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Appendix 1 Plant Genera Eaten by Ungulates (Wi, Winter; Sp, Spring; Su, Summer; Au,Autumn)

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Appendix 1 Plant Genera Eaten by Ungulates (Wi, Winter; Sp, Spring; Su, Summer; Au,Autumn) Appendix 1 Plant Genera Eaten by Ungulates (Wi, winter; Sp, spring; Su, summer; Au,autumn) Table 1. Plant genera eaten by Equus hemionus' Plant genera Locality" Badkhyz Nature Reserve! Barsakelmes Qapshaghay Game Island / Husbandry' (Seasons) Wi Sp Su Acanthophyllum +++ r ++ Acroptilon + Aegilops r ++ +++ Aeluropus r +++ Agropyron +++ Alhagi ++ ++ r ++ Allium +++ Amberboa +++ Anabasis +++ +++ Aphanopleura ++ Arabis + Aristida + Arnebia +++ +++ r Artemisia +++ +++ Astragalus +++ ++ + Atraphaxis r + + Atriplex ++ +++ Bongardia ++ Bromus +++ +++ +++ + ++ Bunium +++ Calamagrostis + Calligonum ++ ++ Caragana + ++ Cardaria ++ Carex +++ +++ +++ +++ Carthamnus ++ Centaurea ++ Ceratocarpus +++ Chorispora + Convolvulus +++ Cousinia +++ ++ r Crypsis ++ Delphinium +++ Table 1. Continued Plant genera Locality'' Badkhyz Nature Reserve' Barsakelmes Qapshaghay Game Island/ Husbandr y' (Seasons) Wi Sp Su Elymus + Ephedra ++ Eremopyrum +++ ++ +++ + Eremostachys r +++ Erodium ++ Euclidium + Eurotia +++ Ferula ++ ++ ++ Filipendula ++ Frankenia ++ Halocnemum +++ ++ Haloxylo n ++ +++ + Hordeum ++ +++ ++ Isatis +++ r Ixiolirion +++ Kochia + Lagonychium ++ Lepidium +++ Leptale um +++ Limonium +++ r + Lycium + Malcolmia ++ r ++ Medicago +++ Mentha +++ Nitraria ++ Onobrych is +++ Papaver ++ Phragmites + +++ Pistacia ++ Poa +++ +++ +++ +++ Psoralea ++ Ranunculus +++ Rheum + Roemeria ++ Rosa + Salsola +++ r + +++ Schismus ++ r Scorzonera +++ Secale ++ Sisy mbrium +++ Sorghum +++ Sphenopus r ++ Stipa ++ r + +++ Tamarix ++ r ++ + Tanacetum +++ ' Symbols indicate % of plant use was >30% (+++); 20-30% (++): 10-20% (+);<10% (r). bThe superscript numbers denote the following references: 1, Solomatin (1973); 2, Rashek (1967); 3, Blank and Dzhanyspaev (1990). Appendix 1. Plant Genera Eaten by Ungulates 327 Table2. Plant genera eaten by Sus scrofa' Plant genera Locality'' Belarus (I) '; Caucasustz)' Plain Kazakhstan (1) 3; Kazakhstan Mountains (2)4; Sikhote-Alin Range (3)5 2 2 3 Acer x + Achyrophorus x Aegopodium x r Agropyron ++ Ajuga x Alchemilla x Alliaria x Allium x + +++ Anemone x x + Angelica x ++ Anthriscus x Apocynum + Aqu ilegia x Arctium x Armeniaca ++ Artemisia + Aruncus + Asarum x Atriplex x Berberis r Betula x Bolboschoenus + Calamagrostis x +++ + Calla x Calluna x Caltha x Campanula x Cardamine x Carex x +++ Carpinus x Carum x Castanea ++ Cerastium x Cerasus +++ Chaerophyllum x Chrysosplenium x r Cirsium x Colchicum x Comarum x Convallaria x + Corydalis + Corylus x ++ +++ Crataegus + Crepis x 328 Appe ndix 1. Plant Genera Eaten by Ungulates Table 2. Continued Plant genera Locality" Belarus (1) 1; Caucasustz)? Plain Kazakhstan (1)3; Kazakhstan Mountains (2)4; Sikhote-Alin Range (3)5 2 2 3 Crocus +++ Dactylis x +++ Dryopteris x Elaeagnus + Epilobium x Equisetum +++ Eremopyrum + Eriophoru m x Euonymus x Eupho rbia x Fagus +++ Ferula +++ Festuca x r Ficaria x Filipendula x + Fraxinus x Fritillaria x Gagea +++ Galega x Galeobdolon x Galium + Gentiana x Geranium x + Geum x Glycyrrhiza + Hedysarum x Heracleum x x ++ + Hieracium x + Hottonia x Impatiens x x + Iris x + Ixio lirion ++ [uglans ++ ++ + +++ [uniperus ++ Lamium x Laserpitium x Lespedeza + Lilium ++ + Lonicera r Malus ++ + +++ + Melica Menyanthes x Milium + Mushrooms x ++ + Appendix 1. Plant Genera Eaten by Ungulates 329 Table 2. Continued Plant genera Locality'' Belarus (1)1; Caucasustz)" Plain Kazakhstan (1)3;Kazakhstan Mountains (2)4; Sikhote-Alin Range (3)5 2 2 3 Nitraria +++ Ornithogalum x Oxycoccus x Padus + Papaver + Paris x Pedicularis x Petasites x + Peucedanum x Phalaris + Phlomis + Phragmites x +++ + Picea x + Picris x Pinus x +++ Pistacia +++ Plantago x Poa x ++ Polygonatum x x Polygon um x x ++ Populus x + Potentilla x + Primula x ++ Prunus +++ +++ Pteridium x Pyrus +++ Quercus x +++ +++ Ranunculus x Rheum ++ Ribes r Rosa ++ Rubus x + ++ Rumex x x Salix r Sanguisorba + Scilla x Scorzonera x Senecio x Silaus x Silene x Sonchus x + Sorbus x r Spiraea + Stachys x 330 Appendix 1. Plant Genera Eaten by Ungu lates Table 2. Continued Plant genera Locality'' Belarus (1)1;Caucasustz)! Plain Kazakhstan (1)3;Kazakhstan Mountains (2)'; Sikhote-Alin Range (3)5 2 2 3 Stellaria x Suaeda + + Taraxacum x ++ + Thalictrum r Tilia x + Trifolium x Trisetum + Tulipa +++ Typha +++ Ulmus x Urtica x x + Vaccinium x Verbascum x Viscum x Vitis + ' Symbols indicate percent of plant use was >30% (+++); 20-30% (++): 10-20% (+); <10% (r) ; x indicates plant use noted, no numerical da ta reported. bThe superscript numbers denote the following references: 1, Lebedeva (1956); 2, Donaurov and Teplov (1938); 3, Fedosenko et al. (1984); 4, Yanushevich et al. (1972); Fedosenko and Zhiryakov (1984); 5, Bromley and Kucherenko (1983). Table 3. Plant genera eaten by Moschus moschiferus' Plant genera Locality'' Seasons Yakutia' Sikhote-Alin Range' Transbaikal' (Seasons) AuWi Su Sp Wi Su Wi Abies +++ Acer r + ++ Aconitum + r Agropyron + Athyrium ++ Allium + Ainus + r + Angelica ++ Arctous + Atragene + Betula + r r Betula nana +++ + Table3. Continued Plant genera Locality'' Yakutia' Sikhote-Alin Range' Transbaikal' (Seasons) AuWi Su Sp Wi Su Wi Bupleurum + Calamagrostis ++ Carex +++ ++ Cereals r r Chosenia r +++ Crataegus + Dryopteris ++ Eleutherococcus + Epilobium r Equisetum +++ +++ r + Eriophorum + Filipendula ++ Galium + Graminea +++ +++ Gypsophila + Juniperus + Larix +++ + + + Lathyrus r Leguminosae + Lichens on ground +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ Lichens on trees +++ ++ Linnaea + Majanthemum ++ Mosses +++ +++ + + ++ Mushrooms +++ +++ ++ r Oxalis r Padus r ++ Pinus + r r Populus r r + Potentilla +++ r Pteridium ++ Pulsatilla +++ Pyrola + Rhododendron ++ + ++ Rosa + Rubia + Salix +++ + r + Sanguisorba + r Spiraea + ++ Swida + Taxus + + Thalictrum r Tilia + Vaccinium + + + + ++ Viburnum + Vicia + Vitis + 'Symbols indicate percent of plant use was >30% (+++); 20-30% (++): 10-20% (+); <10% (r). bThe superscript numbers denote the following references: 1, Egorov (1971); 2, Salmin (1972); Bromley and Kucherenko (1983) ; Zaitcev (1991) ; 3, Shvetsov et al. (1984) . 332 Appendix 1. Plant Genera Eaten by Ungulates Table4. Plant genera eaten by Cervus elaphus" Plant genera Locality'' Belowezhskaya Forest Nature Reserve (I)', Altai (I)', Stolby Nature Reserve (2)6, Kavkazsky Nature Reserve (2)', Kazakhstan (3)', Far East (3)' Tajikistan (4)' 2 3 4 2 3 (Seasons) Wi Sp.Su .Au Wi Su Au,Wi Sp,Su Wi,Sp Su,Au AU,Wi Sp. Su Abies ++ r + Acer ++ + + +++ Achillea + Aconitum + + + Actinidia ++ +++ Adenophora ++ ++ Adonis + +++ Aegopodium ++ ++ ++ ++ Aetheopappus + Agasyllis + Agropyron + ++ ++ ++ Agrostis ++ + Alchemilla ++ ++ Alectorolophus + Alfredia ++ Alhagi + Allium + ++ Ainus + + + Alopecurus ++ + + Alyssum + Andromeda ++ Anemone ++ + + Angelica ++ + ++ + Anthemis +++ Anth oxanthum + ++ Anthriscus ++ ++ Anthyllis Apocynum +++ Aquilegia + + Aralia +++ +++ Archangelica Ariste/la ++ + Artemisia ++ ++ + Aruncus Asparagus +++ Asperula + Aster Astragalus ++ Astrantia ++ Athyrium Atragene ++ ++ + Atriplex + Avenastrum ++ Berberis +++ + + Bergenia Betonica ++ Betula + ++ ++ + + + + Brachypodium + Briza +++ Appendix 1. Plant Genera Eaten by Ungulates 333 Table4. Continued Plant genera Locality'' Belowezhskaya Forest Nature Reserve (1)', Altai (1)', Stolby Nature Reserve (2)' , Kavkazsky Nature Reserve (2)', Kazakh stan (3)', Far East (3)' Tajikistan (4)' 2 3 4 2 3 (Seasons) Wi Sp.Su. Au Wi Su AU,Wi Sp,Su Wi, Sp Su. Au AU,Wi Sp,Su Bromus ++ Bupleurum +++ r + +++ Cacalia r +++ Calamagrostis +++ + + +++ +++ +++ Calla ++ +++ Callianthemum Calluna + Caltha + + + +++ Campan ula + +++ +++ Caragana +++ +++ +++ Cardamine r Carduus + ++ Carex ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ +++ + + +++ +++ Carpinus + Carum ++ Centa urea +++ ++ + Cephalaria ++ + Cerastium ++ Cerasus r r Cetraria ++ +++ ++ Chaerophyllum +++ Chamaeneriom ++ + + Chenopodium + Chosenia ++ Cicerbita +++ Cinna + ++ + Cirsium + + ++ ++ +++ Cladonia + +++ Clinelymus + Codonopsis ++ + ++ + Conioselinu m ++ Cornus ++ + Coronilla ++ Corydalis Corylus ++ ++ + Crataegus ++ Crepis +++ +++ Cuscuta +++ Dactylis ++ + ++ ++ ++ Daphn e +++ + Dasiphora Delphin ium + ++ Deschampsia + Dianthus Doronicum + Dryopteris ++ Echinochloa +++ Echinopsilon ++ + Elaeagnus +++ 334 Appendix 1. Plant Genera Eaten by Ungulates Table4. Continued Plant gene ra Locality'' Belowezhskaya Forest Nature Reserve (1) 1, Altai (I)', Stolby Nature Reserve (2)' , Kavkazsky Natu re Reserve (2)', Kazakh stan (3)', Far East (3)7 Tajiki stan (4)' 2 3 4 2 3 (Season s) Wi Sp.Su. Au Wi Su Au,Wi Sp, Su Wi, Sp Su,Au Au, Wi Sp,S u Eleutherococc us + ++ Emp etrum ++ Epilobium ++ + ++ +++ +++ + + Equisetum +++ +++ +++ +++ + + Eremu rus ++ Erianthu s + Erigeron + Euony mus +++ +++ +++ + + +++ Euphorbia +++ +++ Eutrema ++ Fagus Ferula ++ Festu ca ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + ++ +++ +++ Filipendula + + + Fraxinus +++ +++ + ++ Galatella Galega ++ + Galeopsis ++ Galium + ++ Genista + Gentiana ++ Geranium + + ++ ++ + Geum Glycy rrhiza + Gnaphalium ++ Halimoden dron + Hedera + Hedysarum +++ ++ ++ Helianthemum ++ Heracleum ++ ++ +++ +++ + ++ +++ +++ Hieracium + ++ + ++ ++ + Hippophae Humulus ++ Hypericum + Hypochoeris ++ Ilex Impatiens + + ++ Inul a r Iris ++ r ++ [u ncus + juniperus + Knaut ia +++ Kobresia + Koeleria ++ Lamium + Lapsana ++ Larix r + Lathy rus ++ +++ +++ +++ +++ Laurocerasus + Appendix 1. Plant Genera Eaten by Ungulates 335 Table4. Continued Plant genera Locality'' Belowezhskaya Forest Nature Reserve (I)', Altai (I)', Stolby Nature Reserve (2)6, Kavkazsky Nature Reserve (2)2,Kazakh stan (3)', Far East (3)' Tajikis tan (4)' 2 3 4 2 3 (Season s) Wi Sp.S u.Au Wi Su Au. wi Sp,S
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