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The Political Effects of the Addition of Judgeships to the United States Supreme Court Following Electoral Realignments
A Compliant Court: The Political Effects of the Addition of Judgeships to the United States Supreme Court Following Electoral Realignments Lauren Paige Joyce Judson Thesis submitted to the faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of: Master of Arts In Political Science Jason P. Kelly, Chair Wayne D. Moore Karen M. Hult August 7, 2014 Blacksburg, Virginia Keywords: Judicial Politics, Electoral Realignment, Alteration to the Supreme Court Copyright 2014, Lauren J. Judson A Compliant Court: The Political Effects of the Addition of Judgeships to the United States Supreme Court Following Electoral Realignments Lauren J. Judson ABSTRACT During periods of turmoil when ideological preferences between the federal branches of government fail to align, the relationship between the three quickly turns tumultuous. Electoral realignments especially have the potential to increase tension between the branches. When a new party replaces the “old order” in both the legislature and the executive branches, the possibility for conflict emerges with the Court. Justices who make decisions based on old regime preferences of the party that had appointed them to the bench will likely clash with the new ideological preferences of the incoming party. In these circumstances, the president or Congress may seek to weaken the influence of the Court through court-curbing methods. One example Congress may utilize is changing the actual size of the Supreme The size of the Supreme Court has increased four times in United States history, and three out of the four alterations happened after an electoral realignment. Through analysis of Supreme Court cases, this thesis seeks to determine if, after an electoral realignment, holdings of the Court on issues of policy were more congruent with the new party in power after the change in composition as well to examine any change in individual vote tallies of the justices driven by the voting behavior of the newly appointed justice(s). -
Early Understandings of the "Judicial Power" in Statutory Interpretation
ARTICLE ALL ABOUT WORDS: EARLY UNDERSTANDINGS OF THE 'JUDICIAL POWER" IN STATUTORY INTERPRETATION, 1776-1806 William N. Eskridge, Jr.* What understandingof the 'judicial Power" would the Founders and their immediate successors possess in regard to statutory interpretation? In this Article, ProfessorEskridge explores the background understandingof the judiciary's role in the interpretationof legislative texts, and answers earlier work by scholars like ProfessorJohn Manning who have suggested that the separation of powers adopted in the U.S. Constitution mandate an interpre- tive methodology similar to today's textualism. Reviewing sources such as English precedents, early state court practices, ratifying debates, and the Marshall Court's practices, Eskridge demonstrates that while early statutory interpretationbegan with the words of the text, it by no means confined its searchfor meaning to the plain text. He concludes that the early practices, especially the methodology ofJohn Marshall,provide a powerful model, not of an anticipatory textualism, but rather of a sophisticated methodology that knit together text, context, purpose, and democratic and constitutionalnorms in the service of carrying out the judiciary's constitutional role. TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction .................................................... 991 I. Three Nontextualist Powers Assumed by English Judges, 1500-1800 ............................................... 998 A. The Ameliorative Power .............................. 999 B. Suppletive Power (and More on the Ameliorative Pow er) .............................................. 1003 C. Voidance Power ..................................... 1005 II. Statutory Interpretation During the Founding Period, 1776-1791 ............................................... 1009 * John A. Garver Professor ofJurisprudence, Yale Law School. I am indebted toJohn Manning for sharing his thoughts about the founding and consolidating periods; although we interpret the materials differently, I have learned a lot from his research and arguments. -
Reminiscences of the United States Supreme Court
YALE LAW JO URNAL. REMINISCENCES OF THE UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT. On motion of Reverdy Johnson, at one time Attorney-General and afterward Senator in Congress from Maryland, I was admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court in 1865. Salmon P. Chase was then Chief Justice, and the associates were James M. Wayne, Robert C. Grier, Noah H. Swayne, David Davis, Samuel Nelson, Nathan Clifford, Samuel F. Miller and Stephen J. Field. All of these, ex- cepting Justice Field,* are now dead. I was in Washington at the inauguration of Franklin Pierce in 1853 and attended some of the sessions of the Supreme Court at that time. That court then con- sisted of Roger B. Taney, Chief Justice; John McLean, James M. Wayne, John Catron, Peter V. Daniel, Samuel Nelson, Robert C. Grier, Benjamin R. Curtis and John A. Campbell, associates, none of whom are now living. I never saw Taney, Catron or Daniel afterward, and have no very distinct impressions as to Catron or Daniel, but Chief Justice Taney was a noticeable man and his ap- pearance is still daguerreotyped upon my memory. He was a tall, angular and exceedingly slim man. Apparently there was little or no flesh upon his bones and his face was deeply furrowed by the ravages of time. His eyes surmounted by shaggy eyebrows were deeply set under a remarkably low forehead. There was a rough and rugged distinctness about all his features. He was appointed Chief Justice in 1836 and died in office when he was 88 years old. He was 8o years of age when he delivered the opinion of the court in the celebrated Dred Scott case. -
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Advisory Opinions and the Problem of Legal Authority
Vanderbilt Law Review Volume 74 Issue 3 April 2021 Article 5 4-2021 Advisory Opinions and the Problem of Legal Authority Christian R. Burset Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.vanderbilt.edu/vlr Part of the Judges Commons, and the Jurisprudence Commons Recommended Citation Christian R. Burset, Advisory Opinions and the Problem of Legal Authority, 74 Vanderbilt Law Review 621 (2021) Available at: https://scholarship.law.vanderbilt.edu/vlr/vol74/iss3/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Vanderbilt Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Vanderbilt Law Review by an authorized editor of Scholarship@Vanderbilt Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Advisory Opinions and the Problem of Legal Authority Christian R. Burset* The prohibition against advisory opinions is fundamental to our understanding of federal judicial power, but we have misunderstood its origins. Discussions of the doctrine begin not with a constitutional text or even a court case, but a letter in which the Jay Court rejected President Washington’s request for legal advice. Courts and scholars have offered a variety of explanations for the Jay Court’s behavior. But they all depict the earliest Justices as responding to uniquely American concerns about advisory opinions. This Article offers a different explanation. Drawing on previously untapped archival sources, it shows that judges throughout the anglophone world—not only in the United States but also in England and British India— became opposed to advisory opinions in the second half of the eighteenth century. The death of advisory opinions was a global phenomenon, rooted in a period of anxiety about common-law authority. -
Rare Books & Special Collections Tarlton Law Library University Of
Rare Books & Special Collections Tarlton Law Library University of Texas at Austin 727 E. 26th St., Austin, Texas 78705-3224 512/471-7263 SUPREME COURT NOMINATIONS RESEARCH FILES, 1823-1955, Bulk 1860-1939 Inventory Date printed: SUPREME COURT NOMINATIONS RESEARCH FILES Inventory Extent: 1.25 linear ft. (3 boxes). Frank, John P., 1917-2002- John P. Frank, a noted attorney and constitutional scholar, was born in 1917. He received his LL.B. at the University of Wisconsin, and his J.S.D. from Yale University. He was law clerk to Justice Hugo L. Black at the October, 1942 term, among other prominent positions. He taught law from 1946 to 1954 at Indiana and Yale Universities. He has authored 12 books on the Supreme Court, the Constitution and constitutional law. A senior partner with the Phoenix firm of Lewis and Roca, which he joined in 1954, Frank was lead counsel on the ground-breaking Miranda v. Arizona case, and served as counsel to Anita Hill during the Clarence Thomas confirmation hearings. While serving on the Committee on Rules of Civil Procedure, Frank led a group that worked on drafting revisions to Rule 11 attorney sanctions. Frank also served from 1960 to 1970 on the Advisory Committee of Civil Procedure of the Judicial Conference of the United States. Scope and Content: The collection consists of research into U.S. Supreme Court nominations of the 19th and 20th centuries, and includes 8 inches of printed materials and 7 microfilm reels (35mm), 1823-1939 (bulk 1860-1939), collected by Frank, for a research project concerning Supreme Court nominations. -
2007-2008 Annual Review
School for Advanced Research on the Human Experience A GALAXY OF THOUGHT Annual Review 2007–2008 SCHOOL FOR ADVANCED RESEARCH ON THE HUMAN EXPERIENCE SANTA FE, NEW MEXICO ANNUAL REVIEW 2008 In Memory of Richard Canon 1940–2008 The School for Advanced Research gratefully acknowledges the very generous support of the Paloheimo Foundation for publication of this report. The Foundation’s grant honors the late Leonora Paloheimo and her mother, Leonora Curtin, who served on the Board of Managers of the School from 1933 to 1972. CONTENTS President’s Message: A Galaxy of Thought 4 Poet-in-Residence: Malena Mörling 34 A Constellation of Programs 6 The Poetics of the Human Experience 34 REFLECTION IMAGINATION Resident Scholar: Silvia Tomášková 8 Short Seminar: Women’s Empowerment for Health 36 SAR Press: The Chaco Experience 9 SAR Press: New Landscapes of Inequality 37 Visiting Research Associate: Monica L. Smith 10 SAR Press: The Gender of Globalization 38 Visiting Research Associate: James E. Snead 10 Advanced Seminar: Archaeology and Public Policy 39 SAR Press: The Hohokam Millennium 11 SAR Press: Opening Archaeology 40 Resident Scholar: Tiya Miles 12 Short Seminar: Archaeology and Sustainability 41 SAR Press: Small Worlds 13 Visiting Research Associate: Tutu Alicante: 41 The Pecos Conference 14 Michael S. Currier Environmental Service Short Seminar: Modernity and the Voice 14 Award Ceremony 42 SAR Press: Kenneth Chapman’s Santa Fe 15 Santa Fe Science Writers’ Workshop 42 SAR Press: Santa Fe: A History 16 SITE Santa Fe Biennial at SAR 43 SAR Prize Session in Dublin 17 Short Seminar: Indians and Energy 44 New Mexico Heritage Preservation Alliance Conference 17 PUBLIC OUTREACH AND EDUCATION ATTENTION Public Lectures: Humans in a Changing Landscape 46 J. -
Naval Affairs
.t .j f~Ji The New I American State Papers I ~ '* NAVAL AFFAIRS Volume 2 Diplomatic Activities Edited lJy K. Jack Bauer ~c:!:r~ourres Inc. I q8/ Leadership ofthe Navy Department 1798-1~61 Sea:etaries o/the NfZJJYl Benjamin Stoddert2 18 June 1798-31 March 1801 Robert Smith 27 July 1801-7 March 1809 Paul Hamilton 15 May 1809-31 December 1812 William Jones 19 January 1813-1 December 1814 Benjamin W. Crowninshield 16 January 1815-30 September 1818 Smith Thompson 1January 1819-31 August 1823 Samuel L. Southard 16 Septe~ber 1823-3 March 1829 John Branch 9 March 1829-.12 May 1831 Levi Woodbury 23 May 1831-30June 1834 Mahlon Dickerson 1July 1834-30June 1838 James K. Paulding 1July 1838-3 March 1841 George E. Badger 6 March 1841-11 September 1841 Abel P. Upshur 11 October 1841-23July 1843 David Henshaw 24 July 1843-18 February 1844 Thomas W. Gilmer 19 February 1844-28 February 1844 John Y. Mason 26 March 1844-10 March 1845 George Bancroft 11 March 1845-9 September 1846 John Y. Mason 10 September 1846-7. March 1849 William B. Preston 8 March 1849-23July 1850 William A. Graham 2 August 1850-25July 1852 John P. Kennedy 26 July 1852-7 March 1853 James C. 'Dobbin 8 March 1853-6 March 1857 Isaac Toucey 7 March 1857-6 March 1861 Board o/Naval Commissioners, 7 February 181'-)1 August 1842 Comm. John Rodgers3 25 April 1815-15 December 1824 Comm. Isaac Hull 25 April 1815-.30 November 1815 I Prior to 1798 naval affairs were administered by the War Department. -
Abington School District V. Schempp 1 Ableman V. Booth 1 Abortion 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME 1 Bill of Rights 66 Birth Control and Contraception 71 Abington School District v. Schempp 1 Hugo L. Black 73 Ableman v. Booth 1 Harry A. Blackmun 75 Abortion 2 John Blair, Jr. 77 Adamson v. California 8 Samuel Blatchford 78 Adarand Constructors v. Peña 8 Board of Education of Oklahoma City v. Dowell 79 Adkins v. Children’s Hospital 10 Bob Jones University v. United States 80 Adoptive Couple v. Baby Girl 13 Boerne v. Flores 81 Advisory Opinions 15 Bolling v. Sharpe 81 Affirmative Action 15 Bond v. United States 82 Afroyim v. Rusk 21 Boumediene v. Bush 83 Age Discrimination 22 Bowers v. Hardwick 84 Samuel A. Alito, Jr. 24 Boyd v. United States 86 Allgeyer v. Louisiana 26 Boy Scouts of America v. Dale 86 Americans with Disabilities Act 27 Joseph P. Bradley 87 Antitrust Law 29 Bradwell v. Illinois 89 Appellate Jurisdiction 33 Louis D. Brandeis 90 Argersinger v. Hamlin 36 Brandenburg v. Ohio 92 Arizona v. United States 36 William J. Brennan, Jr. 92 Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing David J. Brewer 96 Development Corporation 37 Stephen G. Breyer 97 Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition 38 Briefs 99 Ashwander v. Tennessee Valley Authority 38 Bronson v. Kinzie 101 Assembly and Association, Freedom of 39 Henry B. Brown 101 Arizona v. Gant 42 Brown v. Board of Education 102 Atkins v. Virginia 43 Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association 104 Automobile Searches 45 Brown v. Maryland 106 Brown v. Mississippi 106 Bad Tendency Test 46 Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad Company 107 Bail 47 Buchanan v. -
Supreme Court Justices
The Supreme Court Justices Supreme Court Justices *asterick denotes chief justice John Jay* (1789-95) Robert C. Grier (1846-70) John Rutledge* (1790-91; 1795) Benjamin R. Curtis (1851-57) William Cushing (1790-1810) John A. Campbell (1853-61) James Wilson (1789-98) Nathan Clifford (1858-81) John Blair, Jr. (1790-96) Noah Haynes Swayne (1862-81) James Iredell (1790-99) Samuel F. Miller (1862-90) Thomas Johnson (1792-93) David Davis (1862-77) William Paterson (1793-1806) Stephen J. Field (1863-97) Samuel Chase (1796-1811) Salmon P. Chase* (1864-73) Olliver Ellsworth* (1796-1800) William Strong (1870-80) ___________________ ___________________ Bushrod Washington (1799-1829) Joseph P. Bradley (1870-92) Alfred Moore (1800-1804) Ward Hunt (1873-82) John Marshall* (1801-35) Morrison R. Waite* (1874-88) William Johnson (1804-34) John M. Harlan (1877-1911) Henry B. Livingston (1807-23) William B. Woods (1881-87) Thomas Todd (1807-26) Stanley Matthews (1881-89) Gabriel Duvall (1811-35) Horace Gray (1882-1902) Joseph Story (1812-45) Samuel Blatchford (1882-93) Smith Thompson (1823-43) Lucius Q.C. Lamar (1883-93) Robert Trimble (1826-28) Melville W. Fuller* (1888-1910) ___________________ ___________________ John McLean (1830-61) David J. Brewer (1890-1910) Henry Baldwin (1830-44) Henry B. Brown (1891-1906) James Moore Wayne (1835-67) George Shiras, Jr. (1892-1903) Roger B. Taney* (1836-64) Howell E. Jackson (1893-95) Philip P. Barbour (1836-41) Edward D. White* (1894-1921) John Catron (1837-65) Rufus W. Peckham (1896-1909) John McKinley (1838-52) Joseph McKenna (1898-1925) Peter Vivian Daniel (1842-60) Oliver W. -
The Scalia Vacancy in Historical Context: Frequently Asked Questions
The Scalia Vacancy in Historical Context: Frequently Asked Questions Updated March 1, 2017 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44773 The Scalia Vacancy in Historical Context: Frequently Asked Questions Summary The procedure for appointing a Justice to the Supreme Court of the United States is provided for by the Constitution in only a few words. The “Appointments Clause” (Article II, Section 2, clause 2) states that the President “shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate shall appoint ... Judges of the supreme Court.” The process of appointing Justices has undergone changes over two centuries, but its most basic feature—the sharing of power between the President and Senate—has remained unchanged. To receive a lifetime appointment to the Court, a candidate must first be nominated by the President and then confirmed by the Senate. Under the Constitution, once confirmed, Justices on the Supreme Court hold office “during good Behaviour,” in effect typically receiving lifetime appointments to the Court. In other words, Justices may hold office for as long as they live or until they voluntarily step down from office. Following the initial six appointments made to the Court by President George Washington in 1789 and 1790, the first vacancy occurred on the Court as a result of the resignation of Justice John Rutledge on March 5, 1791. The most recent vacancy on the Court was created by the death of Justice Antonin Scalia on February 13, 2016. From 1791 to the present, vacancies have occurred, on average, on the Court every two years. The Scalia vacancy, however, occurred approximately 5.5 years after the last vacancy on the Court (following the retirement of Justice John Paul Stevens in 2010)—making the length of time between the Stevens vacancy and the Scalia vacancy the fifth longest period of time between two vacancies occurring in the history of the Court. -
John Mclean: Moderate Abolitionist and Supreme Court Politician Paul Finkelman
Vanderbilt Law Review Volume 62 | Issue 2 Article 7 3-2009 John McLean: Moderate Abolitionist and Supreme Court Politician Paul Finkelman Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.vanderbilt.edu/vlr Part of the Constitutional Law Commons, and the Supreme Court of the United States Commons Recommended Citation Paul Finkelman, John McLean: Moderate Abolitionist and Supreme Court Politician, 62 Vanderbilt Law Review 519 (2019) Available at: https://scholarship.law.vanderbilt.edu/vlr/vol62/iss2/7 This Symposium is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Vanderbilt Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Vanderbilt Law Review by an authorized editor of Scholarship@Vanderbilt Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. John McLean: Moderate Abolitionist and Supreme Court Politician Paul Finkelman* I. THE STRANGE POLITICAL CAREER OF A MINOR JACKSONIAN JUSTICE .......................................................... 522 II. A CAREER ON THE COURT: COMMERCE AND THE ECONOMY ....................................... 533 III. MCLEAN AND SLAVERY: A LONE ANTISLAVERY VOICE IN A SEA OF PROSLAVERY JURISTS ............................ 539 A. Slavery and the Northwest Ordinance on the Ohio Supreme Court ..................................... 541 B. Fugitive Slaves and their Abolitionist Allies .......... 543 C. The Jurisprudenceof Free Soil ................................ 552 D. Dred Scott: McLean's Forgotten Dissent ................. 558 IV . C ON CLU SION ........................................................................ 564 Unlike almost all early Supreme Court Justices, John McLean came from extraordinarily humble origins. He was born in New Jersey in 1785.1 His parents, Fergus and Sophia Blackford McLean, were farmers who moved to Virginia in 1789, Kentucky in 1790, and finally Ohio in 1796. Like many children of the frontier, the future Justice 2 had no formal education for most of his boyhood.