Conservation Action Plan for the Russian Far East Ecoregion Complex

CONSERVATION ACTION PLAN FOR THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST ECOREGION COMPLEX

Part 2. NGO Joint Action Plan

EDITORS: YURI DARMAN, LAURA WILLIAMS

Major Contributing NGOs:

World Wide Fund for Nature Far Eastern Office Wildlife Conservation Society Khabarovsk Wildlife Foundation Amur Socio-Ecological Union Phoenix Foundation League of Environmental NGOs of Evreiskaya Province Amur Ecological Foundation Zov Taigi Nature Conservation Center

Prepared with funding from the WWF-Netherlands Action Network Program

Vladivostok, Khabarovsk, Blagoveshensk, Birobidzhan 2003 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONSERVATION ACTION PLAN. Part 2

Introduction 1

1. Biodiversity Vision 4

1.1. Biodiversity Vision for the RFE Ecoregion Complex 4 1.2. Steps to Achieving the Biodiversity Vision 6 1.3. Methods for Achieving the Biodiversity Vision 8

2. Key Partnerships for Plan Implementation 10

3. Strategies and Action Plans for Conserving Priority Ecosystems 13

3.1. Strategy and Action Plan for Conserving Forest Ecosystems 17 3.2. Strategy and Action Plan for Conserving Freshwater Ecosystems 28 3.3. Strategy and Action Plan for Conserving Representative Biomes 36

4. Strategies and Action Plans for Conserving Focal Species 42

4.1. Strategy and Action Plan for Conservation of the Amur Tiger 43 4.2. Strategy and Action Plan for Conservation and Restoration 51 of the Far Eastern Leopard 4.3. Strategy and Action Plan for Conservation of the Oriental White Stork 59 4.4. Strategy and Action Plan for Conservation of Ginseng 64

ATTACHMENTS

Attachment 1. References: Publications 68

Attachment 2. Resolutions of regional and international seminars, working groups, and government agencies 70

Attachment 3. Members of the RFE Ecoregional Council for Sustainable Nature Use (2000-2002) 71

Attachment 4. Contributors to the RFE Ecoregion Complex Conservation Action 73 km purposes of this action plan, covers 1.35 million the for RFE, The ecosystems. natural sity, charismatic plants and animals, and unique attention due to its unbelievably rich biodiver- unwavering deserves genuinely region This Russian Far East Ecoregion Complex (RFE). the in conservation nature of enthusiasts and collaboration by dozens of scientists, experts, M T Ecoregion Complex (Darman et al. 2002). al. et (Darman Complex Ecoregion RFE the of overview complete a provides 1) (CAP Assessment Socio-Economic Conservation ActionPlan:Biodiversityand The greatest. are threats and biodiversity of levels both where tion, tion efforts will be focused on its southern por- conserva- of bulk the provinces), Primorsky and Khabarovsky, Evreiskaya, (Amurskaya, Federation Russian the of provinces four of ( remain alert and think of the future. Endless future. the of think and alert remain to us force Russia in conditions economic biodiversity in the RFE, but difficult social and Figure 1 Figure 2 his document is the result of four years of , or one percent of the Earths land area land Earths the of percent one or , uch has been done to conserve the rich the conserve to done been has uch ). While the RFE encompasses all encompasses RFE the While ).

at of 1 Part tachment 1 contains a full list of documents of list full a contains 1 tachment (At- governments regional of programs ficial of manyinterestgroupsand scientists,andof- proposals years, previous from work viewed 2 Part Plan. Action servation plan with concrete actions. In creating the Con- region by elaborating and implementing this joint conserve biodiversity in the globally important to efforts strengthen to together pulled have Today, leading conser RFE. the of ecosystems wetland and forest D leopard tiger the saving for Government, Russian assumed responsibility, it seems more than the non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have edented levels. edented ing and illegal trafficking has reached unprec- poach- while escalating, is resources natural of plundering Rapacious created. be to yet have use resource sustainable promoting for mechanisms economic new while resources, natural of use and conservation for system government the shattered have reforms espite difficulties, international and regional ( Panthera tigris Panthera ( INTRODUCTION Panthera pardus orientalis pardus Panthera vation NGOs in the RFE ), the ), (CAP 2), we re- we 2), (CAP Far Eastern Far Amur ), and ),

1 CONSERVATION ACTION PLAN. PART 2 INTRODUCTION

Figure 1. RUSSIAN FAR EAST ECOREGIONAL COMPLEX © V. Solkin V. © © L. Dubeykowski L. © 2 institutes, nature conservation agencies, and agencies, conservation nature institutes, stakeholders. Representatives of state scientific involve and get approval from key government to way the of step every at efforts made have we work, our for blueprint a as serve will and T Biodiversity and Socio-Economic Assessment. the in provided is undertaken analyses the of ( conservation its to threats and biodiversity of assessment detailed for basis the as scientists (Bocharnikov et al. 2002) and served RFE by proposed was scheme sification priority territories for conservation. This clas- ( Complex Ecoregion RFE the of Zonning Ecological of map The plans. action and gies dation for developing individual species strate- foun- the were 2) (Attachment species these on seminars international and regional from stork (Ciconia boyciana), as well as resolutions white Oriental the and leopard, Eastern Far the tiger, Amur the conserving on strategies Existing 2). CAP the preparing in used Figure 3, 3, Figure Figure 2, 2, Figure hough this CAP 2 was elaborated by NGOs page 16 page page 15 page ). A complete description complete A ). ) was used to delineate to used was ) agencies. opinions of NGOs differed from those of state the instances, certain in though document, mendations were accepted and included in this recom- the of Most draft. the on commented also provinces Evreiskaya and Primorsky the in committees government Appropriate provinces. Khabarovsky and Amurskaya Commission on Biodiversity Conservation in the was presented for discussion to the Interagency 2 CAP The members). Council lists 3 ment (Attach- members are 2 CAP the to tributing association, of which all the organizations con- for Sustainable Development, WWFs guiding several times by the RFE Ecoregional Council reviewed was 2 CAP The 2. CAP the of sion regional administrations participated in discus- W vides a list of contributors). Ecoregion Complex. Part 2 (Attachment 4 pro- East Far Russian the for Plan Action tion Conserva- the of preparation in input vided e would like to thank all those who pro-

3 CONSERVATION ACTION PLAN. PART 2 1. BIODIVERSITY VISION 1. BIODIVERSITY VISION

The Russian Far East Ecoregion Complex, which includes the Primorsky, Khabarovsky, Amurskaya, and Evreiskaya provinces, harbors outstanding levels of biodiversity and endemism. The region is home to globally significant endangered species such as Amur tiger, Far Eastern leopard, Oriental white stork, and red- crowned crane (Grus japonensis). Unsustainable log- © G. Shalikov ging, poaching, and degradation of forest and freshwater ecosystems threaten these species and their habitats.

A biodiversity vision for the Russian Far East Ecoregion Complex serves as a touchstone for long- term conservation of the regions unique biological features. By agreeing on a far-reaching vision and the steps for achieving it, conservation organizations can focus resources and efforts on the priorities that are most important for conserving the regions biodiversity.

1.1. BIODIVERSITY VISION FOR THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST ECOREGION COMPLEX

From the coast of the Sea of Japan, where are resilient enough to recover from natural gorals (Nemorhaedus caudatus disturbances such as forest fires. The regular raddeanus) scale rocky outcroppings, to monsoon floods of the Amur River, which inland mountain ecosystems with hotspots of flows free and uninterrupted by dams, sup- endemic plant communities, native communi- port freshwater communities with their relic ties of flora and fauna are preserved and con- vegetation and breeding and migrating water- tinue to evolve. From northern boreal forests fowl. where wolves (Canis lupus) roam to southern temperate forests in which leopards prowl, In extensive tracts of intact forests, protect- representative terrestrial and freshwater hab- ed by effectively managed nature reserves itats are conserved at sufficient scales to allow and connecting corridors that extend through- ecological processes, such as large-scale mi- out the region, large predators such as Amur grations and predator-prey relations, to tigers, Far Eastern leopards, lynxes (Felix fluctuate naturally. Vast areas of intact forests lynx), and Brown and Asiatic black bears

4 argus ( komarovii contribute to conservation and are committed H T ( of populations healthy on prey predators These mans. hu- from interference without freely roam ( mongolica koraiensis as such species stone key- of yields robust by supported are turn ensis crane, ulations of Oriental white stork, red-crowned provide important habitat for flourishing pop- and restored and protected are Amur Middle Khanka Lake, the Zeya-Bureya Plain, and the of Wetlands kilometers. uninterrupted of migrate along the Green Corridor for hundreds deer roe of populations Healthy Flyway. Asian Northeast the along birds of millions Corridor,Green recognized supports tionally interna- an in conserved valley, River Amur nected terrestrial and freshwater habitats. The intercon- tightly of system a of part as but entity, separate a as not seen are wetlands local economy and biodiversity. the both support and treasured are pounds com- biologically-active with plants other Cervus nippon Cervus Cervus elaphus xanthopygos elaphus Cervus Ursus arctos, Selenarctos tibethanus Selenarctos arctos, Ursus he Amur River valley and associated and valley River Amur he umans, an integral part of the landscape, the of part integral an umans, ), and ), ), and ), Amur river turtle river Amur ). ) and ) ). wild boar wild Komarov lotus Komarov Ginseng ), Mongolian oak Mongolian roe deer roe Manchurian ( ( Korean pine Korean Sus scrofaSus Panax ginseng Panax ( ( Pelodiscus sin- Pelodiscus Capreolus pyg- Capreolus ( ), Nelumbium

), which in which ), ( e deer red sika deer sika Quercus ( Pinus ) and ) ), ing, and non-timber forest products. forest non-timber and ing, management of ecotourism, hunting and fish- successful from benefit peoples nous ( gorbuscha, O. keta O. gorbuscha, and industry maintains viable populations of fishing The benefits. long-term reap to wildlife and people both allow practices tion regenera- effective and logging Sustainable Illegal trade in wildlife is a problem of the past. predators and other biodiversity into account. large of conservation taking determined are and their prey is eliminated and hunting quotas species rare of Poaching species. other and C grouse spruce storks, cranes, leopards, tigers, respect and responsible stewardship surround fostering traditions cultural and Legends economy. sustainable a of part indivisible life andallnaturalresourcesarevaluedasan to usingnaturalresourcessustainably. Wild- in their habitats. and support conservation and sustainable use species these of populations viable maintain to help fish freshwater and storks, cranes, leopards, tigers, conserving for programs International habitats. terrestrial and water fresh- associated its and Basin River Amur order to achieve effective conservation of the in overcome are Korea North and Mongolia, Huso daurica Huso ultural barriers between Russia, China, Russia, between barriers ultural hm salmon chum ), and other species. Indige- species. other and ), ( Falcipennis falcipennis Falcipennis ), ( kaluga sturgeon kaluga Oncorhynchus Siberian pink ),

5 CONSERVATION ACTION PLAN. PART 2 1. BIODIVERSITY VISION

1.2. STEPS TO ACHIEVING THE BIODIVERSITY VISION

The goal of this Conservation Action Plan is a set of representative biomes to ensure that to provide a road map for achieving the long- important areas of biodiversity are not over- term biodiversity vision. While acknowledging looked. In addition, action plans for species, that conservation of freshwater and terrestrial which are inevitably linked with conservation ecosystems and species cannot be achieved of forest and freshwater habitats, were devel- individually and must be regarded as parts of oped for focal species where habitat conser- one whole, we have divided these priority eco- vation alone would not be sufficient to guaran- systems into individual strategies in order to help tee their survival. Measures for conserving set measurable conservation targets. Strate- species of special concern are included in action gies and action plans were developed for priority plans for priority and representative biomes. biomes (forests and freshwater), as well as for

The long-term goals in these priority directions, important steps for achieving the Biodiversity Vision, are:

For boreal and temperate forests:

4 Degradation and fragmentation of valuable forests for biodiversity conservation are halted by creating a viable system of representative protected areas and promoting ecologically-sound forest management practices.

4 Significant blocks of forests remain intact to support full-scale assemblages of plants and animals and natural ecological processes, such as predator-prey relations and large-scale migrations.

4 20 percent of temperate forests and 10 percent of boreal forests are preserved in various types of protected areas, connected by corridors and buffer zones made up of high conservation value forests and other forests managed for biodiversity conservation.

4 Sufficient areas of forest habitats support viable populations of the endangered Amur tiger and Far Eastern leopard, which are effectively preserved in cooperation with China and North Korea.

4 The forestry industry in the Russian Far East is economically effective, ecologically sound, and beneficial to society in accordance with international principles of sustainable forestry.

4 Indigenous peoples and local communities benefit from sustainable use of natural resources, including collection and sale of non-timber forest products, ecotourism, sustainable hunting, and other renewable sources.

6 and ecotourism 4 conservation, and minimal pollution from large industries practices, state enforcement of ecologically-sound fishing quotas, water Amur River and its tributaries are guaranteed by sustainable fishing 4 on approved species conservation action plans effectively managed in cooperation with China and other countries based and white-naped crane, and Amur river turtle Siberian spruce grouse, to support viable populations of species of special concern, namely: 4 Aldan-Stanovoy Mountain Lower Amur Mountain Valley, Bureya Mountain, Amur-Zeya Plain, and phenomena is guaranteed in the following representative Ecoregions: 4 biomes: representative For vipio concern - Oriental white stork, red-crowned and 4 along the Northeast Asian Flyway and Mongolia, supports unique stop-over areas for millions of waterfowl Green Corridor and internationally managed in cooperation with China 4 current level) stones (an additional one million hectares protected compared to the types of protected areas, connected by river corridors and stepping 4 Basin collaborate on an Integrated Management Program for the Amur River processes function naturally, and Russia, China, and Mongolia 4 habitats: freshwater For ) cranes Indigenous peoples benefit from sustainable resource use Healthy fish populations and secure spawning areas in the Sufficient areas of representative habitats remain intact in order Conservation of biodiversity and important ecological Viable populations of focal species and species of special A system of freshwater protected areas, linked by the Amur 30 percent of freshwater habitats are preserved in various The Amur River remains free flowing and ecological , Amur river turtle, and kaluga sturgeon - are protected or snow sheep ( Ovis nivicola potanini white-naped ), red-crowned ( Grus

7 CONSERVATION ACTION PLAN. PART 2 1. BIODIVERSITY VISION

For focal species (Amur tiger, Far Eastern leopard, Oriential white stork, ginseng):

4 Create and maintain a genetically viable population of at least 300 breeding female tigers (about 700 tigers in all) over an extended range

4 Enlarge and maintain a genetically viable population of at least 50 Far Eastern leopards in southwestern Primorsky Province and create new founder populations in other parts of the animals former range

4 Sustain a viable population of at least 500 nesting pairs of Oriental white storks in the Russian Far East Ecoregion Complex and ensure that this population is conserved throughout its range including in wintering areas to the south

4 Conserve viable ginseng populations in the wild and restore the plant to parts of its former range, while allowing local people to profit from the sustainable harvest of ginseng

1.3. METHODS FOR ACHIEVING THE BIODIVERSITY VISION

Each of the action plans is divided into three need to be developed in addition to traditional strategic components: protecting the WEB OF nature reserves. New forms of land protection LIFE, changing the RULES OF THE might include high conservation value forests GAME, and adapting MARKETS AND (HCVF) and linking corridors or conserva- LIFESTYLES. Box 1 lists the main tools for tion landscapes, where sustainable use of intervention in each of these components. The natural resources is practiced. The protect- most important directions for the Russian Far ed areas system will also need to take into East Ecoregion Complex in each of these three account different development scenarios in strategic components are outlined below. various parts of the region. For example, in the highly developed and populated regions in Web of Life: the south, new nature reserves will be harder At present, the most cost-effective way to to secure than in the relatively undeveloped conserve biodiversity is to create protected and unpopulated boreal forests of the north. areas, which will become more difficult in the As a result, methods for creating protected future if land is privatized or targeted for areas in these two zones will differ. In the development. Since the protected areas sys- south, efforts should be made to improve man- tem in the RFE cannot expand infinitely due agement of the existing system of strictly pro- to political, economical, and financial reasons, tected areas, while national parks can be created new organizational forms of protecting land instead of nature reserves, along with multiple use corridors, and HCVFs to guarantee con-

8 account. and takespecificsoftheRussianFarEastinto decision-making decentralize help to order in sible, regional legislation needs to be developed implemented on the national level. Where pos- tor, and taxation and credits are developed and sec- forestry the areas, protected concerning laws the of many Russia, In rules. the change of the ways that conservation organizations can some are measures other and agreements, al protect the environment, facilitating internation- ing incentives for businesses and the public that ments, setting up public watch groups, promot- made in the right direction. Lobbying govern- being are steps that ensure and hand at issues sity.the Yet, to attention draw to duty our is it governments into action in conserving biodiver- compel to much so do only can ganizations M R future inclusioninalargerEconet. slated fordevelopment,ortoreservelands not land intact of tracts by informally only ed connect- are which areas, protected strictly of forms traditional create to sufficient be may it ble forbiodiversityconservation.Inthenorth, valua- are that parcels remaining of servation viding funds for regeneration or returning or regeneration for funds viding exploitation of natural resources without pro- the government is oriented toward large-scale and economy market true a have not does this is a monumental task, because Russia still Yet,communities. local for especially ment, territories asthebasisforeconomicdevelop- surrounding on resources natural of use able sustain- promote must we Therefore, region. cally covermorethan15to20percentofthe ed areasnetworkfortheRFEcannotrealisti- ules of the Game arkets andLifestyles : Conservation or- : A protect- A :

BOX 1. STRATEGIC COMPONENTS AND MAIN TOOLS FOR INTERVENTION* and the public. ment decision-makers, business and industry, govern- to results the demonstrating on, so able forestry, fishing, hunting, ecotourism, and sustain- of models successful create must we needs, conservation with compatible and ble profita- both be can use resource sustainable that prove to order In people. local to profits indicator species or ecosystems or species indicator • • • • • LIFE OF WEB • • • • • LIFESTYLES AND MARKETS • • • • • GAME THE OF RULES * Adapted from «Creating Space for Nature,» for Space «Creating from Adapted * WWFs Strategy for the Europe/Middle East Europe/Middle the for Strategy WWFs eerh n mntrn o rr and rare of monitoring and Research reserves Transboundarynature restoration Habitat (Econets) networks areas Protected Halting illegal hunting and logging Benefits to local communities local to Benefits investments Private Leveraging businessandindustry awareness Consumer products certified Promoting agreements multilateral and Bilateral credits and Subsidies incentives Financial monitoring and regulation Resource Policies andlegislation Region, July 2001 July Region,

9 CONSERVATION ACTION PLAN. PART 2 2. KEY PARTNERSHIPS FOR PLAN IMPLEMENTATION

Implementation of the CAP 2 is the responsibility of the leading environmental NGOs that contributed to its preparation. For each province, these are:

4 Amurskaya Province: Amur Socio-Ecological Union (Amur SEU)

4 Evreiskaya Province: League of Environmental NGOs (ECOLIGA)

4 Khabarovsky Province: Khabarovsk Wildlife Foundation (KWF)

4 Primorsky Province: Phoenix Foundation (PHOENIX)

Other organizations and instruments that play a crucial role in implementation of the CAP 2 in the RFE are:

The Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) primarily handles issues related to scientific research aimed at developing and implementing plans for conservation of the Amur tiger and Far Eastern leopard in Primorsky and Khabarovsky provinces, as well as sustainable use of biological resources.

The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) carries out projects in all four provinces, concentrat- ing its efforts on implementing integrated environmental policies using an Ecoregional approach, creating a system of nature reserves, promoting sustainable forestry, and conserving wetlands of the Amur Basin.

The Amur Ecological Foundation (AMUR) participates in implementation of freshwater and Oriental stork conservation strategies, in monitoring of water pollution, in supporting traditional way of life of indigenous people along the Amur river banks.

The Zov Taigi Nature Conservation Center (ZT) works to promote awareness of issues on biodiversity conservation in the entire RFE Ecoregion Complex and to build support for implementation of the CAP.

WCS, WWF, and the Phoenix Foundation signed an agreement on collaboration on Amur tiger

10 Rescue Network Rescue Customs Agency. Customs es, ranger services in zapovedniks, and the RFE Inspection of the Ministry of Natural Resourc- state agencies - hunting inspections, the «Tiger» NGOs provide maximum assistance to existing poachers, punish and capture to authority current system of jurisdiction, NGOs have little natural resource management. While under the and conservation biodiversity for strategy governmental unified a having in interested be should particular in agencies These departments. game and wildlife provincial as Evreiskaya, Amurskaya, Khabarovsky, and Primorsky provinces, as well in offices regional its and Region Federal RFE the of Protection Environmental and Resources ural CAP 2. These include the Department of Nat- the implementing in NGOs for partners main S T T E T Province. Primorsky southwestern in measures vation and Far Eastern leopard conservation. The Tigris Foundation joined this group to carry out conser- collaboration with the Northeast Asia Crane Site Network and Network Site Crane Asia Northeast the with collaboration species. rare ures in valuable forests of the southern RFE. southern the of forests valuable in ures the by initiated Coaliton, Sosnovskaya well as with forest programs of the of programs forest with as well he WWF and the Amur SEU Amur the and WWF he KWF he the of members with coordination close in implemented are ecosystems forest conserve to fforts program TRAFFIC International he tate nature conservation agencies are the are agencies conservation nature tate is the coordinator for a large project of the World Bank/GEF on fire prevention meas- prevention fire Worldon the Bank/GEF of project large a for coordinator the is . are working together to conserve wetlands in the Amur Basin in Basin Amur the in wetlands conserve to together working are Socio-Ecological Union Socio-Ecological Pacific Environment and Resource Center Resource and Environment Pacific works on controlling illegal trafficking of derivatives of derivatives of trafficking illegal controlling on works ecotourism. and education, ecological research, scientific tem of protected areas in the RFE, but also in active partner not only in developing the sys- Amurskaya provinces made in the framework and Khabarovsky of governors the that tions obliga- to due largely conservation diversity climate in these provinces is favorable to bio- political The plan. this in actions plementing agreement among all interest groups while im- and collaboration facilitate will which 2, NGOs that contributed to developing this CAP the of representatives include commissions These system. areas protected the panding missions on biodiversity conservation and ex- com- interagency created have and 2 CAP the support actively provinces Khabarovsky T T he Association of RFE Zapovedniks is an e oenet o Ausaa and Amurskaya of governments he and Wetlands International Wetlands Greenpeace , united in the in united , ( PERC . Taiga ), as ), 11 CONSERVATION ACTION PLAN. PART 2 2. KEY PARTNERSHIPS FOR PLAN IMPLEMENTATION

of WWFs «Gifts to the Earth» program. ing will also include support of the «Druzhi- na» student brigades for nature conservation. In the Evreiskaya Province, unique opportu- In the past three years, the following student nities for conservation present themselves conservation «Druzhina» were created: thanks to progressive regional legislation and «Bars» (Amurskaya Province); «Manchur» close cooperation of the provincial govern- and «Ussurisky Medved» (Primorsky Prov- ince); «Berkut» (Evreiskaya Province); and ment with federal conservation agencies. «Nizhneamurskaya Nature Conservation In- spection» and «Amba» (Khabarovsky Prov- The most difficulty in implementing the CAP ince). Students are directly involved in anti- will be met in Primorsky Province, where the poaching activities and participate in many market has come to dictate decision-making in nature conservation projects implemented the majority of cases. Nonetheless, we will make within the framework of this CAP 2. efforts to realize the CAP 2 in this important province, relying on the «Long-term Program Other regional environmental NGOs which for Nature Conservation and Wise Use of will be invited to collaborate on implementing Natural Resources of Primorsky Province until the CAP 2 are: the Association of RFE Za- 2005» (1989) and «Biodiversity Conservation for povedniks; the Institute for Sustainable Natu- the Sikhote-Alin» (1998), approved earlier by ral Resource Use; Ecodal; Sikhote-Alin Foun- the provincial government. dation; Ginseng Hiking League; Associations for indigenous peoples of the North; regional In elaborating the scientific basis of this CAP 2 societies for hunters and fishermen; the non- and in implementing specific nature conserva- commercial partnerships «KhasanEcoTour» tion projects, our organizations seek assistance and Natural Resource Managers of the from leading scientists of the following organi- Southern Sikhote-Alin. zations: Far Eastern branches of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Pacific Institute of Ge- Without doubt, the state education system will ography, Biology and Soils Institute, Institute of be an important partner in building environmen- Marine Biology, Institute of Water and Ecolog- tal awareness during implementation of the CAP ical Problems, Institute for Economic Studies); 2, including schools, childrens clubs, and teach- applied research organizations (Far Eastern er training institutes. We work actively with the Forestry Institute, Far Eastern Game Manage- Committee on Culture and with regional natural ment Institute, Pacific Institute for Fisheries and history museums. Clubs for Ecological Oceanography); and institutes of higher learn- Journalists were created in order to ensure ing (Far Eastern State University, Primorsky widespread and continuous information on State Agricultural Academy, Blagoveshensk conservation issues in the mass media, along with State Pedagogical University, and Far Eastern special insets in leading newspapers, and State Agrarian University). regional television and radio programs.

Cooperation with institutes of higher learn-

12 yses conducted for the Biodiversity and So- and Biodiversity the for conducted yses environmental conditions. As a result of anal- and dynamics, species, of majority a ing tinct assemblage of natural communities shar- dis- a contains that of unit large relatively a ment are: ment T F STRATEGIES AND ACTION PLANS 3. tats ( tats habi- major and assemblages species terize vidual Ecoregions were delineated to charac- Within the RFE Ecoregion Complex, 17 indi- conservation. biodiversity for significance regional and global their to due biomes ority reshwater and forest ecosystems are pri- are ecosystems forest and reshwater he four priority areas for conservation of forest biomes as determined in the biodiversity assess- 4 4 4 4 Figure 2 Figure ). Each Ecoregion represents Ecoregion Each ). TUKURINGRA-DZHAGDINSKY ECOREGION OF THE BUREYA MOUNTAIN ECOREGION LESSER KHINGAN AND BADZHALSKY ECO-DISTRICTS SIKHOTE-ALIN MOUNTAIN ECOREGION EASTERN MANCHURIAN MOUNTAIN ECOREGION PRIORITY ECOSYSTEMS PRIORITY FOR CONSERVING the RFE ( RFE the in focused be should efforts conservation of bulk the where delineated were ecosystems freshwater and forest of conservation for cio-Economic Assessment, seven Ecoregions description of this process). this of description full for Analysis Socio-Economic and sity Biodiver- (see criteria other and phenomena, focal species or environmental processes and of presence ecosystems, natural to threats detailed analysis of biodiversity and endemism, on based determined were Ecoregions these Figure 3 Figure ). Priority areas within areas Priority ). 13 CONSERVATION ACTION PLAN. PART 2 3. STRATEGIES AND ACTION PLANS FOR CONSERVING PRIORITY ECOSYSTEMS

The three priority areas for conservation of freshwater ecosystems as determined in the biodiversity assessment are:

4 Khanka Lake Lowlands Ecoregion

4 Middle Amur Plain Ecoregion

4 Zeya-Bureya Plain Ecoregion

These priority areas for conservation are the main focus of the forest and freshwater strategies and action plans. Other areas are included where necessary to incorporate measures to conserve focal species and processes, species of special concern, and at-risk ecosystems.

After analysis of the role of priority areas in protecting the regions biodiversity, four additional Ecoregions were delineated where biodiversity is relatively low, but representation value of certain ecosystems is high. These four «representative» Ecoregions are:

4 Lower Amur Mountain Valley Ecoregion

4 Bureya Mountain Ecoregion

4 Amur-Zeya Plain Ecoregion

4 Aldan-Stanovoy Mountain Ecoregion.

Within these territorial divisions, areas were protected if only forest and freshwater targeted where new threats from human ecosystems were slated for conservation. activities are highest. Parts of the represent- Actions for conserving representative habi- ative Ecoregions are important for conserv- tats of these four Ecoregions are elaborated ing species of special concern, such as the in the Strategy and Action Plan for Conser- snow sheep, which otherwise would not be vation of Representative Biomes.

14 ECOREGIONAL COMPLEX ECOREGIONAL EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE IN ZONNING ECOREGIONS Figure 2 CLASSIFICATION BIOM WITH ACCORDANCE IN ECO-DISTRICTS THE ARE MAP THE ON NUMBERS Eastern Manchurian Mountains Manchurian Eastern plain Khanka Mountains Sikhote-Alin plain Amur Middle Mountains Bureya Valleysand Mountains Amur Lower plain Zeya-Bureya plain Amur-Zeya Mountains Tukuringra-Dzhagdy plain Uda-Upper-Zeya Mountains Olekma Upper Upland Stanovik Mountains Aldan-Stanovik Upland Uchur-Maya Mountains Dzhugdzhur Valleys and Mountains Okhotsk North Mountains Siberia Eastern North ECOREGIONS . (source: Bocharnikov et al., 2002) al., et Bocharnikov (source: 15 CONSERVATION ACTION PLAN. PART 2 3. STRATEGIES AND ACTION PLANS FOR CONSERVING PRIORITY ECOSYSTEMS

Figure 3. BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION PRIORITIES IN THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST ECOREGION COMPLEX © Martynenko, 2000 © WWF, 2000

ecoregions subbioms

LEVEL OF PRIORITY

extremely low very low low relatively low limited moderate relatively high high very high extremely high

CHARACTER OF PRIORITY

inventory biodiversity both inventory and differenting biodiversity differenting biodiversity birds biodiversity intact taiga forests

16 3.1. STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN FOR CONSERVATION OF FOREST ECOSYSTEMS IN THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST ECOREGION COMPLEX

Temperate and boreal forest ecosystems In order to combat these threats and guar- in the Russian Far East Ecoregion Complex antee long-term conservation of globally im- are some of the most intact in the Northern portant boreal and temperate forest biomes, Hemisphere. The level of diversity of plant large tracts of forests should be set aside in an and animal species in temperate forests is effectively managed Econet, consisting of one of the highest of similar latitudes around protected areas and linking corridors. Various the world. Numerous plants are endemic to types of protection regimes need to be explored the region and relics of a time before the and new methods to conserve forests tested, last Iceage. Large predators such as the for example by developing special regulations Amur tiger and Far Eastern leopard and their for conserving high conservation value forests prey depend on these sizeable tracks of (HCVF). Policies for improving management forest habitat. in the forestry sector need to be worked out, and model projects for promoting sustainable Timber resources in the region make up forestry implemented. International cooperation more than 11 percent of all of Russias re- with China and North Korea will be necessary serves. Yet, logging practices are unsustain- for conserving critical forest habitats for the able and generally inefficient. Illegal logging Amur tiger, Far Eastern leopard, and other accounts for as much as half of all timber pro- species that depend on forests in border areas. duction in Primorsky Province alone. Forest fires that rage out of control can be cata- In the table below, focal species and species strophic for forest habitats and their inhabit- of special concern that will benefit from pro- ants. Fragmentation and degradation of the tection of particular forest habitats are indi- regions forests are escalating at an alarming cated in parentheses. rate.

Long-term goals for forest conservation:

4 Degradation and fragmentation of rare and valuable forests for biodiversity conservation are halted by creating a viable system of representative protected areas and promoting ecologically-sound forest management practices

17 3. STRATEGIES AND ACTION PLANS FOR CONSERVING PRIORITY ECOSYSTEMS

4 Significant blocks of forests remain intact to support full-scale assemblages of plants and animals and natural ecological processes, such as predator-prey relations and large-scale migrations

4 Sufficient areas of forest habitats support viable populations of the endangered Amur tiger and Far Eastern leopard, which are effectively preserved in cooperation with China and North Korea

4 The forestry industry in the Russian Far East is economically effective, ecologically sound, and beneficial to society in accordance with international principles of sustainable forestry and the FSC

The Forest Conservation Strategy and Action Plan for the Russian Far East Ecoregion Complex takes into account global priorities for forest conservation set out by WWF in the Forests for Life Campaign. Milestones to measure success according to each of its Target Driven Programs (TDP) are listed below:

TDP 1: The establishment and maintenance of viable, representative networks of protected areas in the worlds threatened and most biologically significant forest regions by 2010

Important Milestones for the RFE Ecoregion Complex:

4 Over 1.5 million hectares of temperate forests and 3.5 million hectares of boreal forests are set aside in protected areas by 2010

4 Half a million hectares of high conservation value forests (HCVF) are incorporated into the Econet by 2010

4 Protected area management is improved in four model areas and capacity for

18 Important Milestones for the RFE Ecoregion Complex: Ecoregion RFE the for Milestones Important well-being human and integrity ecological enhance to regions forest degraded or deforested, threatened, worlds the in underway TDP 3:By2005,atleast20forestlandscaperestorationinitiatives ha of forests used by timber companies by 2012 4 2005 by East approved by FSC, are practiced on 500,000 ha of forests in the southern Russian Far 4 Complex: Ecoregion RFE the for Milestones Important regimes tenure land and types forest regions, among manner balanced a in distributed 2005, by forests certified of ha million 100 2: TDP in place by 2012 training future managers and mechanisms for long-term financing of reserve activities are by 2007 (see Freshwater Action Plan) 4 4 Capacity for FSC certified sustainable forestry practices created on 2 million Sustainable forestry standards and principles of sound management, Project underway in the Zeya-Bureya Plain to plant 3,000 ha of forest belts Model project for forest regeneration initiated by 2005 19 3 CONSERVATION ACTION PLAN. PART 2 3. STRATEGIES AND ACTION PLANS FOR CONSERVING PRIORITY ECOSYSTEMS Figure 4. PROPOSED SYSTEM OF NATURE PROTECTED AREAS IN THE RUSSIAN FAR EASTERN COMPLEX

PLANNED PROTECTED AREAS

EXISTING PROTECTED AREAS Zapovednik Zakaznik. Federal level Zakaznik. Local level National Park Nature Park

20 WEB OF LIFE component by 2020 (Econet) corridors linking and areas protected of network a in preserved effectively are biodiversity associated and forests Representative y22 by2012 by 2020 AGT TARGETS TARGETS SHORT-TERM MEDIUM-TERM by 2012 by Ecoregion Mountain Bureya of district Eco- Khingan Lesser the in Econet local create and 2007 by ha 55,900 by forests temperate protected 2012 by Ecoregion Mountain Dgagdy Tukuringra- the in Econet local create and 2007 by ha 773,400 by forests boreal protected 2010 by forests) boreal ha million 3.5 and forests temperate ha million (1.5 Econet the in areas protected forest of hectares million five establishing P E E nlarge system of system nlarge of system nlarge for basis rovide ref. 2.1 ref. 2005, by ha) (36,400 Park Nature Kuldursky Create C 2003, by ha) (13,200 Refuge Landscape Malmalta Create (grouse), 2006 by ha) (40,000 Zapovednik C (grouse), 2005 by status federal grant and ha) (20,000 Refuge Wildlife Urkansky Enlarge 2003, C 2003, by ha) (250,000 Refuge Botanical Imangra Create 2003, E 2006 by Province Evreiskaya the in Econet local maintaining and forming of model regional a implement and out Work ongoing habitats, forest and freshwater in Econets of management and areas protected financing of mechanisms on decision-makers federal-level C 2006 by operation Econet for financing state sufficient providing for mechanism develop to administrations regional and agencies government federal with Work 2004 by Econet future the for distribution forest in shifts possible determine to Complex P 2004 by Complex Ecoregional RFE of forests value conservation high inventory and analysis gap out Carry eeec # niae lcto o Fgr 4 pg 20) (page 4 Figure on location indicates # reference parentheses; in indicated are protection granted Notes: IMMEDIATE ACTIONS by 2007 by IMMEDIATEACTIONS stablish Ulegir Landscape Refuge (95,400 ha) by ha) (95,400 Refuge Landscape Ulegir stablish Ecoregional RFE for passport climate the repare reate four natural monuments (6,300 ha) by 2004 by ha) (6,300 monuments natural four reate Zeysky of border southern on zone buffer reate by ha) (368,000 Refuge Botanical Olekminsky reate and regional with seminars informational out arry ref. 1.3 ref. 1.2 ref. 1.1 ref. focal species and species of special concerned special of species and species focal ref. 1.6 ref. ref. 1.4 ref. ref. 1.5 ref. NATORS COORDI- W, SEU, WWF, E, WWF SEU, WWF SEU, WWF SEU, WWF SEU, WWF SEU, WWF SEU, W, SEU WWF, ECOLIGA, ECOLIGA, ECOLIGA WWF, WWF WWF WWF KWF 21 CONSERVATION ACTION PLAN. PART 2 3. STRATEGIES AND ACTION PLANS FOR CONSERVING PRIORITY ECOSYSTEMS

Create Yuzhno-Primorsky Nature Park (19,000 ha) WWF by 2003 (tiger), ref. 4.1

Create Solnechnye Gory Nature Park (15,800 ha) WWF by 2003 (tiger, ginseng), ref. 4.2

Create Tavaiza wildlife refuge (32,400 ha) by 2004 WCS (tiger, goral), ref.4.12a

Create Mataisky corridor (14,850 ha) by 2004 (tiger), KWF, WWF ref. 3.2

Create Vyazemsky Nature Park (49,400 ha) by 2005 KWF (tiger), ref. 3.3. Enlarge system of protected temperate Create Gur-Khoso Nature Park (120,000 ha) by 2005 KWF forests by 1,124,150 (tiger), ref. 3.4. ha by 2007 (705,900 Econet ha in Primorsky Create Khutinsky corridor (60,400 ha) by 2005 (tiger), KWF, WWF (continued) Province and ref. 3.5 418,250 ha in Khabarovsky Create Nelminsky corridor (33,000 ha) by 2005 (tiger), KWF, WWF Province) and create ref. 3.6

WEB OF LIFE local Econet in the Sikhote-Alin Create six natural monuments in northern Sikhote-Alin KWF Mountain Ecoregion (13,000 ha) by 2005 (tiger) by 2012 Create Khorsky (Kutuzovka) Nature Park (19,600 ha) by 2005, ref. 3.7

Create Kema-Amginsky Nature Park (75,500 ha) by WWF 2005 (tiger, grouse), ref. 4.3

Enlarge Ussurisky Zapovednik (24,500 ha) by 2005 (tiger), ref. 4.4

Create a buffer zone around Ussurisky Zapovednik (225,000 ha) by 2006 (tiger), ref. 4.4

Create buffer zone and grant federal status to WWF Vasilkovsky Wildlife Refuge (23,600 ha) by 2005 (tiger, leopard, goral), ref. 4.5

Create Solontsovy Wildlife Refuge (14,300 ha) by 2006 WWF (tiger), ref. 4.6

Create Tissovsky Wildlife Refuge (17,000 ha) by 2006 WWF (tiger, ginseng), ref. 4.7

Create Zhuravlevsky Wildlife Refuge (39,300 ha) WWF by 2007 (tiger, ginseng), ref. 4.8 WEB OF LIFE component (continued) Econet y22 by2012 by 2020 AGT TARGETS TARGETS SHORT-TERM MEDIUM-TERM (continued) 2010 by forests temperate of territories model four on Econets local creating for Ecoregion by 2010 by Ecoregion Sikhote-Alin Central for Status I G S I Econet by 2010 by Econet of zones buffer into (HCVF) forests value conservation high of hectares million a half peet programs mplement ncorporate at least at ncorporate koeAi Econet ikhote-Alin i Wrd Heritage World ain Forest by 2005 by Forest State Chuguevsky of territory on companies logging of I 2004 by company TerneyLeslogging of practices in Econet local of part a as HCVF Incorporate I 2003 by enterprises management forest for HCVF of delineation in training Conduct 2003 by HCVF aside set classify,and D 2006 by Econet local River Arkhara for program approve and Elaborate 2005 by Econet local Province Primorsky E 2004 by Econet local Mountain Oblachnaya for program approve and Elaborate 2003 by Econet E 2007 by River Anyu on areas protected of system for status Heritage World Grant 2006 by watershed River Khor in areas G 2005 by watershed River Bikin in areas protected of system to Status Heritage World Grant leopard), (goral, 2007 by C (goral), 2007 by ha) (1,500 Refuge Wildlife Goraly Enlarge (tiger), E ginseng), (tiger, 2007 by ha) (195,000 Refuge Wildlife Khrebet Siny Create grouse), (tiger, 2007 by tribe Udege indigenous of interests account into taking watershed C eeec # niae lcto o Fgr 4 pg 20) (page 4 Figure on location indicates # reference parentheses; in indicated are protection granted Notes: IMMEDIATE ACTIONS by 2007 by IMMEDIATEACTIONS dentify priority forest biotopes for conservation by 2003 by conservation for biotopes forest priority dentify ncorporate HCVF as part of local Econet in practices in Econet local of part as HCVF ncorporate laborate and approve program for southwestern for program approve and laborate local River Khor for program approve and laborate 2007 by ha) (16,000 Refuge Wildlife Losiny nlarge evelop and get approval for methods to inventory,to methods for approval get and evelop ha) (7,000 Refuge Wildlife Vorota Kamennye reate River Samarga in areas protected of system a reate rant World Heritage Status to system of protected of system to Status Heritage World rant e. 4.11 ref. focal species and species of special concerned special of species and species focal e. 4.12 ref. ref. 4.10 ref. ref. 4.13 ref. ref. 4.9 ref. NATORS COORDI- W, WWF KWF, W, SEU WWF, KWF, WWF KWF, WWF PHOENIX WWF, WCS, WWF WWF WWF WWF WWF WWF 23 CONSERVATION ACTION PLAN. PART 2 3. STRATEGIES AND ACTION PLANS FOR CONSERVING PRIORITY ECOSYSTEMS

Launch Russian- Create ecological corridor along Strelnikov Range KWF, Chinese (9,300 ha in Khabarovsky Province and 12,000 ha in WCS, transboundary Primorsky Province) by 2005 (tiger), ref. 3.8, 4.14 WWF protected area along Strelnikov/Wadanshan Develop joint agreement on creating bilateral protected Range by 2008 WCS, area and elaborate joint management plan by 2007 WWF,KWF

Temperate Launch Russian- Create Pompeevsky Landscape Refuge (40,000 ha) by ECOLIGA, forests in Chinese 2006, ref. 2.2 WWF transboundary nature border regions reserve in Khingan Prepare documents for creating bilateral protected WWF, are preserved Gorge of Amur River area in Khingan Gorge by 2007 ECOLIGA in a system of by 2010 transboundary Convert border patrol zone of Khasanski District into WWF, WCS, nature a zapovednik regime as a part of UNESCO PHOENIX reserves Transboundary Protected Area by 2005 (tiger, leopard, by 2020 Launch Russian- goral), ref.4.17 Chinese-North Korean transboundary Create Barsovy National Park on Russian side and WWF, WCS, nature reserve in initiate talks with China and North Korea by 2006 PHOENIX Tumen River (leopard, tiger, goral) watershed by 2010 Prepare documents for creating trilateral protected WWF, WCS, area for conserving Far Eastern leopard by 2007 PHOENIX

Withdraw boreal Establish borders and protected regimes for territories KWF, SEU, forests from of traditional use of natural resources for Evenki tribes WWF exploitation for Boreal in northern Khabarovsky and Amurskaya provinces by

WEB OF LIFE Forest Econet (2 2005 million ha in At least 10 Amurskaya and Set aside large blocks of intact forests as reserved KWF, SEU, Khabarovsky lands to be buffer zones of a future Econet in northern WWF percent of provinces) by 2010 boreal forests Khabarovsky and Amurskaya provinces by 2007 are reserved for future Campaign to build Shoot film on Siberian spruce grouse as symbol of WWF inclusion in support for setting boreal forest ecosystem health and distribute widely aside boreal forests by 2005 Econet by 2015 using Siberian spruce grouse as symbol of Study impacts of logging of boreal forests on Siberian WWF boreal forest spruce grouse and develop strategy for its ecosystem health by 2008 conservation by 2006

Conduct large-scale Publish printed materials, work with mass media, and WWF, ZT, public awareness carry out public surveys to encourage public to prevent KWF, SEU, campaign on forest fires by 2004 PHOENIX Catastrophic preventing forest fires forest fires are (on model of «Smokey Re-establish the system of Forestry Schools for WWF, SEU prevented from the Bear» campaign in U.S) by 2008 children in model areas by 2007 degrading valuable forest Increase Improve coordination among agencies to fight fires by 2003 KWF, WWF habitats by effectiveness and 2020 responsiveness of fire Build capacity in Interregional Fire-Fighting Center in WWF, KWF fighting divisions to Khabarovsk by 2004 fight catastrophic fires in tiger habitat through Elaborate training program to fight forest fires and carry out KWF, WWF training and improving preventative burning techniques in high risk areas by 2005 communications by KWF, WWF 2012 Explore opportunities to create mobile fire-fighting units in priority Ecoregions by 2006 PHOENIX RULES OF THE GAME component 2020 by standards FSC with accordance in practices forestry sustainable out carry to needed know-how and incentives the has and effective economically is industry forest The 2020 by enforced and place in is ecosystems forest conserve to Econet organizing for basis organizational and Legal by 2020 ensured is activities their of financing and improves areas protected forest existing of Management EIMTR SHORT-TERM MEDIUM-TERM y22 by2012 by 2020 AGT TARGETS TARGETS Complex by 2012 by Complex Ecoregion RFE the of provinces four all in forests managed sustainably of demonstrations C by 2007 by Plan Action Conservation of implementation coordinate to society of sectors different between relations promoting forestry issues by 2008 by issues forestry on NGOs and business, government, between forestry by 2010 by forestry sustainable for incentives financial provide 2010 by forestry sustainable and management, area protected conservation, biodiversity on institutes forestry P C 2007 by Complex Ecoregion RFE throughout Econets creating in initiatives legislative of D I P O by 2007 by habitats forest in makers decision- and managers reserve for seminars ntroduce course in two in course ntroduce et practical reate erfect legislation to legislation erfect oie coordination rovide reate mechanism for mechanism reate seiae experience isseminate gnz ana training annual rganize eeec # niae lcto o Fgr 4 pg 20) (page 4 Figure on location indicates # reference parentheses; in indicated are protection granted Notes: IMMEDIATE ACTIONS by 2007 by IMMEDIATEACTIONS he poics y 2007 by provinces three other to replicate 2004; by Province Primorsky in forest managed sustainably of model Create 2007 by resources timber of value increasing and resources forest of E 2005 by management forest sustainable of standards contradict not does legislation forestry regional that Ensure 2003 by use D 2006 by technologies modern of use and forestry sustainable promote to use resource natural for payment and investments, credits, taxation, of reform for proposals Develop 2004 by industry forestry in decision-making and functions management D ongoing East, Far Russian the in Development Sustainable for Council Ecoregional of activities Support 2005 by areas protected linking zones buffer and corridors in forests of use sustainable instituting P 2005 by Province Evreiskaya in Econet creating on program adopt and Draft 2004 by Province Khabarovsky D 2003 by Province Amurskaya in Econet creating on program adopt and Draft 2006 by course P 2005 by forestry sustainable and management, area protected conservation, biodiversity on institutes forestry in course for curriculum Develop 2004 by habitats forest in decision-makers and managers reserve of groups D aoae rpsl fr ifrnil rcn fr use for pricing differential for proposals laborate for materials teaching and textbook roduce it eiw f rgesv lgsaie hne for changes legislative progressive of review rint vlp rpsl fr eom f iesn forest licensing of reform for proposals evelop of decentralization for proposals evelop in Econet creating on program adopt and raft various for seminars training for program evelop focal species and species of special concerned special of species and species focal NATORS COORDI- WWF, KWF KWF, WWF SEU, WWF ECOLIGA, WWF,ZT WWF WWF WWF WWF WWF WWF WWF WWF WWF WWF 25 CONSERVATION ACTION PLAN. PART 2 3. STRATEGIES AND ACTION PLANS FOR CONSERVING PRIORITY ECOSYSTEMS

Develop long-term plan for forest management and WWF Sustainable Create practical use (using landscape planning principles and forestry (continued) taking into account biodiversity conservation and needs of indigenous peoples) with public (continued) participation in one province by 2005; replicate to other three provinces by 2007

Carry out training on collecting evidence, charging, WWF and prosecuting forest regime violators in all forest districts, ongoing

Prepare proposals for cooperation on illegal WWF logging for Russian-Chinese Commission on Reduce share of illegal Forestry Cooperation by 2003 timber in exports by half by 2007 Train all customs agencies in Ecoregion Complex to WWF identify and halt illegal transport of timber by 2004

Launch joint campaign with NGOs in China, Japan, WWF and North and South Korea to halt illegal logging by 2005

Analyze entire trade network from suppliers to WWF buyers and find ways to close gaps by 2006 Disseminate experience of anti-poaching brigades Provide partial support to forest inspection WWF in controlling illegal brigades in the Sikhote-Alin Range, ongoing logging by 2010 Halt illegal logging Ensure that all forest inspection agencies in WWF Ecoregion Complex have capacity to pursue by 2020 violators and punish them to the full extent of the law by 2004 RULES OF THE GAME Perfect system of control of illegal logging in Lobby regional governments to finance 75 percent WWF, SEU regional forest agencies of forest inspection brigades by 2005 ECOLIGA by 2010 Implement experience of anti-poaching brigades WWF, SEU control of illegal logging to all regional forest ECOLIGA agencies by 2006

Carry out public awareness campaign against WWF, illegal logging in the Ecoregion Complex using SEU, ZT experience of Primorsky Province by 2003

Rate timber companies according to their WWF environmental records and distribute information to Promote openness of buyers by 2003 logging operations and accounting procedures in Enlist participation of two large holding companies WWF all large timber (making up 50 percent of exports from Ecoregion Complex) to use open accounting procedures for companies by 2010 timber sales by 2005

Ensure public access to information on state of WWF, SEU commercial forests and logging operations by 2005 ECOLIGA

Carry out independent inspections and publicize WWF findings of operations in two of the largest timber companies by 2006 MARKETS & LIFESTYLES component 2020 by Complex Ecoregion the of industry timber the of half in practiced is forestry Sustainable 2020 by certified is Complex Ecoregion RFE the from exported timber of majority The y22 by2012 by 2020 AGT TARGETS TARGETS SHORT-TERM MEDIUM-TERM 2010 by others and Sumitomo, Depot, Home Ikea, as such buyers international C I C F 2010 by Complex Ecoregion the from products timber certified for demand develop and campaign marketing 2010 by Complex Ecoregion East Far Russian in forestry sustainable certified 2012 by Complex Ecoregion in companies timber by used forests of ha million 2 in principles forestry peet sustainable mplement re atesis with partnerships orge reate capacity for FSC for capacity reate nut international onduct IMMEDIATE ACTIONS by 2007 by IMMEDIATEACTIONS eeec # niae lcto o Fgr 4 pg 20) (page 4 Figure on location indicates # reference parentheses; in indicated are protection granted Notes: Mountains and Lesser Khingan Range by 2007 by Range Khingan Lesser and Mountains Sikhote-Alin in timber producing sustainably L 2005 by public and companies, government, to countries Asian in forests of use sustainable of benefits and successes on materials informational Present 2004 by Network Trade O 2004 by trade timber Russia-China in standards FSC promote to WWF-China and Russia WWF- between project cooperative Implement 2006 by abroad and Russia in forests model WWF in forestry sustainable T 2005 by East Far Russian the of Companies Timber Responsible Environmentally of Association join to companies timber ecologically-minded Invite 2005 by ha 500,000 least at «TerneyLes»)on (including companies timber large two of operations to management sound of A 2004 by campaign awareness targeted through public and businesses to certification voluntary and forestry sustainable of advantages Explain 2005 by system FSC the to according certification T 2004 by FSC by approval get and Siberia), Eastern (Altai-Sayan, Russia Eastern in regions other with them synchronize East, Far Russian the of specifics account into taking and NGOs international and Russian of participation with forestry sustainable for standards Russian Perfect aunch two to three joint model projects for projects model joint three to two aunch on companies logging RFE of representatives rain forest voluntary on experts independent rain pply sustainable forestry standards and principles and standards forestry sustainable pply rganize meetings with buyers and Asian Forest Asian and buyers with meetings rganize focal species and species of special concerned special of species and species focal NATORS COORDI- W, SEU WWF, ECOLIGA W, ZT WWF, WWF WWF WWF WWF WWF WWF WWF WWF 27 CONSERVATION ACTION PLAN. PART 2 3. STRATEGIES AND ACTION PLANS FOR CONSERVING PRIORITY ECOSYSTEMS

3.2. STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN FOR CONSERVING FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS IN THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST ECOREGION COMPLEX

The Amur River is one of the largest free- wetlands for agriculture, however, combined flowing river in the world and provides unique with large-scale logging, forest fires, habitats for over 104 freshwater fish species, overfishing, pollution, construction of dams for of which 18 species and one genus are hydroelectric power on tributaries of the Amur, endemic to the region. The Amur supports and other pressures threaten these species and tremendous resources of seven species of mi- all of the plant and animal diversity. gratory salmon, though fish resources are being depleted at a drastic rate. Subsequent- International cooperation and far-reaching ly, the decrease in fish stock is a tragedy for measures are needed to guarantee long-term indigenous tribes, which have depended on its conservation of this globally important fresh- resources for centuries. The Amurs catch- water system. The action plan below is an ment area, which includes most of the Russian important step towards implementing an Amur Far East Ecoregion Complex, is located at the River Basin Integrated Management boundary of northern boreal and southern sub- Program. Necessary measures include set- tropical biomes. The Amur River Basin has ting aside freshwater habitats in protected the second highest level of freshwater biodi- areas to create an internationally managed versity in the Northern Hemisphere after the Amur Green Corridor, implementing policies Mississippi. that will promote water conservation and guarantee a free-flowing Amur River, and The floodplain of the Amur River is an im- developing capacity for sustainable use of portant link in the chain of stopover and nest- freshwater resources. ing sites for millions of migratory birds. As much as 95 percent of the worlds nesting In the table below, focal species and species population of Oriental white storks is found in of special concern that will benefit from pro- the Amur floodplain, along with 65 percent of tection of particular freshwater habitats are red-crowned crane and 50 percent of white- indicated in parentheses (see relevant species naped crane populations. Conversion of strategies).

28 T L stones to measure success according to each of its Target Driven Programs (TDP) are listed below: listed are (TDP) Programs Driven Target its of each to according success measure to stones Mile- Waters Living Campaign. the in WWF by out set conservation freshwater for priorities global he Conservation Action Plan for the Russian Far East Ecoregion Complex takes into account into takes Complex Ecoregion East Far Russian the for Plan Action Conservation he ong-term goals for conservation of freshwater ecosystems: freshwater of conservation for goals ong-term functioning in a Green Corridor along the Amur River by 2012 4 Econet by 2007, and another 600,000 ha protected by 2010 4 Complex: Ecoregion RFE the in Milestones Important 2010 by managed sustainably and protected are worldwide ecosystems freshwater priority high of hectares million 250 ecosystems: freshwater Conserving 1: TDP 4 large industries ecologically-sound fishing quotas, water conservation, and minimal pollution from Basin are guaranteed by sustainable fishing practices, state enforcement of 4 on approved species conservation action plans are protected or effectively managed in cooperation with China and other countries based white stork, red-crowned and white-naped cranes, Amur river turtle, and kaluga sturgeon) 4 over areas for millions of waterfowl along the Northeast Asian Flyway internationally managed in cooperation with China and Mongolia, supports unique stop- 4 protected compared to the current level) connected by river corridors and stepping stones (an additional one million hectares 4 Program for the Amur River Basin naturally, and Russia, China, and Mongolia collaborate on an Integrated Management 4 Three transboundary reserves between Russia and China are effectively 600,000 ha of wetlands are preserved in various types of protected areas in an Indigenous peoples benefit from sustainable resource use and ecotourism Healthy fish populations and secure spawning areas in the Amur River Viable populations of focal species and species of special concern (Oriental A system of protected areas, linked by the Amur Green Corridor and 30 percent of wetlands are preserved in various types of protected areas, The Amur River remains free flowing and ecological processes function 29 3 CONSERVATION ACTION PLAN. PART 2 3. STRATEGIES AND ACTION PLANS FOR CONSERVING PRIORITY ECOSYSTEMS

4 Four management plans are developed for freshwater reserves by 2007 and at least two models of good management created by 2010; capacity for training future managers and mechanisms for long-term financing of reserve activities in place by 2012

TDP 2: Conserving freshwater processes in river basins: Ecological processes are maintained or restored in at least 50 large catchment areas containing high priority freshwater ecosystems by 2010

Important Milestones in the RFE Ecoregion Complex:

4 Amur River Basin Integrated Management initiative is adopted by 2004

4 A ban on sturgeon fishing in the Amur River Basin is in effect by 2003 and restrictions on fishing are strictly enforced by 2007

4 Natural and restored wetlands are protected or effectively managed on 10 percent of the Zeya-Bureya Plain by 2012

TDP 3: Promoting sustainable water use: Private sector practices and related government policies concerning key water-using sectors are established and/or changed in order to sustain the integrity of the freshwater ecosystems on which they depend and/or impact by 2010

Important Milestones in the RFE Ecoregion Complex:

4 A unified monitoring system is implemented in the Amur River by Russian and Chinese institutions by 2004

4 Analyses of water use and pollution levels in the Amur River are conducted and results are disseminated by 2006

4 Best practices for water use are implemented in one model factory in the Amur River Basin by 2010

4 Government policies for promoting water conservation are in place in at least one important industry on the Amur River by 2010

30 WEB OF LIFE component by 2020 habitats wetland of percent at least30 covering (Econet) zones buffer and corridors linking and areas protected of network a in preserved effectively are biodiversity associated and ecosystems freshwater Representative AGT TARGETS SHORT-TERM TARGETS MEDIUM-TERM y22 by2012 by 2020 C habitats by 2007 by habitats freshwater important preserve to ha 94,000 over Valley Ussuri in and Plain Lake Khanka on 2007 by ecosystems freshwater of ha 222,800 preserve to Plain Amur Middle in 2007 by ecosystems freshwater of ha 367,400 preserve to Plain Zeya-Bureya in C C et lcl Econet local reate Econet local reate Econet local reate River turtles on Razdolnaya and Ussuri rivers by 2007 by rivers Ussuri and Razdolnaya on turtles River Amur of habitat breeding in refuges of system Create tiger), turtle, cranes, (stork, 2004 C turtle), cranes, (stork, 2003 by ha) (8,600 Zapovednik Khankaisky Enlarge turtle), cranes, (stork, 2005 by ha) C cranes), (stork, 2006 by ha) (100,000 Refuge Landscape Lakes Khalkhadyan-Nedostupnye Create 3.10 ref. species), plant (rare 2005 by ha) Valley(30,000 Ussuri C 2005 by turtles River Amur for center breeding with River Bidzhan on refuge specialized Create turtle), cranes, (stork, 2005 by watershed C (stork), 2004 by ha) (22,800 River Podkhorenok on refuge wildlife Create cranes) (stork, 2006 by L turtle) kaluga, (stork, 2005 by refuges fish Mikhailovskaya Protoka and Sazanya, Protoka Konstantinovskaya, Kuria Create (stork), 2004 by ha) (26,000 Zapovednik C cranes), (stork, 2004 by ha) (50,000 Refuge TashinskyWildlife around zone buffer Create turtle), cranes, (stork, 2004 C (stork), 2003 by ha) (500 Zapovednik Khingansky of section scientific-experimental Create crane), red-crowned (stork, 2003 by ha) (275,000 wetlands G 2003, by ha) (900 Refuge Botanical Smirnovsky Create eeec # niae lcto o Fgr 4 pg 20) (page 4 Figure on location indicates # reference parentheses; in indicated are protection granted Notes: IMMEDIATE ACTIONS by 2007 aunch Ramsar site in Tom-Aleun-Tashinain watershed site Ramsar aunch reate Alchan-Bikinsky Wildlife Refuge (85,400 ha) by ha) (85,400 Refuge Wildlife Alchan-Bikinsky reate (70,000 Corridor Ecological Selgon-Simminsky reate in Lakes Sheremetevsky on refuge botanical reate River Dobraya in areas protected of system reate Norsky of border southern on zone buffer reate by ha) (15,000 Refuge Wildlife Kupriyanovsky reate rant regional protected status to Aldikon River Aldikon to status protected regional rant ref. 1.7 ref. focal species and species of special concerned special of species and species focal ref. 1.8 ref. ref. 3.9 ref. ref. 4.15 ref. ref. 1.10 ref. ref. 4.16 ref. ref. 3.12 ref. ref. 1.11ref. ref. 1.9 ref. ref. 1.12 ref. ref. 2.3 ref. ref. 3.11ref. COORDI- NATORS W, AMUR WWF, E, WWF SEU, WWF SEU, WWF SEU, WWF SEU, SEU, WWF SEU, WWF ECOLIGA, ECOLIGA, AMUR AMUR AMUR AMUR WWF, WWF, WWF, WWF WWF WWF WWF

31 CONSERVATION ACTION PLAN. PART 2 3. STRATEGIES AND ACTION PLANS FOR CONSERVING PRIORITY ECOSYSTEMS

Freshwater Incorporate Organize exchange program between Primorsky, Jilin, WWF ecosystems wetlands in Tumen and Northern Hamgen provinces to coordinate activities in Tumen River watershed by 2003 in border River watershed into regions are Russian-Chinese- Support development of Khasansky Nature Park by WWF, preserved in Korean 2005 PHOENIX a system transboundary nature of effectively reserve by 2008 Obtain Ramsar status for internationally significant WWF managed wetlands of Tumen River watershed by 2006 transboundary nature Create buffer zone around southern edge of WWF reserves Bolshekhekhtsirsky Zapovednik by 2004 (stork, by 2020 cranes, turtle, kaluga) Launch Sanjian- Organize exchange program between Khabarovsky, WWF,

WEB OF LIFE Middle Amur Plain Evreiskaya, and Heilongjian provinces to coordinate AMUR Russian-Chinese conservation and management activities on both sides transboundary nature of Amur River by 2004 reserve by 2010 Prepare and sign agreement on cooperation between WWF, Sanjian Nature Reserve (China) and Zabelovsky ECOLIGA Nature Reserve (Evreiskaya Province, Russia) by 2005

Elaborate cooperative management plan for new WWF transboundary protected area by 2007

Prepare and approve management plan for Ensure that WWF Khingansky Zapovednik by 2004 (stork, cranes, turtle) management of Protected wetlands of Prepare and approve management plan for Bolonsky freshwater WWF, international Zapovednik by 2005 (stork, cranes, turtle) AMUR ecosystems importance complies and their with IUCN/WWF Prepare and approve management plan for SEU, WWF watersheds efficiency criteria by Muravievsky Wildlife Refuge by 2006 (stork, cranes) on two million 2008 hectares are Prepare and approve management plan for Udyl Lake WWF, effectively Federal Wildlife Refuge by 2007 AMUR managed Elaborate and gain by 2015 Evaluate existing management of protected wetlands WWF, SEU approval for on regional level by 2004 ECOLIGA management plans for all protected Demonstrate two models of good management of SEU, WWF wetlands by 2012 protected wetlands by 2007 ECOLIGA WEB OF LIFE component 2020 by mediated threats overarching and preserved are Basin River Amur the in processes Ecological by 2020 restored are Basin River Amur the in habitats wetland Critical (continued) management Effective TARGETS TARGETS SHORT-TERM MEDIUM-TERM y22 by2012 by 2020 agreements by 2012 by agreements multilateral and plan management joint Mongolian) later (and Chinese Russian- through Corridor Green River Amur of conservation E 2007 by Basin River Amur in ecosystems freshwater of management about decision-making of openness and information of E 2007 by Basin River Amur the of Management Integrated for B 2010 by ecosystems their stabilize to percent 3 to increased is cover forest and Plain Zeya-Bureya of percent 10 on managed effectively or protected are wetlands restored and E 2012 by costs) running (salaries, reserves wetland of operation basic of financing government E 2012 by areas protected in habitats freshwater of management effective for B nsure that natural that nsure sr effective nsure availability nsure stable nsure gn initiative egin capacity uild L 2005 by above) reserves nature transboundary and Econet (see border Chinese Russian- along network areas protected Corridor Green Amur organizing for mechanisms Create 2004 by China and Russia C cranes) (stork, 2005 by waterfowl rare of census international Conduct 2005 by River Amur of channel main on dams planned of C 2004 by Reservoir Bureya of flooding of monitoring independent out Carry 2004 by River Amur of resources natural and biodiversity on C 2004 by side) (Russian wetlands Amur of inventory Publish 2005 by Program Management H 2004 by Program Management Integrated Amur Elaborate P 2007 by forests and bushes of patches remaining all on activities restoration and conservation Undertake 2006 by fields between wetlands A 2004 by implementation its for funds allocate 2003; by Program Restoration Plain Zeya-Bureya for approval get and Elaborate 2007 by ecosystems forest and freshwater in financing Econet and area protected of mechanisms on levels federal and regional C 2006 by areas protected for funds state sufficient ensuring for mechanisms Develop 2007 by resources decision-makers and managers reserve freshwater C 2007 by course for materials teaching and textbook Produce 2007 by ecosystems freshwater of management and conservation on Vladivostok in University D eeec # niae lcto o Fgr 4 pg 20) (page 4 Figure on location indicates # reference parentheses; in indicated are protection granted Notes: IMMEDIATE ACTIONS by 2007 by IMMEDIATEACTIONS aunch Amur Green Corridor by 2007 by Corridor Green Amur aunch lant forest belts on 3,000 ha by 2007 by ha 3,000 on belts forest lant arry out assessment of biodiversity in border areas of areas border in biodiversity of assessment out arry impacts environmental on study independent onduct tools other and GIS using database accessible reate Integrated Amur discuss to meeting international old and lakes small all conserving for legislation dopt on decision-makers with seminar information out arry for seminars training regional annual out arry Eastern Far Russian in course for curriculum evelop focal species and species of special concerned special of species and species focal COORDI- NATORS W, SEU, WWF, SEU, WWF, SEU, WWF, WWF, SEU, SEU, WWF, SEU, WWF, E, WWF SEU, WWF SEU, WWF SEU, WWF SEU, W, SEU WWF, ECOLIGA, ECOLIGA, ECOLIGA W, ZT WWF, AMUR, AMUR AMUR AMUR AMUR AMUR AMUR AMUR AMUR AMUR AMUR WWF, WWF, WWF, WWF, WWF, WWF WWF KWF 33 CONSERVATION ACTION PLAN. PART 2 3. STRATEGIES AND ACTION PLANS FOR CONSERVING PRIORITY ECOSYSTEMS

MEDIUM-TERM SHORT-TERM IMMEDIATE ACTIONS by 2007 COORDI- TARGETS TARGETS Notes: focal species and species of special concerned NATORS by 2020 by 2012 granted protection are indicated in parentheses; reference # indicates location on Figure 4 (page 20) component Launch public awareness campaign to promote Amur WWF, SEU Freshwater Ecoregion initiative and build support for ECOLIGA, Build public support creation of Amur Green Corridor by 2004 ZT, AMUR and capacity for local Ecological community Establish small grant program to support public WWF participation in environmental movements by 2005 processes conservation of Amur (continued) Freshwater Elaborate and carry out programs to support traditional AMUR Ecoregion by 2012 use of Amur river natural resources by indigenous peoples by 2007 WEB OF LIFE Create public environmental inspection for independent WWF, SEU control of Amur River by 2007 ECOLIGA Multilateral Create necessary Create Russia-China-Mongolia Advisory Council to WWF and framework for coordinate projects on Amur River Basin by 2006 interregional international agreements cooperation in transboundary Obtain necessary regional and bilateral agreements for WWF, SEU, guarantee uniting system of protected areas along Amur River ECOLIGA, regions of Amur long-term River Basin 2008 into frontier «Green Corridor» by 2007 AMUR conservation of the Amur Instate international Lobby regional and national governments to place WWF, SEU moratorium on dam River Basin moratorium on dam building along main channel of ECOLIGA, building along Amur River by 2007 AMUR by 2015 Amurs by 2010 Enact government Develop proposals for government policies, such as WWF incentives to promote tax credits or metered water use, to promote water water conservation in conservation in industry by 2007 important Amur industry by 2010 Elaborate program for sturgeon conservation in Amur WWF, River Basin by 2004 AMUR

Create two model anti-poaching brigades for fighting WWF, illegal fishing in Amur Basin Fish Inspection Agency in ECOLIGA Evreiskaya and Khabarovsky provinces by 2005 Government policies for Create zones with different restrictions on fishing ensuring (spawning sites, migratory ways, etc) by 2006 sustainable use of Improve control of Establish effective mechanisms of coordination WWF use of fish resources between anti-poaching brigades, law enforcement freshwater agencies, customs authorities, and border agencies by

RULES OF THE GAME in Amur River Basin resources by 2012 2007 are in place by 2015 Elaborate training program for fish inspections in other WWF regions to distribute lessons of model anti-poaching brigades by 2007

Improve scientific basis for establishing fishing quotas and enforce these quotas and harvest limits to prevent overfishing and poaching by 2007

Secure participation of NGOs and representatives of WWF, indigenous peoples in decision-making about quotas, ECOLIGA, ongoing AMUR MARKETS AND LIFESTYLES component Basin by 2020 by Basin River Amur the in industry of branches key in pollution reduce and use water sustainable Promote 2020 by territories model three in communities local and areas protected to benefits tangible provides Ecotourism 2020 by guaranteed is tribes, indigenous for especially people, and nature for benefits with resources fish of use Sustainable EIMTR SHORT-TERM MEDIUM-TERM y22 by2012 by 2020 AGT TARGETS TARGETS (continued) policies Government families by 2010 by families local to income of half provide to ecosystems freshwater in ecotourism developing on project model 2010 by levels harvest and I E I River Basin by 2010 by Basin River Amur the in quality water monitoring for methods Amur River by 2010 by River Amur on factory model one in pollution limiting and use water for technologies and practices G stocks by 2012 by stocks fish increase or stabilize to resources biological freshwater of use responsible ecologically M (continued) control I peet one mplement peet best mplement mprove nsure effective nsure i spot for support ain ntr ih stock fish onitor on reducing pollution in Amur River by 2007 by River Amur in pollution reducing on E 2007 by conservation water for proposals make and factory model in use water Analyze 2006 by Russia and China in public greater to River P 2006 by tributaries large of input assess and River Amur in levels pollution and use water Study 2004 by pollutants of O 2007 by site model to visitors attract and widely program ecotourism Advertise 2006 by S 2005 by participation local with plan management ecotourism develop and community surrounding and area protected freshwater selected in ecotourism for project model Elaborate 2006 by fisheries Amur T 2005 by River Amur on working companies fishing for ratings ecological distribute and Prepare 2004 by resources fish of users S 2007 by catches) illegal (including fishing commercial of impacts and stocks fish important Estimate 2007 by populations fish migrating for routes migration and areas I 2006 by industry fishing of regulation in communities local involving for mechanisms elaborate and feasibility Assess 2005 by peoples indigenous by managed husbandry in practices fishing sustainable implementing P eeec # niae lcto o Fgr 4 pg 20) (page 4 Figure on location indicates # reference parentheses; in indicated are protection granted Notes: IMMEDIATE ACTIONS by 2007 dentify and classify critical spawning and rearing and spawning critical classify and dentify est applicability of eco-labeling approach for important for approach eco-labeling of applicability est laborate proposals for important branches of industry of branches important for proposals laborate Amur in pollution on data scientific to access rovide ecotourism for infrastructure provide and routes up et of responsibility increase which mechanisms uggest for conditions create to proposals repare rganize regular sampling to measure concentrations measure to sampling regular rganize focal species and species of special concerned special of species and species focal NATORS COORDI- W, ZT,WWF, AMUR AMUR AMUR AMUR AMUR AMUR AMUR AMUR AMUR AMUR WWF, WWF, WWF, WWF, WWF, WWF WWF WWF WWF WWF 35 CONSERVATION ACTION PLAN. PART 2 3. STRATEGIES AND ACTION PLANS FOR CONSERVING PRIORITY ECOSYSTEMS

3.3. STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN FOR CONSERVING REPRESENTATIVE BIOMES IN THE RFE ECOREGION COMPLEX

The goal of the Conservation Action Plan for the RFE Ecoregion Complex is to identify priorities for biodiversity conservation in the region and lay out a roadmap for their implementation. Temperate forests and freshwater ecosystems of the Amur River Basin have been determined to be the most important areas to target conservation efforts due to their high levels of biodiversity, imminent threats, and other criteria. However, the goal is to conserve biodiversity that is representative of the whole Ecoregion Complex, as well © L. Dubeykowski as to ensure conservation of areas that play a major role in supporting focal species, species of special concern, and ecological processes. these Ecoregions, their main biological After analysis of the role of priority areas in features, ecological phenomena, and threats protecting the regions biodiversity, we are provided below. determined that four additional subregions (Ecoregions) should be included in the strategy The long-term goal of the represen- to ensure conservation of representative tative biomes strategy and action plan is biomes and important ecological phenomena. to ensure conservation of biodiversity Within these Ecoregions, we selected and important ecological phenomena in territories with the highest risk of new threats representative areas in the Russian Far from human activities. Brief descriptions of East Ecoregion Complex.

36 feeding grounds for grounds feeding last the of some provide bays shallow while Sea coast is important habitat for wader birds way. The large inter-tidal zone of the Okhotsk Fly- Asian Northeast the on waterfowl tory migra- for areas stopover and sites breeding as role crucial a play tributaries Amurs the in lakes large of chains and wetlands River, Amur lower the along Situated species. ous conifer- of up made primarily forests intact unique coastal zone and shallow waters of waters shallow and zone coastal unique drill oil along the continental shelf threaten the to Plans platinum. and gold for mining and roads logging of construction to due logging in increase rapid a by threatened are tems ecosys- these However, Sea. Okhotsk the along Province Khabarovsky of portion ern hrolepis V I T mountains, large blocks of intact of blocks large mountains, southern floral and faunal communities. In the and northern of overlapping and diversity landscape to due RFE the in richness species of level highest third the has area Mountain Bureya The Ecoregion. this characterize ty els of species richness and landscape diversi- est salmon river in the Ecoregion Complex. Ecoregion the in river salmon est tius gibbosus cea ajanensis cea ntact forests made up of up made forests ntact his Ecoregion consists of large tracts of tracts large of consists Ecoregion his ast mountain boreal forests with high lev- BUREYA MOUNTAIN ECOREGION MOUNTAIN BUREYA ECOREGION VALLEY MOUNTAIN AMUR LOWER ) are representative of the northeast- the of representative are ) ) ) and ) . The Amgun River is the rich- Khingam fir Khingam gray whales gray Ajan spruce Ajan larch ( ( Eschrich- Abies ne- Abies ( ( Lar- Pi- Forest Action Plan for more details). more for Plan Action Forest (see implemented be also should Ecoregion, the of forests boreal in found concern special of species a grouse, spruce Siberian the of conservation for Measures areas. model in es and implementing sustainable forestry practic- habitats freshwater of percent 20 and forests regionsboreal the of percent 10 aside setting are Ecoregion this of areas representative ing are urgently required. urgently are measures preventative where Bay, Shantar I mportant medium-term targets for conserv- for targets medium-term mportant © L. Dubeykowski © S. Titova S. ©

37 CONSERVATION ACTION PLAN. PART 2 3. STRATEGIES AND ACTION PLANS FOR CONSERVING PRIORITY ECOSYSTEMS

ix sibirica, L. dahurica) and spruce forests The medium-term target for conservation are found. Alpine ecosystems of the Badzhal of representative habitats in this Ecoregion is Range are important centers of speciation - to set aside 10 percent of the regions boreal development of new species - characterized forests, particularly along the man-made res- by many endemic species of plants found ervoir of the Bureya River. Measures for con- above treeline. servation of the Siberian spruce grouse, a species of special concern found in boreal for- These ecosystems are threatened by cur- ests of the Ecoregion, should also be imple- rent construction of the Bureya Hydroelec- mented (see Forest Action Plan for more de- tric Station, as well as clearcutting along the tails). Baikal-Amur Railroad.

AMUR-ZEYA PLAIN ECOREGION

The Ecoregion consists of a large plain cov- ered with boreal forests made up of Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris), at the eastern edge of the trees range. Pine forests occupy less than one percent of the RFE Ecoregion Com- plex and remnant patches have been preserved here. This is the only Ecoregion in the © A. Chub RFE Ecoregion Complex where Transbaikal floral and faunal communities are found. Fur- thermore, the Ecoregion is the western mining operations cause large-scale distur- boundary for many species of Manchurian bances. Plans to construct two dams on the plants and animals. Large-scale migrations main channel of the upper Amur River could of Siberian roe deer still occur here along the destroy unique steppe-like cliff ecosystems in Amur River. valleys and change natural hydrological regimes of important floodplain ecosystems. Major threats in the Ecoregion are erosion due to insufficient reforestation of logging sites Medium-term targets for this Ecoregion over the past century, logging of the last are to create a transboundary reserve between remnant stands of pine, and forest fires. Russia and China along the Amur River and Poaching and logging threaten pine trees, un- to promote sustainable forestry while banning gulates, black-billed capercaillies (Tetrao logging in remnant pine stands. parvirostris), among others. Open quarry gold

38 M T semiprecious stones. semiprecious sheep, unregulated tourism, and extraction of gold and snow for poaching increased mountain forests. Added pressures will include human pressures to intact yet vulnerable high bring will which railroad, Ulak-Tokko new na. fau- and flora Amur southern and (Sakha) Yakutia of Republic the of taiga northern between boundary geographical the marks altitude zones with alpine tundra. The region sheep of population isolated An sources. er maintaining the hydrological balance of riv- in role crucial a play spruce and larch of up made forests boreal mountain high intact of systems foundabovetreeline.Largeblocks eco- all of representative landscapes, alpine true with Complex Ecoregion the in tains his Ecoregion contains the highest moun- ALDAN-STANOVOY MOUNTAIN ECOREGION MOUNTAIN ALDAN-STANOVOY ajor threats consist of construction of the ( Ovis nivicola potanini ) inhabits high snow lap. water action plans where the objectives over- ordinated with targets in the forest and fresh- organize low-impact ecotourism. to and peoples, indigenous by resources are found, to support traditional use of natural itats of the Stanovoy Range where snow sheep hab- alpine conserve to are Ecoregion this in T I nitiatives in this strategy should also be co- he medium-term targets for conservation for targets medium-term he © S. Titova S. © 39 CONSERVATION ACTION PLAN. PART 2 3. STRATEGIES AND ACTION PLANS FOR CONSERVING PRIORITY ECOSYSTEMS

MEDIUM-TERM SHORT-TERM IMMEDIATE ACTIONS by 2007 COORDI- TARGETS TARGETS Notes: reference # indicates location NATORS by 2020 by 2012 on Figure 4 (page 20) Ecoregion

Conserve areas of coastal zone to Create national park on Shantar Islands (515,500 ha) KWF, WWF support gray whale by 2004, ref. 3.13 population by 2012

Grant Ramsar status to Evoron Lake (80,000 ha) and WWF, 10 percent of Evur River Valley (230,000 ha) by 2005, ref. 3.14 AMUR boreal forests Ensure conservation and 20 percent of main stopover of freshwater areas for waterfowl Grant Ramsar status to Shastya Bay (40,000 ha) and WWF, ecosystems on Northeast Asian Amur Estuary (75,000 ha) by 2006, ref. 3.15 AMUR are protected Flyway by 2012 by 2020 Grant Ramsar status to Mukhtelskaya Plain and WWF, Nerpichy Bay (50,000 ha) by 2007, ref. 3.16 AMUR

Set aside large blocks of boreal Delineate key habitats and secure their exclusion from WWF forest for future logging by 2007 conservation by 2012

Carry out independent evaluation of allowable levels of WWF Sustainable logging and prepare ratings of logging companies by

LOWER AMUR MOUNTAIN VALLEY Implement voluntary forestry is FSC certification in 2004 practiced in all two model boreal spruce-fir forests by 2012 forests by 2020 Organize campaign to halt clearcutting on the territory of Kharpinsky Wildlife Refuge by 2004

Enlarge Bureisky Zapovednik by 53,300 ha by 2004 WWF

Create system of Create Tyrminsky Wildlife Refuge (40,000 ha) by 2004, protected areas around man-made ref. 3,17 reservoir on Bureya River (275,000 ha) 10 percent of by 2007 Create Nizhnemelginsky Wildlife Refuge (60,000 ha) boreal forests by 2005, ref. 3.18 are protected and Siberian spruce grouse Create Ust-Urgalsky Nature Park (24,000 ha) by 2006, conservation ref. 3.18 program is Create a system of implemented natural monuments Keep in reserve large blocks of boreal forests for KWF, WWF by 2020 to protect endemic conservation by 2007 plant habitats by 2010 BUREYA BUREYA MOUNTAIN Introduce methods Carry out independent evaluation of allowable levels of WWF for sustainable forestry on one logging and prepare ratings of logging companies by model territory by 2004 2012 ALDAN-STANOVOY MOUNTAIN AMUR-ZEYA PLAIN Ecoregion by 2020 conserved effectively are Ridge Stanovoy the of ecosystems mountain and Alpine by 2020 forests pine in practiced is forestry Sustainable by 2020 functioning effectively is Amur Upper the on reserve transboundary Chinese A Russian- areas by2020 protected in conserved are forests boreal of percent 10 EIMTR SHORT-TERM MEDIUM-TERM y22 by 2012 by 2020 AGT TARGETS TARGETS peoples by 2012 by peoples indigenous for use nature traditional of territories S 2012 by plan action conservation sheep snow implement A 2008 by Province) Khabarovsky and Yakutia in areas protected with (jointly Park TokinskyNature to G 2012 by forestry sustainable on project I 2012 by forests secondary of logging sustainable P 2012 by reserve nature transboundary Russian-Chinese the for plan management joint implement D 2010 by ha Krivun) (Korsakovsky Park National C 1.16 ref. 2010, by ha) (50,000 Refuge Landscape C peet model mplement t sd three aside et for support rovide poe and pprove and evelop Amursky the reate et Ulunginsky reate at eea status federal rant by 2007, by ha) (100,000 Refuge Landscape Upper-Giluisky Create 2006 by grazing reindeer R 2004 by Range Stanovoy in sheep snow protecting for plan action sheep snow Elaborate 3.20 ref. 2007, by ha) (10,000 Province C 1.18 ref. 2006, by ha) (500,000 Park TokinskyNature Create 2007 by initiative) Plan Action Forest T 2004 by logging tree pine on ban enacting for measures integrated Implement 2003 by exports illegal halt to proposals A 2007 by River Amur upper on reserve nature transboundary Russian-Chinese of creation for proposals Develop 1.17 ref. 2004, C 2006, by ha) (60,000 Refuge Landscape Amur Upper Create 2005, E 1.13 ref. 2004, by ha) (15,000 Park Nature Mukhinsky Create on Figure 4 (page 20) (page 4 Figure on Notes: IMMEDIATE ACTIONS by 2007 rain representatives of forestry enterprises (as part of part (as enterprises forestry of representatives rain nlarge Urushinsky Wildlife Refuge (by 30,000 ha) by ha) 30,000 (by Refuge Wildlife Urushinsky nlarge eserve large blocks of intact boreal forests for forests boreal intact of blocks large eserve Khabarovsky in TokoLake on area protected reate prepare and timber cut illegally of export nalyze by ha) (22,000 Refuge Botanical Bussevsky reate ref 1.14 ref ref. 1.15 ref. eeec # niae location indicates # reference ref. 1.19 ref. NATORS COORDI- WWF WWF WWF WWF WWF WWF WWF WWF WWF WWF WWF WWF SEU, SEU, SEU, SEU, SEU, SEU, SEU, SEU, SEU, SEU, SEU, 41 CONSERVATION ACTION PLAN. PART 2 4. STRATEGIES AND ACTION PLANS FOR CONSERVING FOCAL SPECIES

The Amur tiger, Far Eastern leopard, The Far Eastern leopard is on the brink of Oriental white stork, and ginseng plant have extinction. Fewer than three dozen animals been selected as focal species for the NGO roam the conifer and broadleaf forests in south- Joint Action Plan due to the extent of western Primorsky Province. The range and threats to their long-term survival and their population of the leopard have decreased dras- importance as indicator and umbrella spe- tically in the past 50 years and only three to cies for key habitats in the region. Tigers five litters are registered annually. Leopards are one of WWFs and WCSs species of have been observed in northeastern China and global concern, which include those that North Korea only in isolated instances. act as flagships for important conservation issues and serve as charismatic ambassa- The population of the Oriental white stork dors for their habitats and other less-known has decreased three times in the past half species. The leopard plays a similar role century to fewer than 3,000 birds today. Out- and is an indicator for the most vulnerable side of Russia, the species nests only in part of the RFE in southwestern Primorsky northeastern China. The bulk of the popu- Province. The Oriental white stork is an lation - about 400 pairs - resides in wetlands important indicator of the purity of in the Amur Basin in the southern part of freshwater ecosystems. The ginseng plant the Russian Far East. is an important indicator species for temperate forests, and interest in its con- Nearly the entire population of wild gin- servation is shared with cultures of China seng grows in Primorsky Province. Logging and North and South Korea. and collection of ginseng in large propor- tions have had negative impacts on wild pop- Nearly 95 percent of the worlds Amur ti- ulations of the plant: in the 1970-80s, log- ger population lives in the Russian Far East, ging destroyed almost all mixed Korean where approximately 450 tigers reside today. pine-deciduous forests, which are the main The tigers range extends over an area a habitat for this rare species. quarter of what it was 75 years ago. The number of breeding female tigers on this Viable populations of focal species must territory is approximately 180 individuals. be created to ensure their long-term persist- Nearly twice that number is needed to ence. In turn protection of focal species and sustain a viable tiger population over the long- their habitats will guarantee conservation of term. an entire array of plant and animal diversity in the RFE Ecoregion Complex.

42 C T A CONSERVATION FOR PLAN STRATEGYACTION AND 4.1. and sika deer in the Ecoregion Complex. Ecoregion the in deer sika and to increase populations of wild boar, red deer, taken be to need Measures increase. to were base prey its if expansion for room has tiger the that indicate species the for requirements range. extended an over all) in tigers 700 (about females breeding 300 least at of population viable cally geneti- a maintain and create to is tion lines. Therefore, these species strategies are strategies species these Therefore, lines. fe- large rare these of both for ecosystems saving to critical are practices forestry ble Sustaina- leopard. Eastern Far the for goals conservation with compatible are measures conservation tiger Province, Primorsky southwestern In enforced. vigilantly be to need assessments, impact environmental independent out carrying as such habitat, for ensuringappropriateresourceuseintiger mechanisms Legal conservation. tiger from species of plants and animals that will benefit other of array an to home are forests turn, In conservation. tiger ensure part most the conservation. modifications to reflect recent progress in tiger with strategy that on based is below plan action conservation The 1995. in tiger Amur the of conservation for strategy federal a he long-term goal for tiger conserva- tiger for goal long-term he n international working group developed group working international n onservation of forest ecosystems will for will ecosystems forest of onservation Minimum area Minimum with local residents. local with developed fortheseterritories incooperation be should plans management special and zapovedniks, the connect will corridors use Multiple system. a such of areas core the ( of the current population of breeding females Alin Range will guarantee protection of a third tending from north to south along the Sikhote- C necessary. where provided are plans action these between cross-references Appropriate Plan. Action Strategy Forest the to and other each to connected tightly Figure 5) Figure OF THE AMUR TIGER AMUR THE OF reation of a network of tiger reserves, ex- . Existing zapovedniks should be should zapovedniks Existing . © V.Solkin © 43 CONSERVATION ACTION PLAN. PART 2 4. STRATEGIES AND ACTION PLANS FOR CONSERVING FOCAL SPECIES

Anti-poaching brigades have been success- farmers for livestock losses to tiger kills. ful in clamping down on poaching over the Finally, providing sustainable income to local past eight years. Steps need to be taken to communities through ecotourism, non-timber encourage the Russian government to shoul- forest products and wise use of game species der financing of these brigades over the long- will help build support for tiger conservation term. Severe measures are required to reduce programs. The long-term benefits of ecotour- the demand for tiger derivatives in other coun- ism and other tiger-friendly sources will include tries. Cooperation with China and North and a decline in poaching on ungulates, the tigers South Korea will be critical for halting tiger main prey, and greater public support for tiger poaching, as well as for creating a system of conservation. transboundary protected areas for tiger and leopard conservation.

Education and communication with the public and decision-makers remain important objectives for tiger conservation in the future. Programs and educational campaigns for schools and the mass media should continue to be developed and implemented. To ensure peaceful coexistence between tigers and humans, measures need to be taken to deal with problem tigers

near settlements and compensate © Tiger, MPR Russia

44 N PIOSY PROVINCES PRIMORSKY AND KHABAROVSKY IN AREAS PROTECTED NATURE OF SYSTEM ECONET:PROPOSED TIGER AMUR Figure 5 . (source: Miquelle et all, 1999; Bogatov et all, 2000) all, et Bogatov 1999; all, et Miquelle (source: 45 CONSERVATION ACTION PLAN. PART 2 4. STRATEGIES AND ACTION PLANS FOR CONSERVING FOCAL SPECIES

Reduce demand and Build capacity for enforcing CITES regulations on trade WWF, sales of tiger of tiger derivatives by 2006 PHOENIX derivatives by 2010 Cooperate with customs agencies of other countries to WWF, WCS, stop export of illegally harvested tigers and other PHOENIX species, ongoing

Ensure government provides social guarantees for WWF, anti-poaching brigades, ongoing PHOENIX

Provide technical support to network of anti-poaching PHOENIX, brigades until 2006 WWF Halt tiger poaching Steady growth and illegal logging in of tiger Develop mechanisms for state funding of at least three- WWF, tiger habitat by 2010 fourths of anti-poaching brigade operations by 2006 PHOENIX population throughout Enforce high fines for poaching rare species, ongoing WWF, a unified range PHOENIX is ensured Prosecute and punish all crimes against tigers and WWF, by 2020 forest habitats to full extent of the law, ongoing PHOENIX

Elaborate methods and protocol for dealing with WCS, Develop capacity of conflict tigers (and assess rehabilitation and release to PHOENIX «Tiger» Inspection the wild) by 2004 and rehabilitation centers to make Provide support to tiger rehabilitation centers in WWF,WCS, them fully Primorsky and Khabarovsky provinces by 2006 PHOENIX

WEB OF LIFE responsible for handling conflict Develop and maintain agreement between Russian WCS Federation, Moscow Zoo, and EEP for transferring tigers by 2010 tigers that cannot be released into the wild to appropriate holding facilities by 2004

Conduct annual census in 16 model areas of range, WCS,KWF Monitor and ongoing research tiger populations over Prepare annual reports on state of tiger population, WCS entire range ongoing continuously, ongoing Carry out studies on tiger ecology and behavior in WCS Monitoring and protected areas and in areas with human pressures, ongoing research lead to effective Carry out complete Monitor changes in tiger habitat through aerial and WCS tiger satellite photography, ongoing conservation census of tigers and ungulate prey by 2015 Assess ungulate carrying capacity in tiger habitat by WCS,WWF species throughout 2004 range and publish data by 2007 Unify tiger census methods in different countries by WCS 2005 Establish Tiger GIS Center to collect and Equip a geo-information tiger center and train WCS,WWF, distribute information personnel for creation of GIS databases by 2003 PHOENIX 2010 WEB OF LIFE Component range by 2015 by range tigers the in populations ungulate Increase 2015 by established are (Econet) corridors connecting and areas protected of consisting landscapes conservation tiger managed Effectively TARGETS TARGETS SHORT-TERM MEDIUM-TERM y22 by 2012 by 2020 2010 by reserves nature Russian-Chinese 2010 by Russia in range its throughout population tiger unified Plan) Action Forest in Econet Alin Sikhote- also (see 2007 by population tiger viable and contiguous supporting of capable corridors and zones, buffer reserves, nature new of hectares million S estates by 2010 by estates hunting of percent 50 in numbers game increase and tigers to hunters R I E S I Econet by 2010 by Econet in areas forest protected specially of ha 500,000 base by 2007 by base prey tiger increase to program scale nclude at least at nclude peet wide- mplement stablish two stablish of creation upport 1 over aside et aise tolerance of tolerance aise estates by 2005 by estates hunting model in experience disseminate to users and O 2005 by estates hunting model in numbers ungulate increase to leases hunting of solvency economic and efforts, anti-poaching methods, biotechnical improving of Testeffectiveness 2004 by Province Khabarovsky and 2003 by Province Primorysky in habitat tiger in populations D 2007 by Mountains Range-Wadanshang Strelnikov in reserve nature transboundary creating for talks Initiate 2005, by provinces) Primorsky in ha 12,000 and Khabarovsky C 2007 by Mountains Range-Changbangshan Gory Cherny in reserve nature transboundary Create C 2005, by Area Protected Transboundary UNESCO of part a as District Khasansky of zone patrol border in status protected strictly Instate 2007 by populations tiger Primorsky SW and Sikhote-Alin connect to E 2005 by Range Pogranichny and Province Primorsky SW in populations tiger connecting corridor of feasibility Assess 2007 by Province) Primorsky southwestern and Mountain, Oblachnaya watershed, River (Khor habitat tiger in areas model C 4.9 ref. 2007, by Basin River Samarga in Econet local Create 4.11 ref. E 4.12 4.10, 4.8, 4.7, 4.6, ref. 2007, by ha) (298,000 refuges tiger new five Create 2005, by Refuge VasilkovskyWildlife to C 2005, by ha) (225,000 it around zone buffer a create and ha) (24,500 Zapovednik Ussurisky Enlarge 2005, by ha) (216,250 C 2005 by ha) (13,000 monuments natural six Establish 4.3 4.2, 4.1, 3.7, 3.4, C on Figure 4 (page 20) (page 4 Figure on Notes: IMMEDIATE ACTIONS by 2007 by IMMEDIATEACTIONS laborate and approve management plan for corridor for plan management approve and laborate 2007, by ha) (16,000 Refuge Wildlife Losiny nlarge evelop and adopt program for restoring ungulate restoring for program adopt and evelop in ha (9,300 Range Strelnikov in corridor reate 2006 by Park National Barsovy reate in Econets for plans management landscape out arry status federal grant and ha) (23,600 zone buffer reate reserves tiger connect to corridors four reate reate six nature parks (299,300 ha) by 2005, by ha) (299,300 parks nature six reate rganize seminars and training for game managers game for training and seminars rganize ref. 3.8, 4.14 3.8, ref. eeec # niae location indicates # reference ref. 3.1, 3.2, 3.5, 3.6 3.5, 3.2, 3.1, ref. ref. 4.4 ref. ref. 4.17 ref. ref. 4.4 ref. ref. 3.3, ref. COORDI- NATORS WWF,WCS, WWF,WCS, WWF,WCS, WWF,WCS, WCS,WWF WCS,WWF WWF,KWF, WWF,KWF, WWF,WCS WWF,WCS WWF,WCS KWF,WWF KWF,WWF WWF,KWF PHOENIX PHOENIX PHOENIX WCS, WWF WWF WWF KWF, WCS KWF KWF 47 CONSERVATION ACTION PLAN. PART 2 4. STRATEGIES AND ACTION PLANS FOR CONSERVING FOCAL SPECIES

MEDIUM-TERM SHORT-TERM IMMEDIATE ACTIONS by 2007 COORDI- TARGETS TARGETS Notes: reference # indicates location NATORS by 2020 by 2012 on Figure 4 (page 20) Component Create interagency commission on tiger conservation WWF,WCS by 2004 PHOENIX

Carry out zoning of Primorsky Province and southern WCS, Khabarovsky Province in accordance with goals for KWF,WWF tiger conservation by 2004 Develop and implement system of Develop and get approval for methods to assess PHOENIX penalties and damages to rare and endangered felines listed in the WWF incentives for land Russian, IUCN, and regional Red Books due to habitat users to protect degradation by 2004 tigers and their prey base by 2007 Lobby for approval of Executive Legislation Act on PHOENIX compensation of damages to endangered felines by WWF 2004

Legal and Lobby for inclusion of article on protecting interests of WWF financial tigers and other rare species in requirements for mechanisms environmental impact assessments, including for tiger mandatory compensation for damages to tiger conservation populations by 2005 are in place and enforced Enact rules on hunting providing new regulations for WWF, WCS by 2010 shooting ungulates in appropriate agencies by 2003

Elaborate and enact law on ecological corridors in WWF Incorporate tiger Primorsky Province Legislative Council by 2004 conservation strategy into government Elaborate and enact regional programs for tiger WCS,WWF, programs for regional conservation in accordance with national strategy by KWF, ZT, 2004 PHOENIX development and RULES OF THE GAME action plans for local Adopt new regional law in Primorsky Province on WWF, NGOs by 2010 hunting, taking into consideration optimal ungulate WCS, ZT densities and providing incentives for sustainable game management by 2004

Ensure that key territories inhabited by tigers remain state and municipal property by 2005

Create coalition among NGOs based in the RFE by WWF,WCS, KWF, ZT, International 2003 PHOENIX cooperation between Develop and Initiate governmental talks and support international WCS,WWF working group to coordinate tiger conservation Russia, China, implement strategies by 2004 and North and internationally and South Korea locally approved enhances Approve the joint program on tiger conservation WWF strategy for tiger between WWF-China and WWF-Russia by 2005 efforts to conservation by 2007 conserve tigers Coordinate activities of customs agencies in Russia, WWF,WCS, by 2010 China, and North and South Korea for halting illegal PHOENIX export and trade of derivatives from tigers and other rare species by 2005 MARKETS AND LIFESTYLES RULES OF THE GAME Component 2015 by attained is humans and tigers of coexistence Peaceful by 2020 objectives conservation tiger with compatible is habitat tiger in Resource use 2010 by base prey tigers the of depletion prevent to place in are mechanisms Legal (cont) cooperation International y22 by 2012 TARGETS by 2020 SHORT-TERM TARGETS MEDIUM-TERM ongoing countries, different from experts tiger among cooperation and research habitat by 2010 by habitat tiger in forests of hectares million three on forestry sustainable certified P 2007 by ecosystems forest in projects related use resource natural all for out carried are assessments impact ecological independent E 2007 by groups interest and territories various for ungulates hunting for system quota differential enforce E I M tiger habitat by 2007 by habitat tiger of integrity improve to agencies game and forestry between coordination C 2007 by grazing livestock for and encounters tiger during behavior for rules of aware habitat tiger in living people mprove atc FSC- ractice that nsure tbih and stablish odnt scientific oordinate ake the majority of majority the ake in tiger country by 2004 by country tiger in P 2003 by kills tiger to lost livestock for farmers to scheme compensation implement and Develop ongoing habitat, tiger in living residents local most to flares) P ongoing remains, prey of collection and prey tiger approaching Prohibit 2004 by Plan) Action Forest in Lifestyles and Markets (See certification forest voluntary for criterion and indicator as closures) road I 2006 by thresholds ecological these with line into regulations bring and habitat tiger in use nature for thresholds Determine 2003 by species rare other and tigers on scenarios development economic various of W ongoing conservation, tiger for group working of members including assessments impact independent out carry to experts of group up Set 2004 by people local for and conservation nature in involved I 2003 by declined sharply have numbers ungulate where or areas reproductive in ungulates hunting on ban immediate Implement 2005 by poachers P ongoing forests, deciduous and coniferous in practices logging monitor closely and pine Korean cutting on ban of enforcement Ensure 2005 by Russia and China in organizations I ongoing conservation, tiger on Korea North and China from scientists with experience exchange to program Launch on Figure 4 (page 20) (page 4 Figure on Notes: IMMEDIATE ACTIONS by 2007 nclude objectives of tiger conservation (specifically conservation tiger of objectives nclude hunters for licensing preferential of system a nstitute scientific among cooperation on agreements nitiate rohibit unattended grazing in forests for cattle farms cattle for forests in grazing unattended rohibit signal spray, (pepper self-defense for devices rovide deter to use in not are that roads logging close artially ork with government authorities to discuss impacts discuss to authorities government with ork eeec # niae location indicates # reference NATORS COORDI- C, WWF WCS, WWF,WCS, WWF,WCS, WCS,WWF, WCS,WWF WWF,WCS WCS,WWF PHOENIX, PHOENIX, PHOENIX, PHOENIX, PHOENIX PHOENIX PHOENIX W, ZT WWF, W, ZT WWF, KWF,ZT WCS, WWF WCS WCS ZT 49 CONSERVATION ACTION PLAN. PART 2 4. STRATEGIES AND ACTION PLANS FOR CONSERVING FOCAL SPECIES

MEDIUM-TERM SHORT-TERM IMMEDIATE ACTIONS by 2007 COORDI- TARGETS TARGETS Notes: reference # indicates location NATORS by 2020 by 2012 on Figure 4 (page 20) Component Implement program Develop community action plan for organizing services WWF to ensure sustainable and facilities for tourists by 2006 livelihoods for one model community through ecotourism Establish tourist routes and facilities in nature reserve WWF in southwestern near model community and publicize routes widely by Primorsky Province 2007 Local by 2008 communities Carry out sustainable Evaluate potential for supporting local community WWF, WCS receive livelihoods program through sustainable hunting, community forestry, or benefits in model community other sources with feedback mechanisms that reward in southern Sikhote- from tiger efforts towards tiger conservation by 2004 conservation Alin by 2010 by 2020 Elaborate and implement project on Prepare feasibility study for establishing tiger safari- WWF establishing tiger safari-park for park by 2004 ecotourism and research by 2010 Develop and incorporate course materials on tiger WWF, KWF, Institute conservation into education system of Primorsky and PHOENIX environmental Khabarovsky provinces by 2005 modules in curricula of schools in Primorsky and Organize «Amur Tiger» childrens creative arts festival, PHOENIX, Khabarovsky coordinating activities in Primorsky and Khabarovsky KWF, WWF, provinces on provinces by 2005 ZT conservation of tigers AND LIFESTYLES and biodiversity by 2008 Print reading materials and information for textbooks PHOENIX, The general for schoolchildren by 2006 KWF, ZT public PHOENIX, supports and Expand annual «Tiger Day» celebration to district WWF, participates centers in model areas, ongoing MARKETS fully in tiger WCS, ZT conservation Publish posters, leaflets, stamps, postcards, copy- ZT, WWF, by 2015 books and other quality materials to promote tiger PHOENIX, Conduct wide-scale, ongoing media conservation programs, ongoing WCS, KWF campaign (including TV, radio, Place billboards with information on tiger conservation WWF, newspapers, and how to behave in tiger encounters on major PHOENIX, international media) to inform people thoroughfares, train stations, airports, and bus stations KWF about threats to throughout tiger habitat, ongoing tigers and measures for their conservation Conduct contests on tiger conservation on TV and PHOENIX, by 2006 WWF, ZT, radio, ongoing KWF

Film professional promotional clip for regional ZT television by 2004

Elaborate communication strategy on Amur tigers by WWF, ZT, 2004 PHOENIX range. animals the of parts former in founded be should populations leopard new persistence, long-term For persistence. short-term guarantee only can leopards 50 of ulation were to increase. However, even a target pop- base prey its if doubled be could population leopard the that indicate available currently habitat of amount the and species the for range. former animals the of parts other in lations popu- founder new create and Province Primorsky southwestern in individuals 50 least at of population viable netically ge- a maintain and enlarge to is vation prey base ( base prey leopards the increasing and conservation, leopard on Korea North and China with Province, promoting international cooperation Primorsky southwestern in areas protected of network the perfecting include will lation I T A CONSERVATION FOR PLAN STRATEGYACTION AND 4.2. conservation. ifications to reflect recent progress in leopard plan below is based on that strategy with mod- action conservation The 1996. in leopard ern eral strategy for conservation of the Far East- improve cooperation on leopard conservation help will reserve Russian-Chinese boundary mportant targets for creating a viable popu- he long-term goal for leopard conser- leopard for goal long-term he special working group developed a fed- a developed group working special AND RESTORATION OF THE FAR EASTERN LEOPARDEASTERN FAR THE RESTORATIONOF AND Figure 6 Figure Minimum area requirements area Minimum ). Creation of a trans- a of Creation ). cultivate anewgeneration of environmental- help to Province Primorsky southwestern programs should be elaborated for schools in education Ecological habitat. leopard practices which have catastrophic impacts on fields, clearing for techniques burning of use the and fires forest reduce to out carried be to need programs building Awareness use. forest on rely traditionally that habitat leopard in communities to income additional providing by degradation habitat slow help to potential the has Province Primorsky southern in Ecotourism region. border the of biodiversity unique the and leopard the of conservation guarantee to established be should Korea North and China, Russian, between area protected transboundary attention to the problem. Eventually, a trilateral public draw and countries two the between © V.Solkin © 51 CONSERVATION ACTION PLAN. PART 2 4. STRATEGIES AND ACTION PLANS FOR CONSERVING FOCAL SPECIES

ly conscious decision-makers. further. The number of people out of work in the region will increase and many will be forced Since poaching for both leopards and their to poach deer - and possibly leopards - to feed prey is one of the main reasons for disappear- their families. An economic strategy for de- ance of the Far Eastern leopard throughout velopment of deer farms needs to be worked southern Primorsky Province, steps need to out in order to come to agreement with man- be taken to reduce poaching by boosting the agers on protecting leopards on their territo- efficiency of existing anti-poaching brigades ries, providing compensation for losses to and creating a special brigade for leopard leopard kills, and developing leopard safari- conservation. Most importantly, the demand parks to attract tourists to the region. for leopard derivatives needs to be curbed, for which cooperation with Chinese authorities Details on protected areas that will be cre- and international non-governmental ated for leopard conservation as part of the organizations will be critical. Econet are listed in the Forest Strategy and Action Plan. Supporting deer farms in southwestern Primorsky Province is an important way to maintain and increase the leopards prey base. Deer farms raise deer to harvest their antlers, used in oriental medicines. However, the industry is currently suffering a depression. If deer farms go bankrupt, the leopards prey base will decline even © G. Shalikov

52 Figure 6 LEOPARDS IN SOUTHWEST PRIMORSKY PROVINCE PRIMORSKY SOUTHWEST IN LEOPARDS EASTERN FAR FOR ZONES MANAGEMENT LAND PROPOSED pca mngmn regime management Special ragime Zakaznik regime Zapovednik fence border - Ksp tracks Leopard . (source: Miquelle and Murzin, 2001) Murzin, and Miquelle (source: 53 CONSERVATION ACTION PLAN. PART 2 4. STRATEGIES AND ACTION PLANS FOR CONSERVING FOCAL SPECIES

MEDIUM-TERM SHORT-TERM IMMEDIATE ACTIONS by 2007 COORDI- TARGETS TARGETS Notes: reference # indicates location NATORS by 2020 by 2012 on Figure 4 (page 20) Component

Ensure sufficient Implement biotechnical measures and effective anti- WWF, prey base in poaching control to increase prey populations in WCS, protected areas by leopard habitats by 2004 PHOENIX The protected 2006 areas network Establish and support coordination unit for WWF, in administrations of Kedrovaya Pad Zapovednik, WCS southwestern Create large, unified Barsovy Federal Wildlife Refuge, and Borisovskoye PHOENIX Primorsky protected area Plateau Wildlife Refuge by 2003 Province (Barsovy National supports at Park) based on Develop scientific justification for unified protected WCS, least 50 existing zapovedniks area in leopard habitat in southwestern Primorsky WWF leopards by and wildlife refuges Province by 2003 2015 by 2006 Grant federal status to Borisovskoye Plateau Wildlife WWF Refuge by 2004

Implement system of temporary calm zones within WWF, home ranges of females with litters on hunting estates WCS in leopard breeding habitat by 2004

WWF, Create system of Develop management plan for conservation and WCS buffer zones and effective management of leopard Econet (protected ecological corridors areas, buffer zones, and corridors) to determine connecting protected optimal regimes of land use surrounding protected areas by 2007 areas by 2004

Instate strictly protected regime in border patrol zone WWF, to create an ecological corridor along Russian-Chinese WCS border and develop agreement with border guards to WEB OF LIFE insure anti-poaching patrols by 2005, ref.4.17

Work out scientific justification for transboundary WCS, protected area in leopard habitat in collaboration with WWF Launch international scientists from North Korea and China by 2004 transboundary protected area for leopard conservation Initiate negotiations in Russian Ministries of Foreign WWF, in border region of Affairs and Natural Resources to approve WCS, Russia, China, and transboundary reserve by 2004 PHOENIX North Korea by 2007 Formulate agreements with relative government WWF, WCS, agencies in all three countries by 2005 PHOENIX

Cooperative Organize effective protection service in existing PHOENIX, efforts of reserves, wildlife refuges, and hunting estates in WWF, ranger services leopard habitat, ongoing WCS control poaching, Halt poaching on Coordinate anti-poaching operations among all PHOENIX, forest fires, and leopards and their reserves, refuges, and ranger services and carry out WWF, WCS major prey by 2005 unsustainable joint raids, ongoing land use in all Establish network of informers on leopard poaching in PHOENIX, leopard habitat local villages and among workers of deer breeding WWF, WCS by 2015 farms by 2004 WEB OF LIFE Component (continued) efforts Cooperative range by 2020 by range former its of areas in thrives population leopard A viable EIMTR SHORT-TERM MEDIUM-TERM y22 by 2012 by 2020 AGT TARGETS TARGETS 2006 by areas border in measures protection by 2006 by leopards acclimating for methods develop and reintroduction for animals of group their range by 2008 by range their throughout collars radio with fitted animals released of monitoring 2008 by leopard of range former in site selected to group 2006 by reintroduction possible of area in center reintroduction and breeding leopard P 2006 by leopards for base prey increasing including site, reintroduction prepare and select to measures out D 2006 by habitat leopard in system prevention C 2007 by fires forest reduce to users land local of practices C S C R C eae founder repare trengthen arry out continuous out arry founder elease experimental reate carry and evelop fire- reate use land hange of leopard population to new territories by 2005 by territories new to population leopard of expansion for support build to public general and hunters D 2006 by wild the into populations captive from leopards reintroducing for methods with experiment and Develop 2005 by center such for funds allocate and facilities reintroduction D captivity,ongoing in leopards Eastern Far purebred of population increase and maintain to programs Support 2005 by sites reintroduction selected on quality habitat E 2004 by release experimental for range leopards of areas former in sites Select 2004 by Plan D 2003 by areas former in leopards of disappearance for reasons of analysis detailed Conduct 2005 by fires prescribed C 2004 by Enterprise Forestry Barabashevsky in unit fire-fighting mobile Create S 2004 by habitat leopard in users land all for plan management fire-prevention Elaborate 2004 by programs training out I ongoing derivatives, and skins leopard illegal of transport and poaching halt to guards border and agencies customs with Work 2004 by fences boundary behind leopards of protection joint for services S ongoing guards, border for courses training out Carry mprove qualifications of customs officials by carrying by officials customs of qualifications mprove on Figure 4 (page 20) (page 4 Figure on Notes: IMMEDIATE ACTIONS by 2007 by IMMEDIATEACTIONS stablish or enlarge protected areas, or improve or areas, protected enlarge or stablish ongoing brigade, fire-fighting «Fauna» upport ranger and guards border between agreement ign evelop and carry out educational programs among programs educational out carry and evelop evelop documentation for construction of leopard of construction for documentation evelop Reintroduction Leopard long-term detailed, evelop for used belts mineral of system maintain and reate eeec # niae location indicates # reference NATORS COORDI- W, WCS, WWF, W, WCS, WWF, W, WCS WWF, WCS WWF, W, WCS WWF, WCS,WWF WCS,WWF WCS,WWF WCS,WWF WCS,WWF PHOENIX, PHOENIX, PHOENIX, PHOENIX PHOENIX PHOENIX PHOENIX PHOENIX WWF, WWF, WCS, WCS, WWF WCS ZT

55 CONSERVATION ACTION PLAN. PART 2 4. STRATEGIES AND ACTION PLANS FOR CONSERVING FOCAL SPECIES

MEDIUM-TERM SHORT-TERM IMMEDIATE ACTIONS by 2007 COORDI- TARGETS TARGETS Notes: reference # indicates location NATORS by 2020 by 2012 on Figure 4 (page 20) Component

Monitor habitat changes through remote sensing by WCS satellite images, ongoing Monitoring and Implement perfected research of methods for Keep GIS leopard database updated, ongoing WCS leopards is monitoring leopard population, its self- Implement new census-taking methods (photo- WCS supporting, habitat, and prey by 2006 trapping) by 2003 produces reliable data, Conduct winter census for leopards throughout their WCS,WWF, and leads to range at least once every three years beginning winter PHOENIX effective of 2002/2003 leopard conservation Establish Leopard Build capacity for field researchers in leopard habitat, WCS,WWF Monitoring Center ongoing

WEB OF LIFE by 2015 (based in transboundary nature Implement system for regular collection of information WCS,WWF reserve) by 2007 in model areas (reserves, hunting refuges, etc.) by 2004 Organize genetic Conduct DNA genetic study based on leopard monitoring of leopards by 2007 excrements and hairs by 2004

Maintain and enlarge Provide compensation to deer farms for leopard kills, PHOENIX compensation ongoing system for losses to deer farms due to Identify continuous funding sources (insurance PHOENIX leopard kills by 2006 payments) for compensation for leopard kills by 2005

Assess relationship between leopards and deer farms WCS, and their role in providing prey base for leopards by WWF, 2003 PHOENIX Legal and Incorporate deer financial farming into leopard Strengthen regional legislation that encourages deer WWF, conservation farms to protect leopards and other rare species on WCS, mechanisms activities by 2006 are instituted their properties by 2004 PHOENIX to involve deer farms in Develop business strategy for deer farming in Primorsky Province to emerge from current economic leopard crisis by 2004 conservation by 2015 Assess feasibility and develop business plan for WWF, PHOENIX Create model safari- leopard safari-park to help maintain leopard RULES OF THE GAME park on selected populations by 2003 deer farm by 2005 Create public administrative body to manage safari- WWF, park in leopard habitat by 2003 PHOENIX

Obtain legal rights to manage model deer farm for WWF, WCS, leopard conservation by 2004 PHOENIX Provide infrastructure support Ensure funds for development of multi-use, self- WWF, to leopard safari-park financing leopard safari-park by 2005 PHOENIX to ensure its self- financing by 2006 MARKETS AND LIFESTYLES RULES OF THE GAME Component 2015 by leopards and hunters both benefits resources game of use Wise 2015 by leopards conserve to established are mechanisms coordinated Internationally EIMTR SHORT-TERM MEDIUM-TERM y22 by 2012 by 2020 AGT TARGETS TARGETS by 2006 by Strategy Conservation Leopard International coordinated 2008 by times difficult during populations ungulate for system feeding 2008 by Russia and Korea, North China, of regions border in conservation biodiversity on agreement trilateral derivatives by 2006 by derivatives leopard for demand reduce to governments Korean North 2004 by derivatives leopard for demand reduce and conservation leopard support to Asia throughout and China 2006 by leopards saving for actions urgent support to Fund Emergency societies by 2006 by societies hunting and managers game with cooperation in habitat leopard in hunting for norms new D I E C W E C peet constant mplement laborate and lobby for lobby and laborate aoae n approve and laborate ooperate with NGOs in NGOs with ooperate Leopard reate vlp n implement and evelop ork with Chinese and Chinese with ork regulation on hunting in leopard habitat by 2004 by habitat leopard in hunting on regulation P 2004 by habitat leopard in dogs with hunting and traps of use enforce and Ban E ongoing population, leopard to practices hunting of impact Research 2003 by Program E 2004 by China in Reserve Nature Tiger and Leopard Hunchun support to donors private and governments international to Apply ongoing Hills, Black in Site Heritage World or Area Protected Transboundary S ongoing coordination, transboundary for mechanism as Forum Eco-Peace Support 2004 by program conservation I 2004 by countries all among census-taking and research Coordinate 2003 by Russia and Korea, North China, S ongoing Group, Working Leopard/Tiger Chinese Russian- support to secretariat working Create on Figure 4 (page 20) (page 4 Figure on Notes: IMMEDIATE ACTIONS by 2007 by IMMEDIATEACTIONS nvolve TRAFFIC International in leopard in International TRAFFIC nvolve etition regional administration to enact special enact to administration regional etition 2004 by hunting ungulate for quotas nforce Restoration Population Ungulate laborate UNESCO a creating of process the upport between program exchange and training upport eeec # niae location indicates # reference NATORS COORDI- W, WCS, WWF, WCS, WWF, W, WCS, WWF, WCS, WWF, C, WWF WCS, W, WCS WWF, WCS,WWF, W, WCS WWF, WCS,WWF WWF,WCS PHOENIX PHOENIX PHOENIX PHOENIX PHOENIX W, ZT WWF, WCS, WCS 57 CONSERVATION ACTION PLAN. PART 2 4. STRATEGIES AND ACTION PLANS FOR CONSERVING FOCAL SPECIES

MEDIUM-TERM SHORT-TERM IMMEDIATE ACTIONS by 2007 COORDI- TARGETS TARGETS Notes: reference # indicates location NATORS by 2020 by 2012 on Figure 4 (page 20) Component Develop and approve Conduct impact analysis of plans for economic WWF, WCS strategy for sustainable development in leopard habitat by 2003 resource use in SW Primorsky Province by 2006 Set up administrative body for developing ecotourism WWF by 2003 Economic Promote ecotourism development using leopard as Design and implement ecotourism routes and WWF in symbol and ensure facilities in leopard habitat by 2004 southwestern tangible benefits Primorsky to local economies Promote ecotourism throughout Russia, Asia, and WWF, ZT the West through Internet, travel news, etc. by 2005 Province of southwestern Primorsky Province is compatible by 2007 Set up annual Leopard Carnival in August in Khasan WWF, WCS, with District by 2004 PHOENIX conservation of leopards by Enact and enforce ban or severe restrictions on WWF, WCS, 2020 Ensure that non-timber logging oak trees in leopard habitat by 2005 PHOENIX forest products form a significant part of Provide infrastructure support for small enterprises WWF, WCS, income in local based on non-timber forest products by 2005 PHOENIX communities by 2007 Support Khasan District Fair for non-timber forest WWF, WCS, products and oriental medicines by 2005 PHOENIX

Elaborate public awareness/communications strategy WWF, ZT, Create ecological by 2004 PHOENIX education centers in populated towns in Organize continuous, wide-scale campaign in mass WWF, ZT, AND LIFESTYLES leopard habitat by 2006 media on threats to leopards and measures to PHOENIX protect them by 2004 WWF, WCS, Place billboards on main thoroughfares by 2005 PHOENIX Ensure that local The public communities and Carry out regular social surveys, ongoing PHOENIX

MARKETS fully supports visitors of southwestern and Primorsky Province are Publish posters, leaflets, and other colorful materials WWF, WCS, informed on leopard to promote leopard conservation programs, ongoing PHOENIX, ZT participates issues by 2007 in leopard Organize «Land of the Leopard» childrens creative PHOENIX, conservation arts festival by 2003 WWF, ZT by 2015 Organize childrens ecological theater groups and PHOENIX campaigns, ongoing Institute natural history course with sections on Conduct slide presentations in schools and childrens PHOENIX leopard conservation in camps, ongoing school curricula in southwestern Primorsky Elaborate and conduct fun games and educational PHOENIX Province by 2007 activities on leopard conservation in model schools by 2005

Work out and adopt model school curriculum on PHOENIX natural history based on leopard biology by 2004

Train local teachers on new school curricula by 2005 PHOENIX the Russian Far East Ecoregion Complex. Ecoregion East Far Russian the in species other the of some as researched Management Program. Storks are not as well Integrated Basin River Amur the for cies land purity and can serve as an umbrella spe- that strategy. that on based is below plan action conservation The Complex. Ecoregion East Far Russian the in conservation stork white Oriental for manifest official the as strategy this adopt to encouraged be should Government Russian The conference. international «Amur-2000» the at approved and discussed was strategy The 2000). Moscow, IUCN/WWF, Russia. in conservation boyciana) (Ciconia stork white Oriental for (Strategy IUCN with tion conserve the Oriental white stork in coopera- T south. the to areas stopover and wintering in including range its throughout conserved is population this that ensure and Complex Ecoregion East Far Russian the in pairs nesting 500 least at of population viable a sustain to is conservation stork T T CONSERVATION FOR PLAN STRATEGYACTION AND 4.3. he Oriental white stork is a symbol of wet- he long-term goal for Oriental white Oriental for goal long-term he he WWF developed a draft strategy to strategy draft a developed WWF he OF THE ORIENTAL WHITE STORK WHITE ORIENTAL THE OF of the rare bird. rare the of stork habitat are compatible with conservation in practices use nature that ensure to place in put be should mechanisms economic and Legal absent. are trees where towers nesting artificial create to as well as disturbances, other and fire, logging, from trees nesting protect to taken be should measures Special in the RFE should be granted protected status. should besupported.Allknownnestingsites to track the birds and understand their biology Therefore, research and monitoring programs © Y.© Darman

59 CONSERVATION ACTION PLAN. PART 2 4. STRATEGIES AND ACTION PLANS FOR CONSERVING FOCAL SPECIES

An environmental education and public introducing Oriental white storks to their awareness campaign, using folklore and oth- former range in these countries. er traditions related to storks, will help teach people to value the Oriental white stork and Since the Oriental white stork primarily relies will encourage public participation in its on wetland habitats, this strategy overlaps conservation. Distribution of information somewhat with the Freshwater Action Plan. materials on storks and other Red Data Book References to programs from that action plan species to hunters, schools, institutions of are provided in parentheses below. higher learning, and through the mass media and on the Internet will help build public support for their conservation.

International cooperation to ensure that storks are properly protected in their nesting, stopover, and wintering grounds in China and Korea will be critical for long-term survival of the species. Cooperation with breeding centers in Japan and South Korea will be important for re- © L. Dubeykowski

60 WEB OF LIFE Component by 2020 conservation effective their to lead storks white Oriental of research and Monitoring by 2020 guaranteed is storks white Oriental for habitat nesting of Protection AGT TARGETS TARGETS SHORT-TERM MEDIUM-TERM y22 by 2012 by 2020 yl, ongoing cycle, life annual storks in habitats important G elh ongoing health, C E I M ongoing species, of state asses to dynamics population and distribution stork on 2010 by nest each of protection 2010 by protection lacking currently Ecoregion Freshwater Amur in sites nesting stork known all to status vsiae all nvestigate sr individual nsure let information ollect at protected rant ntr population onitor grounds in China by 2005 by China in grounds C ongoing etc., dispersion, wintering, migration, study to areas breeding stork in tracking satellite and ring colored Continue 2005 by territories nesting model on shells egg and feathers stork in pesticides C 2004 by success breeding stork on factors other and climate of effects Study ongoing preference, habitat of model the create to and locations M 2005 by characteristics their record and range throughout nests stork occupied all Inventory 2005 by years five every once least C ongoing zapovedniks), Bolonsky and Khankaisky,(Khingansky, territories nesting model on storks of monitoring continuous out Carry ongoing period, nesting during birds disturbing avoid P ongoing fire, from them protect to trees nest around belts mineral Dig ongoing necessary, where them C 2007 by reserves nature in protected not currently sites nesting stork of percent 50 to levels regional or local on status monument natural Grant 3.9-3.12 2.3, ref. Plan), Action Freshwater (see 2007 by Plain Amur Middle on ha C Plan), Action Freshwater (see 2005 Valleyby Ussuri and Lowlands Lake Khanka in ha) (94,000 areas protected two enlarge or Create Plan), Action Freshwater (see 2005 by Plain Zeya-Bureya C on Figure 4 (page 20) (page 4 Figure on Notes: IMMEDIATE ACTIONS by 2007 by IMMEDIATEACTIONS lace informational signs near nests asking hikers to hikers asking nests near signs informational lace arry out joint stork census in stopover and wintering and stopover in census stork joint out arry and metals heavy of content on study out arry at range nesting entire over storks of census out arry remove or fix and platforms nest of stability heck 222,800 covering areas protected six enlarge or reate in ha) (367,400 areas protected six enlarge or reate aintain GIS and information databases on stork nest stork on databases information and GIS aintain ref. 1.7-1.12 ref. eeec # niae location indicates # reference ref. 4.15, 4.16 4.15, ref. COORDI- NATORS W, SEU, WWF, SEU, WWF, E, WWF SEU, ECOLIGA, ECOLIGA, ECOLIGA ECOLIGA AMUR AMUR AMUR AMUR AMUR WWF, WWF, WWF, WWF, WWF, WWF WWF WWF WWF

61 CONSERVATION ACTION PLAN. PART 2 4. STRATEGIES AND ACTION PLANS FOR CONSERVING FOCAL SPECIES

MEDIUM-TERM SHORT-TERM IMMEDIATE ACTIONS by 2007 COORDI- TARGETS TARGETS Notes: reference # indicates location NATORS by 2020 by 2012 on Figure 4 (page 20) Component Apply methods of raising more than one clutch a season for reintroducing storks to the wild by 2004 A captive Support creation of reserve breeding Oriental white Support development of rare bird reintroduction station stork population of Oriental white storks in Khingansky Zapovednik, ongoing population in captivity by 2012 provides a Assist zoos to develop captive breeding programs by sufficient gene 2006 pool for Promote joint program with the Toyooka Stork AMUR reintroduction Support Homeland Center to reintroduce storks in Japan by programs reintroduction 2004 by 2015 programs in parts of storks former range Promote joint program with Korean Stork Rehabilitation by 2012 Center to reintroduce storks on Korean Peninsula by 2004

Identify wetlands where storks used to nest that have WWF WEB OF LIFE Areas of Incorporate stork been degraded by drainage or other human pressures degraded recovery program and propose measures for their restoration by 2004 wetland habitat into program for WWF, SEU, in abandoned Identify potential nesting sites for constructing towers restoration of Zeya- ECOLIGA, for stork nests throughout birds range by 2004 agricultural Bureya Plain by 2007 AMUR lands are (see Freshwater restored and Action Plan) Construct artificial nesting towers in treeless areas and WWF, SEU, encourage storks to nest in human altered areas by ECOLIGA inhabited by 2007 Oriental white Develop and instate storks by 2020 economic incentives Evaluate wetlands losses due to drainage for WWF, SEU, for wetland restoration farmlands in stork habitat and assess agricultural ECOLIGA, programs by 2012 productivity of such reclaimed lands AMUR

Implement normative Lobby for adoption of Oriental White Stork WWF Legal and legal acts on Conservation Strategy, prepared in 2000 on federal level by 2004 mechanisms federal, regional, and are instituted agency levels to Draft recommendations and carry out legal seminars to WWF to ensure long- regulate rights, land term train inspectors on collecting evidence and building use, and natural cases against violators, going to trial, and prosecution conservation resource use on of poachers harming rare species by 2004 of Oriental important nesting, white storks by feeding, and Work out and implement economic incentives, such as WWF 2020 migrations grounds system of fines and payments, to protect stork nests for storks by 2010 by 2006

Support the International Oriental Stork Working WWF Mechanisms Ensure coordinated Group, ongoing for activities in stork Develop international strategy and conservation action international conservation along WWF, RULES OF THE GAME plan for Oriental white stork conservation by 2005 AMUR cooperation on its entire flyway by 2007 stork Convene international conference on stork WWF, conservation conservation in 2005 AMUR are in place by 2015 Prepare recommendations for international agreement WWF on conserving storks in framework of Bonn Convention by 2006 MARKETS AND LIFESTYLES Component by 2015 conservation stork in participates and supports fully public The by 2015 habitat nesting stork of conservation with compatible are practices use land and resource Natural AGT TARGETS TARGETS SHORT-TERM MEDIUM-TERM y22 by 2012 by 2020 by 2010 by happiness family and purity environmental of symbol as stork with identify people of percent 30 ensure to campaign 2010 by areas nesting stork near practices agricultural sound environmentally promote to incentives economic 2008 by habitat stork in trees nesting occupied and 2008 by sites nesting stork on fires grass forestry, etc. by 2010 by etc. forestry, land, hunting, for licenses allocate that inspections resource natural for conservation stork on guidelines 2010 by reserves nature through conservation habitat by 2010 by habitat stork in planting tree C P I D P O H regions by 2010 by regions key in schools middle in classes ecology in species focal as stork D nclude Oriental white Oriental nclude eae n distribute and repare ooe stork romote arry out promotional out arry implement and evelop potential of logging alt of impacts ecrease gnz appropriate rganize conservation by 2006 by conservation S 2005 by exhibitions photo mobile organize and storks on album photo Publish 2004 by C 2004 by media mass in campaign public Launch 2006 by range storks within zapovedniks P 2005 by flyway storks along reserves nature of network in distribution for conservation stork on booklet Prepare 2007 by schools rural in particularly species, Book Red of conservation and storks of biology on learning higher of P 2005 by festival arts creative childrens Earth» the on Peace - roof a on «Stork Organize 2004 by conservation stork promote to groups E 2007 by areas wetland in pesticides and fertilizers chemical using on guidelines implement and Develop 2004 by hunters to out handed brochures for field in birds P 2005 by Program Restoration Plain Zeya-Bureya into trees nesting stork of conservation for guidelines Incorporate 2004 by B 2005 by trees nesting potential of logging preventing on recommendations Develop 2004 by measures D ongoing areas, protected in especially trees, nesting to spreading from fires grass prevent to measures Implement on Figure 4 (page 20) (page 4 Figure on Notes: IMMEDIATE ACTIONS by 2007 by IMMEDIATEACTIONS hoot professional film on stork biology and biology stork on film professional hoot of museums in storks on displays repare institutes and schools to materials teaching rovide theater childrens using for opportunities xplore rare of identification and storks on inserts repare reate Oriental white stork website on Internet on website stork white Oriental reate Lowlands Lake Khanka in trees oak of logging an fire-fighting for incentives economic evelop eeec # niae location indicates # reference COORDI- NATORS W, SEU, WWF, WWF, SEU, W, SEU, WWF, SEU, WWF, E, WWF SEU, W, SEU WWF, ECOLIGA, ZT,AMUR ECOLIGA ECOLIGA ECOLIGA W, ZT,WWF, W, ZT,WWF, W, ZT WWF, AMUR AMUR AMUR WWF WWF WWF WWF ZT 63 CONSERVATION ACTION PLAN. PART 2 4. STRATEGIES AND ACTION PLANS FOR CONSERVING FOCAL SPECIES

4.4 STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN FOR CONSERVATION OF GINSENG

Ginseng (Panax ginseng) in Chinese means the «root of life.» The ginseng root has been treasured for its healing powers for centuries. Collection of wild ginseng has led to the disappearance or depletion of the species over much of its former range in Primor- sky and Khabarovsky provinces. Annual ginseng harvests have declined over the past century from 300-400 kg to only 25-45 kg. Ginseng grows very slowly for a hundred years or more, which is why it has been so easily eradicated by illegal harvesting. Relic wild ginseng survives for the most part in virgin mixed broadleaf and conifer forests of Primorsky Province in Russia and in parts of

northeastern China and North Korea. The © G. Shalikov government of Primorsky Province approved a program for regenerating the regions ginseng population to save this rare species. The action plan below is based on that strategy As an endemic and relic plant, ginseng is with modifications to reflect recent progress included in the Russian Red Data Book, which in ginseng conservation. dictates that its extraction from the wild is allowed only in exceptional cases under The long-term goal is to conserve special regulations with a permit from the viable ginseng populations in the wild and Ministry of Natural Resources. The first step restore the plant to parts of its former needed to conserve the species is to stop illegal range, while allowing local people to harvest using the experience of anti-poaching profit from the sustainable harvest of brigades in the Sikhote-Alin Ecoregion. ginseng. Severe measures are required to reduce illegal

64 I ginseng is found. where habitats protect to important is Plan Action and Strategy Forest the in out set as forests broadleaf and pine Korean in Econet conservation. For this reason, creating a forest forest with hand in hand goes conservation Ginseng areas. protected transboundary of system a creating for as well as trafficking, and harvest illegal halting for critical be will Korea South and North and China trafficking acrossborders.Cooperationwith ginseng harvest and modify- and harvest ginseng ginseng, such as legalizing wild of use wise ensuring for However, official mechanisms wild. the in species the of pool gene viable a serving con- while communities cal bring long-term benefits to lo- to future the in sustainably harvested be could ginseng f organized correctly, wild correctly, organized f and to the Forest Strategy and Action Plan. Action and Strategy Forest the to and other each to connected tightly are strategies the Therefore, tiger. Amur the to ginseng from species rare all for ecosystems saving to critical are practices forestry Sustainable using modern cultivation techniques. with the help of a special reproduction center restored be should stock and seedlings seng laws, need to be vigilantly enforced. Wild gin- ing CITES and Russian federal and regional © V.Solkin ©

65 CONSERVATION ACTION PLAN. PART 2 4. STRATEGIES AND ACTION PLANS FOR CONSERVING FOCAL SPECIES

MEDIUM-TERM SHORT-TERM IMMEDIATE ACTIONS by 2007 COORDI- TARGETS TARGETS Notes: reference # indicates location NATORS by 2020 by 2012 on Figure 4 (page 20) Component

Create Solnechny Gory Nature Park by 2003, ref. 4.2 WWF

Ensure that Ensure ginseng protection by creating Zhuravlevsky WWF (39,300 ha) and Siny Khrebet refuges (195,000 ha) by important and 2007, ref. 4.8, 4.10 threatened ginseng communities are Inventory populations of wild and cultivated ginseng; granted protection by carry out scientific study to determine optimal harvest 2010 level of ginseng in the wild and on plantations by 2004 Conservation of genetically Develop proposals for protecting threatened ginseng WWF and communities and including them in Forest Econet by 2005 biologically viable Create public support for ginseng conservation in local populations communities by 2005 of wild ginseng Reduce illegal is guaranteed harvest and trade of Develop and implement mechanisms for local people WWF, WCS to participate in ginseng conservation by 2005 by 2020 wild ginseng by 2010 Work with law enforcement agencies to reduce illegal PHOENIX, collection and trade of ginseng by 2006 WWF

Reduce illegal Work with customs agencies to develop effective WWF, methods of monitoring illegal transport of wild ginseng PHOENIX transport of wild and provide informational support by 2003 ginseng across borders by 2008 Create conditions for sale of confiscated roots in foreign markets at maximum price by 2005 WEB OF LIFE Develop long-term plan for ginseng reintroduction and WWF, WCS Establish at least business plan for nurseries to ensure they are self- four ginseng supporting through sale of pure seedling stock to nurseries to commercial plantations by 2005 replenish wild Provide infrastructure, equipment to ginseng nurseries populations and by 2005 support commercial plantations by 2007 Plant ginseng nurseries to provide seedling stock for reintroduction and industrial plantations by 2007

Determine model sites for reintroduction of ginseng by WWF, WCS 2005 Begin reintroduction of ginseng in model Organize protection of model reintroduction sites by WWF sites using seedlings 2007 from first nurseries by 2010 Carry out study of distribution and gene pool of ginseng populations by 2008

Conservation Create seedling of gene pool stocks with samples for wild of all main Create database of ginseng gene pool by 2008 ginseng populations of is guaranteed ginseng in Primorsky Maintain and renew seedling stocks, ongoing by 2015 Province by 2010 RULES OF THE GAME Component 2015 by resources ginseng wild of restoration guarantee mechanisms Legislative by 2020 conservation ginseng term long- for basis the is ginseng wild of harvest and cultivation sustainable for foundation An ethical by 2020 communities local to benefits term long- provides ginseng wild of harvest Sustainable 2015 sustainably collected ginseng of trade legal promote measures Economic EIMTR SHORT-TERM MEDIUM-TERM y22 by 2012 by 2020 AGT TARGETS TARGETS 2012 by harvest official to ginseng wild of harvest non-official 2010 by products forest non-timber for enterprises special of activities into harvest 2007 by communities local in ginseng of harvest sustainable for support by 2010 by Province Primorsky in ecosystems forest and people for health of symbol 2008 by farmers ginseng support and ginseng wild conserve to Korea and China in NGOs with strategy D E S 2010 by cultivation for nursery ginseng and plantation ginseng commercial C I 2007 by Province Primorsky in harvest sustainable its and ginseng wild of restoration and conservation on acts normative federal approve P D croae ginseng ncorporate hift completely from completely hift government nsure romote ginseng as ginseng romote evelop a joint a evelop et model reate and evelop ginseng by 2006 by ginseng of value kids teach to schools for aids training Prepare 2005 by communities taiga in cultivation ginseng wild for P ongoing ginseng, wild of restoration and conservation in NGOs and institutes, scientific agencies, government of cooperation Promote 2005 by sustainably ginseng wild harvesting for methods T 2007 by markets international of demands incorporating cultivation, ginseng of methods Elaborate 2006 by plantations ginseng model D 2006 by pool gene sufficient of conservation ensure to ginseng wild of harvests sustainable on recommendations Develop 2004 by enterprises forestry existing on based communities C 2006 by plantations and associations, farmer ginseng centers, restoration ginseng regional on based auctions ginseng Organize 2006 by harvest to rights exclusive with associations providing periods, extended for ginseng with lands of allocation and farmers P 2005 by ginseng of status protected Review 2005 by Province Primorsky in Ginseng Restoring for Program implement D 2004 by Province Primorsky in ginseng wild of volume the increasing at aimed ginseng of restoration and protection for measures effective for proposals Prepare on Figure 4 (page 20) (page 4 Figure on Notes: IMMEDIATE ACTIONS by 2007 by IMMEDIATEACTIONS rain local people living in ginseng habitats on habitats ginseng in living people local rain repare and publish materials on long-term potential long-term on materials publish and repare ginseng wild of associations of support state romote evelop business plan and marketing strategy for strategy marketing and plan business evelop local in farmers ginseng of associations reate to acts legislative of adoption for lobby and evelop eeec # niae location indicates # reference NATORS COORDI- W, WCS, WWF, W, WCS WWF, WCS WWF, PHOENIX, W, ZT WWF, WWF WWF WWF WWF WWF WWF ZT 67 CONSERVATION ACTION PLAN. PART 2 ATTACHMENTS

ATTACHMENT 1. REFERENCES: PUBLICATIONS

Abramov, V.K., Y.M. Dunishenko, E.N. Program for Nature Conservation and Wise Matushkin, I.G. Nikolaev, D.G. Pikunov, G.P. Use of Natural Resources of Primorsky Salkina, E.N. Smirnov, and V.G. Yudin. Province until 2005. Part 1. Dalnauka, 1996. Strategy for Conservation of the Amur Vladivostok. Tiger in Russia. WWF, Moscow-Vladivostok. Elyakov, G.B. (editor). 1993. Long-term Aramilev, V.V. (editor). Borisovskoe Program for Nature Conservation and Wise Plateau: Ecological-Economic Basis for Use of Natural Resources of Primorsky Establishment of a Nature Protected Area. Province until 2005. Part 2. Dalnauka, 1999. Dalnauka, Vladivostok. Vladivostok. Gorobeiko, V.V., A.P. Mukhamediarova, Baskakov, V.E., and Y.M. Makarov. 1998. and T.A. Rubcova. 2000. Nature Protected Nature Protected Areas of Khabarovsky Areas of Evreiskaya Province. Bastak, Province. Goskomecologia, Khabarovsk. Birobidgan. Belaya, G.A., and V.L. Morozov (editors). Kharkevich, S.S., and N.N. Kachura. 1997. Red Book of Evreiskaya Province. 1981. Rare Species of Plants of Soviet Far Rare and Endangered Species of Vascular East and Their Protection. Nauka, Moscow. Plants. Dalnauka, Vladivostok. Krukov, V.G., and A.N. Kulikov. 1999. Bersenev, Y.I. 1997. Nature Protected Zapovedniki and Regions: View from Areas of Primorsky Province. MK-Dizain, Khabarovsky Province in The experience of Vladivostok. elaborating legal, environmental, and Bersenev, Y.I. (editor). 2002. List of scientific basis for conservation and Plants and Animals Included in the Red restoration of wildlife in the southern Book of Primorsky Province. Apostrof, Russian Far East. Dalpress, Vladivostok, Vladivostok. pp.14-21.

Bocharnikov, V.N., A.B. Martynenko, Y.N. Kucherenko, C.P. 2001. Amur Tiger on Glushenko, Y.A. Darman, V.V. Ermoshin, the Edge of Centuries. Okhota i okhotnie V.A. Nedoluzhko, and V.A. Nechaev. 2002. khozyaistvo 4: 20-24. Biodiversity of the Russian Far East Litvinenko, N.M (editor). Birds of the Ecoregion. Apostrof, Vladivostok. Wetlands of the Southern Russian Far East Bogatov, V.V., D.G. Miguelle, V.A. and Their Protection. 1996. Dalnauka, Rozenberg, B.A. Voronov, S.M. Krasnopeev, Vladivostok. and T. Merrill. 2000. A Biodiversity Miquelle, D.G., T.W. Merill, Y.M. Conservation Strategy for the Sikhote-Alin. Dunishenko, E.N. Smirnov, H.B. Quigley, Zov Taigi, Vladivostok. D.G. Pikunov, and M.G. Hornocker. 1999. A Danilov-Danilian, V.I. (editor). 2000. Red Habitat Protection Plan for the Amur Tiger: Book of the Russian Federation: Animals. Developing Political and Ecological Criteria AST, Moscow. for a Viable Land-use Plan in Riding the Tiger, edited by J. Seidensticker, S. Chris- Darman, Y.A., Y.I. Kirichenko, V.P. tie, and P. Jackson. Cambridge University Kudinov, V.N. Cherei, and I.I. Shapoval. Press, Cambridge, UK, pp.271-295 2000. Nature Protected Areas of Amurskaya Province. AmurGIT, Blagoveshchensk. Newell, J., V. Karakin, Y. Darman, V. Gorobeiko, O. Chernyagina, M. Krechmar, Elyakov, G.B. (editor). 1993. Long-term A. Lebedev, D. Lisicin, V. Sapaev, G.

68 Present, Future. IWEP FEBRAS, Khabarovsk. FEBRAS, IWEP Endangered Species of Plants and Animals. Khabarovsky Province. Rare and Dalpress, Vladivostok, pp. 6-13. wildlife in the southern Russian Far East. tific basisforconservationandrestorationof elaborating legal, environmental, and scien- Primorsky Province in The experience of in Areas Protected Nature for Possibilities Development Perspective and Supporting Blagoveshchensk. Province. Amurskaya of Plants Shapoval. 1995. WWF,Moscow-Vladivostok. Leopard in Russia. Strategy for Conservation of the Far Eastern V.S. Lukarevsky, and I.G. Nikolaev. 1999. V.P.P.V.Karakin, V.G.Fomenko, Yudin, Korkishko, V.V. Aramilev, T.D. Arzhanova, Moscow. Leopard of the Russian Far East. D D B A V S S P P P of the Earth-Japan, Vladivostok. East. Far Russian the of Hotspots Smirnov, and A. Isaev. 1999. Province. leopard. Draft Program of Primorsky habitat oftheAmurtigerand FarEastern and restoration of wild ungulate resources in Ecoregion. Biodiversity of the Russian Far East 2001. Nechaev, N.S. Probatova, and Y.A. Darman. V.A.Martynenko, A.B. Gluschenko, Moscow.Report, WWF Conservation in Russia (draft). for Oriental White Stork (Ciconia boyciana) ikunov,V.G., ikunov,D.G., anichev,A.M. oronov, B.A. tomatuk, E.S. V.M.,tarchenko, arman, Y.A. anilkin, A.A. V.N.,ocharnikov, ndronov, V.A. Territorial Taxonomic Assessment of Administration, Vladivostok. WWFReport,Vladivostok. 1997. (editor). 2002. (editor).1999. and V.G.1992. and Korkishko. Publisher, Vladivostok. V.K.Abramov,V.G. Rare and Endangered 1999. 1998. (editor). 2000. G.F.I.I. and Darman, V.V.Y.N. Ermoshin, Conservation of Conservation The CurrentStatus, Samarga: Past, Samarga: Biodiversity IUCN and Publisher, Conservation Red Bookof Strategy Nauka, Friends Report, Vladivostok. TrendsMarkets, Stakeholders. and 2002. Administration, Blagoveshchensk. Draft Program of Amurskaya Province Amurskaya Province from 2002-2006. Development of Nature Protected Areas of Washington. Terrestrial Ecoregions. Ecoregion-Based Conservation. Developing Biodiversity Visions for Conducting Biological Assessments and 2000. Burgess. N. T.OConnor,S. Strand, H. Ricketts, and E. Underwood,T. Allnut,W. Wettengel, Loucks, C. Abell, R. Wikramanayake, E. Blagoveshchensk. Amurskaya Province. Development of Nature Protected Areas of Earth-Japan Report, Tokyo, Japan. portfolio of ten proposals. A Russia. of Hotspots Biodiversity Eastern Tiger Population. E.N. Smirnov. 2001. Nikolaev, D.G. Pikunov, G.P. Salkina, and Abramov. V.V.,Aramilev, P.V. Fomenko,I.G. WCS andWWFReport,Vladivostok. Recommendations for Their Conservation. in Southwest Primorsky Krai and Spatial Distribution of Far Eastern Leopards G D D V N N M M Areas. and Development of Nature Protected Province Amurskaya of Ecosystems Forest International Report, Gland, Switzerland. Strategy for Action 2002-2010. tigers in the wild. A WWF Framework and oropaeva, A.A. inerstein, E., inerstein, Y.A.arman, ewell, J. ewby, J. aponov,V., iquelle, D., iquelle, D., iquelle, Ginseng in the Russian Far East: WWF Report, Blagoveshschensk. (editor). 2002. (editor). 2000. and A. Murzine. 2001. Murzine. A. and P. Fomenko, and S. Nelson. S. P.and Fomenko, Y.M. Dunishenko, V.K. Dunishenko, Y.M. 1998. 1998. G. Powell, D. Olson, D. Powell, G. WCS Report, Vladivostok. (editor).2002. A Workbook for Workbook A Monitoring of the Amur WWF Report, WWF WWF-US Report, Program for Program Friends of the Conserving Far Conserving WWF

Part 1: WWF 69 CONSERVATION ACTION PLAN. PART 2 ATTACHMENT 2. RESOLUTIONS OF REGIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL SEMINARS, WORKING GROUPS, AND GOVERNMENT AGENCIES

ACTION PLAN FOR CONSERVATION OF GIFT TO THE EARTH FROM THE GOVERNOR OF MIGRATORY CRANES IN THE ASIA PACIFIC: AMURSKAYA PROVINCE. Decree of Governor 2001-2005. Proceedings of Northeast Asia of Amurskaya Oblast #139, April, 01,1998, Crane Site Network working group. approving a three-year program for creation Muraviovka, Amurskaya Province, August of an Econet prepared by WWF. Official 2000. letter #01-12-1324, May 12, 2000 from the Governor of Amurskaya Province, declaring BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION IN intention to recognise this as a Gift to the AMURSKAYA PROVINCE. PROCEEDINGS OF Earth. THE REGIONAL CONFERENCE, Blagoveshensk, March 20-21, 2000. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE FEDERAL TARGET PROGRAM: CONSERVING THE AMUR TIGER. CONCEPT OF DEVELOPMENT OF NATURE Proceedings of the international working PROTECTED AREA SYSTEM IN THE RUSSIAN meeting, Vladivostok, April 8-12. FAR EAST ECOREGION. Conference resolution, Vladivostok, November 15, 1999. LAW OF AMURSKYA PROVINCE «NATURE PROTECTED AREAS». Decree #25/125, CONSERVATION OF THE FAR EASTERN April 15, 1999. LEOPARD IN THE WILD. International workshop resolution, Vladivostok, May 11- LAW OF EVREISKAYA PROVINCE «NATURE 14, 2001. WCS, Vladivostok, 2001. PROTECTED AREAS». Decree #30-3, February 20, 1999. DECREE OF THE GOVERNMENT OF THE LAW OF PRIMORSKY PROVINCE «NATURE RUSSIAN FEDERATION #725-P. «The List of PROTECTED AREAS». Decree #34, February Planned Zapovedniks and National Parks for 10, 1999. 2001-2010,» May 23, 2001. ORIENTAL WHITE STORK IN RUSSIA. DECREE OF THE GOVERNOR OF KHABAROV- Conference proceedings, Vladivostok, SKY PROVINCE ON «NATURE PRO-TECTED November 13-15, 1999. Dalnauka, AREAS,» #7, January 20, 1997. Vladivostok, 2000.

FAR EASTERN LEOPARD WORKING GROUP. AMUR-2000: ORIENTAL WHITE STORK AND Meeting protocol, Vladivostok, April 26, WETLAND CONSERVATION IN THE AMUR 2002. RIVER BASIN. Declaration of the international conference, Khabarovsk, July 1-6, 2000. FIFTH FAR EASTERN CONFERENCE ON WWF and IUCN, Khabarovsk, 2002. NATURE CONSERVATION PROBLEMS. Collection of scientific papers, Vladivostok, PLANNING NATURE PROTETCED AREAS IN October 12-15, 2001. Dalnauka, KHABAROVSKY PROVINCE FROM 2002-2010. Vladivostok, 2001. Draft Program of Khabarovsky Province Administration, 2002. GIFT TO THE EARTH FROM THE GOVER-NOR Roslyakov, A.G., N.D. Poyarkov, and V.M. Sapaev. OF KHABAROVSKY PROVINCE. Official letter of March 17, 1997 from the Governor of INVENTORY OF THE LOWER AMUR WETLANDS. WWF Report, Khabarovsk, 2002. Khabarovsky Province. TRANSITION TO THE SUSTAINABLE FOREST GIFT TO THE EARTH FROM THE GOVERNOR OF MANAGEMENT STRATEGY IN THE RUSSIAN PRIMORSKY PROVINCE. Official letter #11-17/ FAR EAST ECOREGION IN THE 21 CENTURY. 2441, September 28, 1998 from the Proceedings of the international workshop, Governor of Primorsky Province. Decree of Khabarovsk, September 19-21, 2000. Governor of Primorsky Province #511, WWF, Khabarovsk, 2000. October 15, 1998, approving the Strategy on Biodiversity Conservation of the Sikhote-Alin WORKSHOP TO DEVELOP A RECOVERY PLAN Mountains. Official letter #11-17/1879, June FOR THE WILD NORTH CHINA TIGER 17, 2002 from the Gover-nor of Primorsky POPULATION. Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, Province, declaring inten-tion to recognise October 20-23, 2000. Workshop

70 Kolomytsev Vladimir Boltrushko Vladimir Levintal Alexander Krukov Viktor PROVINCE KHABAROVSKI Yakimov Sergey Sidorov Anatoly Palachyov Anatoly Nedoresov Yuri Antonov Gennady PROVINCE EVREISKAYA AUTONOMOUS Nosovtsev Gennady Koval Anatoly Illarionov Gennady AMURSKAYA PROVINCE Lushey Andrey DISTRICT FEDERAL EASTERN FAR RFE) (WWF Branch Eastern Far NATURE, FOR FUND WIDE WORLD ECOREGIONAL RFE OF MEMBERS ATTACHMENT 3. Ministry of Natural Resources of Russian Federation. and Environment Protection of Khabarovsky Province. Head of State Forest Service, Dept. of Natural Resources Ministry of Natural Resources of Russian Federation. of Khabarovsky Province. Head of Dept. of Natural Resources and Environment Protection of Khabarovsky Province Government. Minister of Economic Development and External Affairs First Deputy Governor of Khabarovsky Province, of Khabarovski Province Government. First Deputy Minister of Natural Resources Province. Ministry of Natural Resources of Russian Federation. Resources and Environment Protection of Evreiskaya Autonomous Head of Environmental Service (before 2002). Dept. of Natural Province Government. Head of Economic Department of Evreiskaya Autonomous Autonomous Province Government. Head of Dept. of Nature Resources of Evreiskaya Ministry of Natural Resources of Russian Federation. of Evreiskaya Autonomous Province. Head of Dept. of Natural Resources and Environment Protection Vice Governor of Evreiskaya Autonomous Province. and Mining Industry of Amurskaya Province Administration. Head of Committee on Natural Resources Ministry of Natural Resources of Russian Federation. (before 2001). Protection of Amurskaya Province. Head of Dept. of Natural Resources and Environment Amurskaya Province Counsil of Peoples Delegates, Counselor. of the Far Eastern Federal District Head of Natural Resources Department COUNCIL FOR SUSTAINABLE FOR COUNCIL AUE S (2000-2002) USE NATURE 71 CONSERVATION ACTION PLAN. PART 2 PRIMORSKI PROVINCE

Bibikov Michael Head of the State Committee for Ecology and Environment Protection of Primorsky Province (before 2001).

Kolnooky Alexander Chairman of Natural Resources Committee of Primorsky Province Administration.

Savvin Alexander Head of Dept. of Natural Resources and Environment Protection of Primorsky Province, Ministry of Natural Resources of Russian Federation (before 2002).

Tsoi Boris Deputy Head of Dept. of Natural Resources and Environment Protection of Primorsky Province. Ministry of Natural Resources of Russian Federation.

Shafranovsky Valery Deputy Chairman of Natural Resources Committee of Primorsky Province Administration (before 2001).

REPRESENTATIVES OF SCIENTIFIC AND NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS

Andronov Vladimir Chairman of Association of Zapovedniks and Nature Parks of Russian Far East. Baklanov Peter Corresponding member of RAS, Director of the Pacific Institute of Geography, FEBRAS. Bogatov Viktor Head of Scientific Research Dept., Presidium of FEBRAS. Darman Yuri WWF Russia. Gordon David Project Director, Pacific Environment Resources Center (PERC), USA. Gorobeiko Vassily The League of Environmental NGOs of Evreiskaya Autonomous Province. Johns Michael Representative of Pacific Environment & Resources Center (PERC), Far Eastern Branch Karakin Vladimir WWF Russia. Kovalyov Alexander Director of the Far Eastern Scientific & Research Institute of Forestry. Kulikov Alexander Director of Khabarovsk Wildlife Foundation (NGO). Likhacheva Olga Director of ISAR RFE (before 2002). Miquelle Dale Wildlife Conservation Society, Far Eastern Branch. Proskurina Natalia Executive Director of ISAR RFE (before 2001). Solkin Vasily Chairman of Nature Protection Center «Zov Taigi» (NGO). Titova Svetlana Director of NGO Amur Socio-Ecological Union. Volkova Galina Vice President of Indigenous Peoples of North Siberian Far East Association. Yefremov Dmitry Director of the Far Eastern Scientific and Research Institute of Forestry (before 2001) ZhuravlyovYuri Academician of RAS, Director of Institute of Biology& Soil Sciences, FEBRAS. Note: The list includes all members who participated in the Ecoregional Councils from the year 2000 to 2002. 72 ATTACHMENT 4. CONTRIBUTORS TO THE RFE THE TO CONTRIBUTORS ATTACHMENT 4. Dr. Blagovidov Alexei Blagovidov Dr. Dr. Bersenev Yuri Anna Dr.Bardal Peter Baklanov Dr. Dr. Astafiev Anatoly Vladimir Dmitriev Galina Darman Clemens Alois Christiansen Sarah Dan Chao Burges Dave Boltrushko Vladimir Ghislane Blezinger Mikhail Bibikov Sergey Bereznuk Baskakov Anatoly Nikolay Balaganskii Bagretsov Eugene Tatyana Aramileva Vladimir Aramilev Olga Anisimova Vladimir Andronov Vladimir Alkhimenko Eduard Adnagulov NAME POSITION IUCN NIS Representative, Moscow Russia WWF Institute of Economic Research, FEBRAS Institute of Geography, FEBRAS Corresponding member of RAS, Director of the Pacific Director of Sikhote-Alinsky Biosphere Nature Reserve Russia WWF Amursky Botanical Garden, Blagoveschensk, FEBRAS WWF Netherlands US WWF US WWF UK WWF Resources of Russian Federation Protection of Khabarovsky Province. Ministry of Natural Head of Dept. of Natural Resources and Environment Germany WWF Protection of Primorsky Province (before 2001). Head of the State Committee for Ecology and Environment Director of «Phoenix» Foundation (NGO) Federation. Province. Ministry of Natural Resources of Russian Resources and Environment Protection of Primorsky Director of Chuguevsky Forestry. Forestry Dept. of Natural Regulation and Control of Hunting Animals Head of Khabarovsky Province Dept. for Protection, Partnership (NGO) Chairman of Founders Board for «KhasanEcoTour» Society Fishing & Hunting Deputy Chairman of Primorsky Province Director of Institute of Sustainable Development (NGO) Wetlands International, Moscow Russian FarEast Chairman of Association of Zapovedniks and Nature Parks of Administration Nature Resources Committee of Primorsky Province Institute ofWaterandEcologicalProblems,FEBRAS CONSERVATION ACTION CRGO COMPLEX ECOREGION 73 CONSERVATION ACTION PLAN. PART 2 NAME POSITION

Dr. Bocharnikov Vladimir Pacific Institute of Geography, FEBRAS Dr. Bogachev Arthur Primorsky Agricultural Academy

Dr. Bogatov Victor Head of Scientific Research Dept., Presidium of FEBRAS Dr. Chestin Igor WWF Russia

Dr. Danilkin Alexey Institute of Evolution Morphology of Animals, RAS Dr. Darman Yuri Director of WWF RFE

Dr. Dinerstein Eric WWF US

Dr. Dukarev Vladimir Institute of Biology and Soil Sciences, FEBRAS Dr. Ganzei Sergei Deputy Director of Pacific Institute of Geography, FEBRAS

Dr. Gaponov Victor Nature Resources Committee of Primorsky Province Administration (before 2001)

Dr. Glazovskii Nikita Corresponding Member of RAS, Deputy Director of Institute of Geography, RAS Dr. Glushenko Yuri Ussuriisky Pedagogical Institute

Dr. Gorchakov Victor Administration of Primorsky Province, Dept. of Foreign Affairs Dr. Gorovoi Peter Academician of RAS, Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, FEBRAS Dr. Guryev Valeriy Administration of Khabarovsky Province

Dr. Kaganskii Vladimir Expert

Dr. Kiselev Andrey Pacific Institute of Geography, FEBRAS Dr. Korkishko Victor Director of «Kedrovaya Pad» Nature Reserve, FEBRAS

Dr. Korotkii Alexey Pacific Institute of Geography, FEBRAS Dr. Kovalev Alexander Director of the Far Eastern Scientific & Research Institute of Forestry

Dr. Krever Vladimir WWF Russia Dr. Krukov Victor First Deputy Minister of Natural Resources of Khabarovsky Province Government Dr. Kulikov Alexander Director of Khabarovsky Wildlife Foundation (NGO)

Dr. Lebedev Andrey Pacific Institute of Geography, FEBRAS Dr. Levintal Alexander First Deputy Governor of Khabarovsky Province, Minister of Economic Development and External Affairs of Khabarovsky Province Government

Dr. Maluytin Andrey Director of The Far Eastern State Marine Reserve, FEBRAS Dr. Martynenko Andrey Far Eastern State University

Dr. Maslova Irina Deputy director of Khankaisky Nature Reserve Dr. Minakir Pavel Corresponding member of RAS. Director of Institute of Economic Research, FEBRAS

74 Dr. Yermoshin Victor Dr. Yefremov Dmitri Dr. Voronov Boris Dr. Vishnevskii David Ludmila Vikhrova Dr. Dr.Olga Ufyrkina Klezendorf Sybill Dr. Dr. Sukhomirov Grigory Dr.Alexander Streltsov Valentina Dr.Starostina Irina Skirina Dr. Eugene Shwartz Dr. Svetlana Shlotgauer Dr. YuriDr.Shibaev Alexander Sheingauz Dr. Dr.ValeryShafranovskii Vitaly Seledets Dr. Vladimir Saraev Dr. Tamara Dr.Rusina Dr.Tamara Rubtsova Alexander Dr.Rosenberg Dr.YuriPuzachenko Dr. Ptichnikov Andrey Dr.Boris Preobrazhenskii Dr.Nikolai Poyarkov Sergei Dr.Podolskii Dr. Pikunov Dmitriy Alexander Panichev Dr. Vladimir Dr.Nesterenko Natalia Moraleva Dr. Dale Miquelle Dr. NAME POSITION Vladivostok Coordinator of «Information and Analysis Center TIGIS», Forestry (before 2001) Director of the Far Eastern Scientific and Research Institute of FEBRAS Director of the Institute of Water & Ecological Problems, Institute of Economic Research, FEBRAS USAID Moscow FEBRAS Sciences, Biology & Soil of Institute US WWF Institute of Economic Research, FEBRAS Blagoveschensky Pedagogical University Amursky Botanical Garden, Blagoveschensk, FEBRAS Pacific Institute of Geography, FEBRAS Russia WWF Institute ofWaterandEcologicalProblems,FEBRAS FEBRAS Sciences, Biology & Soil of Institute Institute of Economic Research, FEBRAS Primorsky Province Administration (before 2001) Deputy Chairman of Nature Resources Committee of Pacific Institute of Geography, FEBRAS Institute ofWaterandEcologicalProblems,FEBRAS Russia WWF Institute of Complex Analysis of Regional Problems, FEBRAS FEBRAS Sciences, Biology & Soil of Institute Moscow State University Russia WWF Pacific Institute of Geography, FEBRAS Moscow State University, Chamber of Ornithology Institute ofWaterProblems,RAS Pacific Institute of Geography, FEBRAS Deputy Director of Sikhote-Alin Ecological Fund (NGO) FEBRAS Sciences, Biology & Soil of Institute «Dersu Uzala» Foundation (NGO) Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), Far Eastern Branch 75 CONSERVATION ACTION PLAN. PART 2 NAME POSITION

Dr. Zhuravlev Yuri Academician of RAS, Director of the Institute of Biology& Soil Sciences, FEBRAS

Dr. Zonov Yuri Far Eastern State University, Institute of Environment

Dubinin Valentin First Vice-Governor of Primorsky Province (before 2001) Dumikyan Albert Director of Bureinsky Nature Reserve

Dunishenko Yuri Far Eastern Branch of Russian Scientific and Research Institute of Hunting and Fir Animals Breeding

Dunkan Pollard WWF International Evers Michael WWF Germany

Fedotov Vyacheslav Head of Primorsky Province Aviation Base for Forest Protection Fomenko Pavel WWF Russia

Fomenko Yulia WWF Russia Goloveshko Tatyana Deputy director of Komsomolsky Nature Reserve

Goncharuk Vladimir Head of External and Regional Affairs Dept. of Primorsky Province Administration Gordon David Project Director, Pacific Environment Research Center (PERC), USA

Gorobeiko Vassily The League of Environmental NGOs of Evreiskaya Autonomous Province

Holly Strand WWF US

Hotte Michael TIGRIS Foundation Ignatenko Sergei Deputy director of Khingansky Nature Reserve

Illarionov Gennady Amurskaya Province Council of Peoples Delegates, Counselor

Johns Michael Representative of Pacific Environment & Resources Center (PERC), Far Eastern Branch Jungius Hartmut WWF International

Kabalik Olga WWF Russia Kazakov Nikolai Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), Far Eastern Branch

Kolobaev Nikolai Deputy director of Norsky Nature Reserve Kotlyar Andrey Director of Ussuriisky Nature Reserve, FEBRAS

Koval Anatoliy Head of Dept. of Natural Resources and Environment Protection of Amurskaya Province. Ministry of Nature Resources of Russian Federation (before 2001). Kovalev Victor First Deputy Head of Chuguevsky District Administration

Krever Olga IUCN NIS Representative, Moscow Kuchenko Konstantin Deputy Chief of Central Administrative Board of Natural Resources and Environment Protection of Primorsky Province

76 oou Vitaly Solodun Vasiliy Solkin Skachkov Victor Eugene Simonov Innokentiy Shapoval Nadezhda Seluk Alexander Savvin Alexei Roslyakov Natalia Proskurina Natalia Probatova Vladimir Pominov Mikhail Parilov Nosovtsev Gennadiy Nesmachniy Yuri Steven Nelson YuriNedorezov Sergey Naumkin Andrey Murzin Johanna Man Sergey Lyapustin Lushey Andrey Litvinov Boris Olga Likhacheva Alexander Laptev Alexei Lankin NAME POSITION Province. Ministry of Nature Resources of Russian Federation Natural Resources and Environment Protection of Primorsky Chief Forestry Officer of State Forest Service of Dept. of Chairman of Nature Protection Center «Zov Taigi» (NGO). Environment Protection of Khabarovsky Province (before 2000) Deputy Chairman of the State Committee for Ecology and Russia WWF Russian Federation Amurskaya Province. Ministry of Natural Resources of Dept. of Natural Resources and Environment Protection of Primorsky Province Chairman of Association of Indigenous Peoples of North of Resources of Russian Federation (before 2002). Protection of Primorsky Province, Ministry of Natural Head of Dept. of Natural Resources and Environment Institute ofWaterandEcologicalProblems,FEBRAS Executive Director of ISAR RFE (before 2001) FEBRAS Sciences, Biology & Soil of Institute Branch Managers and Staff, Khabarovsk Director of Qualification Improvement Center for Forestry Khingansky Nature Reserve of Amurskaya Province Administration Head of Committee on Natural Resources and Mining Industry (before 2001). Province Primorsky district, Khasansky of Administration (before 2001). Ecological Tourism Program Coordinator, WWF RFE Nature Resources of Russian Federation Protection of Evreiskaya Autonomous Province. Ministry of Head of Dept. of Natural Resources and Environment Chief Engineer of «Terneyles» timber company. «Information and Analysis Center TIGIS», Vladivostok US WWF Primorsky Province Head of Customs Operations Department, District (before 2001). Head of Dept. of Natural Resources for Far Eastern Federal Natural Resources of Russian Federation. Brigade Leader of Specialized Inspection «Tiger». Ministry of Director of ISAR RFE (before 2002) Director of Lazovsky Nature Reserve Pacific Institute of Geography, FEBRAS 77 CONSERVATION ACTION PLAN. PART 2 NAME POSITION

Stappel Allard WWF Netherlands Starostina Elena WWF Russia

Stepanitskii Vsevolod WWF Russia Stomatuk Eugene Chairman of Nature Resources Committee of Primorsky Province Administration

Sulandziga Pavel Vice President of Association of North, Siberia and Far East Indigenous Peoples

Suslov Igor Head of Primorsky Province Dept. for Protection, Regulation and Control of Hunting Animals

Ticker David WWF UK

Titova Svetlana Director of NGO Amur Socio-Ecological Union

Tsoi Boris Deputy Head of Dept. of Natural Resources and Environment Protection of Primorsky Province. Ministry of Natural Resources of Russian Federation

Vaisman Alexei TRAFFIC/WWF Russia Volkova Galina Vice President of Indigenous Peoples of North Siberian Far East Association

Volkova Ludmila Project «Forest», USAID Vorobieva Tatiana Far Eastern State University, Chamber of Physical Geography

Voropaeva Albina Deputy head of Dept. of Natural Resources and Environment Protection of Amurskaya Province. Ministry of Natural Resources of Russian Federation.

Williams John Expert

Wurzer Andy WWF International

Yakimov Sergey Head of Environmental Service (before 2002). Dept. of Natural Resources and Environment Protection of Evreiskaya Autonomous Province. Ministry of Natural Resources of Russian Federation.

Yefitsenko Valeria Institute of Sustainable Communities (ISC), Far Eastern Branch

Yermolin Alexander Inter-Regional Public Organization of Hunting & Fishing Societies «Krechet», Khabarovsk

Yurchenko Alexander Brigade Leader of Specialized Inspection «Tiger». Ministry of Natural Resources of Russian Federation.

Zakharenkov Andrey Far East Association of Non Timber Forest Products, Khabarovsk

Zubtsov Sergey Head of Specialized Inspection «Tiger». Ministry of Natural Resources of Russian Federation.