccharides simple sugar Two monosaccharides 3-10 sugar units units more than 10 sugar units Joining of 2 monosaccharides No. of carbon atoms Type of carbonyl by O-glycosidic bond: they contain group they contain - Maltose (α-1, 4)= glucose + glucose -Sucrose (α-1,2)= glucose + fructose - Lactose (β-1,4)= glucose+ galactose Homopolysaccharides Heteropolysaccharides Ketone or aldehyde Homo= same type of sugars Hetero= different types Ketose aldose of sugars branched unBranched -Example: - Contains: - Contains: Examples: aldehyde group glycosaminoglycans ketone group.