DOCSLIB.ORG

Replaying the Game: Hypnagogic Images in Normals and Amnesics

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Replaying the Game: Hypnagogic Images in Normals and Amnesics R EPORTS temperature of 51¡C, and 40 cycles on a PTC-200 Rc_ubiG1, 5Ј-CTTGTCACTGTCTAATTCTTC-3Ј; Rc_u- region of the DnaE gene in R. felis (9). There is no thermocycler (MJ Research). A positive control was biG2, 5Ј-AAATATTAGACGTCGGTTGC-3Ј; Rc_ubiG3, significant similarity between this RS3-like sequence then performed under the same PCR condition with 5Ј-CAGATTGACGCACAAATTAC-3Ј; and Rc_ubiG4, and our newly described RPE sequence. genomic DNA as template. All primer pairs gener- 5Ј-AATAAACCCTATTCGCCTTG-3Ј. 24. Reviewed in F. B. Perler, Nucleic Acids Res. 27, 346 ated the expected amplicons. RT-PCR were then 20. Amino acid sequence identities for the repeat-de- (1999). performed on the RNA extract with a different rived peptides (and the rest of the proteins) are 43% 25. We examined the following structures whose ho- thermocycler. All primer pairs generated amplicons (85%) for KdtA, 31% (83%) for RP545, and 82% mologs are known to contain inteins: 1TGO, 1AB4, of the expected sizes and sequences. (95%) for PolA. 1ECL, 2REC, 1RLR, and 1SKY. 18. For the location and the designation of selected 21. R. G. Lloyd and G. J. Sharples, Nucleic Acids Res. 18, primers, see Web fig. 4 (11). 26. V. Monchois, personal communication. 6503 (1990). 19. Primer sequences are as follows: Rc_gltX1, 5Ј-TCTT- 27. J. J. Muller, Mutat. Res. 1, 2 (1964). TGGAATCTTGGCTGTAG-3Ј; Rc_gltX2, 5Ј-GATTAG- 22. S. Bachellier, J.-M. Cle«ment, M. Hofnung, Res. Micro- 28. H. Tao, C. Bausch, C. Richmond, F. R. Blattner, T. TGAGCAGGAAATA-3Ј; Rc_gltX3, 5Ј-GGATTGACGT- biol. 150, 627 (1999). Conway, J. Bacteriol. 181, 6425 (1999). Ј Ј 23. As revealed by a partial, low-significance match be- ACAAATTAC-3 ; Rc_gltX4, 5 -CAAAGACTGTAGAG- 29. We thank C. Abergel, D. Gautheret, and J. Weissen- Ј Ј tween RSA and 23 amino acid residues at the 3Ј end ATATTGG-3 ; Rc_hemC1, 5 -TACAGATAGCTTCCAA- bach for their help at various stages of this work. CATC-3Ј; Rc_hemC2, 5Ј-CAAACCAATTTTATGCTC of a Salmonella typhimurium hypothetical ORF GG-3Ј; Rc_hemC3, 5Ј-CGGATTGACGTACAAATTAC- (SwissProt accession number P16656). A RS3-like Ј Ј Ј 3 ; Rc_hemC4, 5 -GTATCTAGATGCTAATTGCC-3 ; inverted repeat is also present in the NH2-terminal 7 April 2000; accepted 24 August 2000 as based on procedural learning (which is Replaying the Game: preserved in amnesia), the amnesic group demonstrated impoverished learning in Hypnagogic Images in Normals comparison with normal novices, suggest- ing that Tetris proficiency may also depend on declarative memory systems. This inter- and Amnesics pretation is supported by the finding that Robert Stickgold,1* April Malia,1 Denise Maguire,1 left and right hippocampal glucose utiliza- David Roddenberry,1 Margaret O’Connor2 tion during Tetris play decreases during training in proportion to improvement in Participants playing the computer game Tetris reported intrusive, stereotypical, performance, suggesting a shift away from visual images of the game at sleep onset. Three amnesic patients with extensive hippocampal dependence as learning pla- bilateral medial temporal lobe damage produced similar hypnagogic reports teaus (22). despite being unable to recall playing the game, suggesting that such imagery Three of the five patients produced a may arise without important contribution from the declarative memory sys- total of eight reports of Tetris imagery tem. In addition, control participants reported images from previously played across three nights. These reports account- versions of the game, demonstrating that remote memories can influence the ed for 7.4% of all hypnagogic reports col- images from recent waking experience. lected, similar to that seen in normal par- ticipants (7.2%; Fig. 2A) (23). In contrast, People who engage in novel physical or men- (9–12). Studies of the role of sleep in there was only a single report of a thought tal activities for extended periods of time learning and memory have generally ig- about Tetris without clearly associated im- often experience a hallucinatory replay of the nored the hypnagogic period, focusing in- agery (Ͻ1%; Fig. 2B). As with the normal activities as they fall asleep, a phenomenon stead on possible roles of REM sleep and participants, the visual imagery reported noted in both literary and scientific sources deep, slow wave sleep (13–16). was highly stereotyped (24). (1–3). Although the origin of these images in We asked 27 participants to play 7 hours Normal controls without prior experi- waking experience appears clear, the source of the computer game Tetris (17) over 3 days, ence playing Tetris had first game scores within the brain and the function of such 2 hours at the first exposure and 1 hour each averaging 786, significantly higher than imagery are uncertain. If these images are subsequent morning and evening (18). Three that of the amnesics (25). They showed mediated by declarative memory systems, groups of participants were studied: 12 nov- considerable improvement in performance amnesic patients with bilateral hippocampal ices with no prior Tetris experience, 10 ex- over the 3 days and six sessions (Fig. 1) lesions should not experience them. Because perts with considerable Tetris experience, (26). The appearance of hypnagogic Tetris amnesics are capable of reporting dream ex- and 5 amnesics with extensive, bilateral me- images in novices was very similar to that periences (4, 5), the question can be mean- dial temporal lobe damage (19). Participants seen with amnesics. Nine of 12 Tetris nov- ingfully addressed. were repetitively prompted for mentation re- ices produced a total of 19 reports of Tetris Most studies of dreaming involve re- ports during the first hour of attempted sleep imagery over two nights of recording, a ports of mental activity after forced awak- (20). report rate very similar to that of the am- enings from rapid eye movement (REM) Even though the five amnesic patients nesics (Fig. 2A). The imagery described sleep (6, 7) or after spontaneous awaken- were of average intelligence, they were un- showed the same highly stereotyped con- ings in the middle of the night or morning able to learn and retain new episodic infor- tent as seen with the amnesics (27). Nov- (8). Hypnagogic mentation represents an- mation regardless of modality of presentation ices produced 12 reports of thoughts of other source of sleep-state mental imagery or the nature of the material. The perfor- Tetris without imagery (Fig. 2B). Such re- mance of the amnesic patients showed only ports, clearly linked to declarative memo- 1Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Psy- minimal, albeit significant, improvement ries, were virtually absent in the amnesics. chiatry, Harvard Medical School, 74 Fenwood Road, over 7 hours of play (Fig. 1). The mean score Ninety percent of the reports with images 2 Boston, MA 02115, USA. Memory Disorders Research increased from 537 points on participants’ from these novices (17 out of 19) were ob- Center, Boston University Medical School, Division of Behavioral Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical first game to a first session average of 651. tained on the second night. In contrast, two- Center, Boston, MA 02118 USA. Over the next five sessions, the scores in- thirds of the reports of thoughts alone (8 out *To whom correspondence should be addressed. E- creased by 36% to 884 points per game of 12) occurred on the first night (Fig. 2). mail: [email protected] (21). Although game playing is often seen Although this difference in distributions is 350 13 OCTOBER 2000 VOL 290 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org R EPORTS highly significant (28), further studies will be Identifying the sources of memories third night. These images, both conceivably needed to confirm the finding. Nevertheless, used in dream construction is normally con- sleep onset REM reports, were more complex the distribution of images is not what would tingent on the investigator’s subjective in- and bizarre than the others in our sample be expected if the images were the product of terpretation of obscure symbolic transfor- (34). either demand characteristics or a simple and mations of the original memory or on the The questions of how material is selected automatic replay of recent, repetitive, sensory dreamer’s own subjective evaluation. In the for and then incorporated into dreams and stimuli. case of hypnagogic reports of Tetris imag- what function this entire process serves re- Normal participants with extensive ex- es, no such subjective interpretations are main largely unresolved. But the data pre- perience playing Tetris, but who in general needed. Only reports that explicitly de- sented here, looking at sleep onset hypnago- had no recent practice (29), produced high scribed images or thoughts related to Tetris gic imagery, provide some insight into these scores from the start and showed no signif- were counted. Indeed, what was most strik- issues. icant improvement over the six sessions ing about the data was the strong similarity Out of 27 participants, 17 (63%) report- (Fig. 1) (30). Nevertheless, they also pro- in reports from different individuals. In all ed stereotypical hypnagogic images of Te- duced hypnagogic Tetris imagery. Over the cases, reported images included seeing tris during the first nights of play, imagery three nights, 5 of the 10 experts produced Tetris pieces, usually falling in front of clearly induced by the earlier Tetris play. 11 reports of hypnagogic Tetris imagery one’s eyes and sometimes rotating or fitting Unlike the images of REM sleep dreams, (4.7% of 235 reports), as well as 13 reports into empty spaces at the bottom of the these images were relatively accurate rep- of thoughts without images (5.5% of 235 screen. On rare occasions, participants also resentations of the actual visual imagery reports). As with the other groups, the im- reported seeing completed lines disappear- perceived during play of the game, albeit agery reported was stereotyped (31). In ing.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Meta-Consolidation for Continual Learning
    Meta-Consolidation for Continual Learning K J Joseph and Vineeth N Balasubramanian Department of Computer Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, India {cs17m18p100001,vineethnb}@iith.ac.in Abstract The ability to continuously learn and adapt itself to new tasks, without losing grasp of already acquired knowledge is a hallmark of biological learning systems, which current deep learning systems fall short of. In this work, we present a novel methodology for continual learning called MERLIN: Meta-Consolidation for Continual Learning. We assume that weights of a neural network , for solving task t, come from a meta-distribution p( t). This meta-distribution is learned and consolidated incrementally. We operate| in the challenging online continual learning setting, where a data point is seen by the model only once. Our experiments with continual learning benchmarks of MNIST, CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100 and Mini- ImageNet datasets show consistent improvement over five baselines, including a recent state-of-the-art, corroborating the promise of MERLIN. 1 Introduction The human brain is able to constantly, and incrementally, consolidate new information with existing information, allowing for quick recall when needed [5, 78]. In this natural setting, it is not common to see the same data sample multiple times, or even twice at times. Human memory capacity is also limited which forbids memorizing all examples that are seen during its lifetime [39]. Hence, the brain operates in an online manner, where it is able to adapt itself to continuously changing data distributions without losing grasp of its previously acquired knowledge [33]. Unfortunately, deep neural networks have been known to suffer from catastrophic forgetting [53, 25], where they fail to retain performance on older tasks, while learning new tasks.
    [Show full text]
  • Play It Again, Mr Sandman
    HIGHLIGHTS SLEEP AND MEMORY IN THE NEWS Purple haze Play it again, Mr Sandman A recent flurry of reports in the UK media focused on a paper In a scene familiar to all, a fractious in Nature Neuroscience on the addictive properties of the child is sent to bed in the belief that psychoactive component of the sleep that will surely follow will marijuana. They concerned a allow the child to get some much report by Steven Goldberg needed ‘rest’.But the idea that sleep is that self-administration simply a rest period has been repeat- behaviour is maintained by edly challenged over the years. delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in squirrel monkeys. Initially, the challenge was provided Previous studies that have by the electrophysiological descrip- tried to establish reliable self- tions of the sleep–wake cycle. More administration behaviour in recent findings have linked sleep and animals with THC have been the hippocampus with the consolida- unsuccessful, indicating that tion of neuronal temporalcodes for marijuana might have less spatial memory. However, we still potential for abuse than other drugs such as heroin and know little about sleep. Two recent cocaine. The press interest papers in Science provide thought- was stimulated by the likely provoking additions to this literature. impact of these findings on the In the first paper, Robert Stickgold polarized debate in the UK and colleagues focused on the effect media regarding the issue of of extended mental activity on hypn- whether to decriminalize marijuana. So how did the agogic mentation — the replay of media present the story? mental imagery at the onset of sleep.
    [Show full text]
  • The Importance of Sleep in Fear Conditioning and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
    Biological Psychiatry: Commentary CNNI The Importance of Sleep in Fear Conditioning and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Robert Stickgold and Dara S. Manoach Abnormal sleep is a prominent feature of Axis I neuropsychia- fear and distress are extinguished. Based on a compelling tric disorders and is often included in their DSM-5 diagnostic body of work from human and rodent studies, fear extinction criteria. While often viewed as secondary, because these reflects not the erasure of the fear memory but the develop- disorders may themselves diminish sleep quality, there is ment of a new safety or “extinction memory” that inhibits the growing evidence that sleep disorders can aggravate, trigger, fear memory and its associated emotional response. and even cause a range of neuropsychiatric conditions. In this issue, Straus et al. (3 ) report that total sleep Moreover, as has been shown in major depression and deprivation can impair the retention of such extinction mem- attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, treating sleep can ories. In their study, healthy human participants in three improve symptoms, suggesting that disrupted sleep contri- groups successfully learned to associate a blue circle (condi- butes to the clinical syndrome and is an appropriate target for tioned stimulus) with the occurrence of an electric shock treatment. In addition to its effects on symptoms, sleep (unconditioned stimulus) during a fear acquisition session. disturbance, which is known to impair emotional regulation The following day, during extinction learning, the blue circle and cognition in otherwise healthy individuals, may contribute was repeatedly presented without the shock. The day after to or cause disabling cognitive deficits. For sleep to be a target that, extinction recall was tested by again repeatedly present- for treatment of symptoms and cognitive deficits in neurop- ing the blue circle without the shock.
    [Show full text]
  • Powerpoint Template
    The New Science of Learning The New Science of Learning Designing Learning Activities in Harmony with how the Brain Learns 1 Mission-focused, Employee-centric, Teamwork, Integrity, Speed Follow The Research Slide Title • A Quote from Derek Bok, Former President of Harvard University • This quote comes from the recognition of the inconsistent behavior of faculty with regard to the research on teaching. • “In fact, it is somewhat perplexing that we as scientists are resistant to such change. We are well trained in how to approach problems analytically, collect data, make interpretations, form conclusions and then revise experimental hypotheses and protocols accordingly. If we are experts at making evidence–based decisions in our experimental laboratories, then what forces are at play that impede us from adopting equally iterative and evidence-based approaches to teaching in our classrooms.” 2 Mission-focused, Employee-centric, Teamwork, Integrity, Speed Follow The Research Here is our Professional Obligation We must follow where the research leads us even if it makes us uncomfortable or results in major changes in our teaching practices. 3 Mission-focused, Employee-centric, Teamwork, Integrity, Speed Speed of Knowledge Production According to Google-- 2.5 billion gigabytes of data are produced each day. 4 Mission-focused, Employee-centric, Teamwork, Integrity, Speed Speed of Knowledge Production Today’s chip when compared to the 1971 Intel processor chip (4004) • Has 3500 times more performance • Is 90,000 times more energy efficient • Is 60,000 times lower in cost ( Brian Krzanich Intel CEO) 5 Mission-focused, Employee-centric, Teamwork, Integrity, Speed Speed of Knowledge Production Todays beetle would need to go 300,000 mph It would need to get 2 million miles per gallon It would cost 4 cents ( Brian Krzanich Intel CEO) 6 Mission-focused, Employee-centric, Teamwork, Integrity, Speed Speed of Knowledge Production • In 2017 according to United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization there were 2.5 million books published worldwide.
    [Show full text]
  • Investigation of the Effects of Cannabidiol on Sleep-Like States and Memory-Associated Brain Events
    DEGREE PROJECT IN MEDICAL ENGINEERING, SECOND CYCLE, 30 CREDITS STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN 2020 Investigation of the effects of Cannabidiol on sleep-like states and memory-associated brain events TUGDUAL ADAM KTH ROYAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES IN CHEMISTRY, BIOTECHNOLOGY AND HEALTH Investigation of the effects of Cannabidiol on sleep-like states and memory-associated brain events TUGDUAL ADAM Master in Medical Engineering Date: September 24, 2020 Supervisor: Lisa Genzel Examiner: Arvind Kumar School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health Host company: Genzel Lab Swedish title: Undersökning av effekten av Cannabidiol på sömnliknande tillstånd och minnesassocierade hjärnhändelser iii Abstract A growing interest for Cannabidiol (CBD), a component of Cannabis Sativa, has occurred over the past years. The medical potential of the component is yet to be better characterized, as its effects on sleep, and in particular memory, are to date not well understood or consistently characterized. This master the- sis project focuses on analysing the effect of CBD on an anaesthesia-induced sleep-like state in rats, and its effects on the hippocampal sharp-wave-ripples, which have been shown to be associated with memory replay during sleep, and hence system consolidation. The hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, the two structures involved in memory consolidation, were recorded in 19 rats, split in two groups (CBD and vehicle). From these recordings, an automated sleep scorer using principal component analysis was developed to obtain the ani- mals’ hypnograms, which were analysed to study sleep-like structure. From the recordings of the hippocampal pyramidal layer, and an additionnal layer deeper under it, respectively ripples and sharp waves were detected in all an- imals, and characterized for each group.
    [Show full text]
  • Abnormal Sleep Spindles, Memory Consolidation, and Schizophrenia
    CP15CH18_Manoach ARjats.cls April 17, 2019 13:18 Annual Review of Clinical Psychology Abnormal Sleep Spindles, Memory Consolidation, and Schizophrenia Dara S. Manoach1,2 and Robert Stickgold3 1Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA; email: [email protected] 2Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA 3Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215; email: [email protected] Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol. 2019. 15:451–79 Keywords First published as a Review in Advance on cognition, endophenotype, genetics, memory, schizophrenia, sleep, spindles February 20, 2019 The Annual Review of Clinical Psychology is online at Abstract clinpsy.annualreviews.org There is overwhelming evidence that sleep is crucial for memory consol- https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050718- idation. Patients with schizophrenia and their unaffected relatives have a 095754 specific deficit in sleep spindles, a defining oscillation of non-rapid eye Access provided by 73.61.23.229 on 05/29/19. For personal use only. Copyright © 2019 by Annual Reviews. movement (NREM) Stage 2 sleep that, in coordination with other NREM All rights reserved oscillations, mediate memory consolidation. In schizophrenia, the spindle Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol. 2019.15:451-479. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org deficit correlates with impaired sleep-dependent memory consolidation, positive symptoms, and abnormal thalamocortical connectivity. These re- lations point to dysfunction of the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN), which generates spindles, gates the relay of sensory information to the cortex, and modulates thalamocortical communication.
    [Show full text]
  • The New Science of Learning
    The New Science of Learning • Developed by Professor Terry Doyle • Ferris State University • www.learnercenteredteaching.wordpress.com • [email protected] Slides are available for download at: www.learnercenteredteaching.wordpress.com University of South Carolina Here is Our Challenge? We as teachers can’t make informed decisions about which teaching approaches or tools to use if we don’t first understand how our students learn. To understand how our students learn we must understand how their brains take in, process, and retrieve information as well as the numerous factors that affect these processes. Key Questions 1. What knowledge and skills do students need to learn and what can they look up as needed? Key Questions 2. What is the best use of our time in helping students master the learning outcomes of our courses? Key Question 3. What would make us happy that our students still knew and could apply from the content and skills of our course a year later? We are Born to Learn The brain was meant to explore and learn The Definition of Learning Learning is a change in the neuron- patterns of the brain. (Goldberg, 2009) www.virtualgalen.com/.../ neurons-small.jpg Attention Drives the Changes One of the strongest findings in neuroplasticity is that attention is almost magical in its ability to physically alter the brain and enlarge functional circuits. (Merzenich and colleagues, UCSF, 2011) Keeping Students’ Attention Neuroscientists have a saying: Emotion drives attention and attention drives learning —this makes Attention the key to learning. (Merzenich and colleagues, UCSF, 2011) Keeping Students’ Attention But the brain’s processing abilities in a given moment are limited, and attention is the way the brain allocates its resources.
    [Show full text]
  • Finding the Stuff That Dreams Are Made Of
    Stickgold: Finding the Stuff that Dreams are Made of TheScientificWorld (2001) 1, 211212 Directions in Science TheScientificWorld (2001) 1, 211212 ISSN 1532-2246; DOI 101100/tsw200138 Finding the Stuff that Dreams are Made Of Robert Stickgold Harvard Medical School, 74 Fenwood Rd, Boston MA 02115 KEY WORDS: sleep, REM sleep, memory not normally contribute to the construction of hypnagogic dreams DOMAINS: neuroscience, learning and memory, behavior The study of hypnagogic dreams has fallen on hard times since the pioneering work of Foulkes and Vogel in 1965 [5], although a recent paper by Rowley and his col- The scientific study of dreams has had a long but tortured leagues [6] indicated a renewed interest in the field Now, history While the discovery of REM sleep in 1953 [1] and by showing that experimental interventions can reliably its strong correlation with dreaming [2] led to a renewed shape the content of hypnagogic dreams, we might see a hope that the study of dreaming could be moved to a solidly shift of some of the attention normally focused on REM scientific and physiological base, such studies have pro- sleep dreaming to this intriguing early night sleep phase vided only mixed success In 1977, Hobson and McCarley The fact that hippocampal involvement appears to be mini- [3] proposed the activation-synthesis model for dream con- mal or even completely absent in the construction of these struction based on the physiological features of REM sleep, dreams may be relevant to REM sleep dreaming as well, but since then the field has
    [Show full text]
  • A Good Night's Sleep
    16 A Good Night’s Sleep Cycles, Naps, Dreams, and Nightmares good night’s sleep should be declared a basic human right. Research is growing nearer to establishing What a Athe purpose of sleep. For delightful thing example, Robert Stickgold “ (1998), reviewing studies on rest is! The bed sleep and memory, points has become a out that among rats, sleep place of luxury to deprivation prevents memory me. I would not formation. This chapter exchange it for all reviews findings that may be the thrones in the helpful in understanding both what a good night’s sleep is world. and how we can manage to —Napoléon” Bonaparte get one. 427 OMB03b_Part 3_Ch16.indd 427 11/5/13 2:01 PM 428 Part Three: Wellness Topic 16.1 The Sleep cycle The infant averages 14 hours of sleep, the ma- ture adult 7½ hours, and the senior adult (over 75) averages 6. Before the invention of electric lights, typical adults slept for 9 hours. When all cues to time of day are removed, typical adults will average 10.3 hours of sleep daily, similar to their cousins, the apes and monkeys. However, studies show that the length of sleep is not what causes us to be refreshed upon waking. The key factor is the number of complete sleep cycles we enjoy. Each sleep cycle contains five distinct phases, which exhibit different brain wave patterns (see more in chapter 2): Pre-sleep: beta waves, or normal alertness. Phase 1 sleep: alpha waves, the mind at rest, eyes closed, breathing slowed, images beginning to appear; these im- ages can be voluntarily controlled—you are at this point still conscious.
    [Show full text]
  • Proceedings Chapter
    Proceedings Chapter Dreams, emotions and brain plasticity SCHWARTZ, Sophie Reference SCHWARTZ, Sophie. Dreams, emotions and brain plasticity. In: Behind and Beyond the Brain. [Lisboa] : Foundation Bial, 2012. p. 51-63 Available at: http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:45273 Disclaimer: layout of this document may differ from the published version. 1 / 1 Sono e sonhos Sleep and dreams O livro “Aquém e Além do Cérebro” contém as atas do 9º Simpósio da Fundação Bial, realiza- do na Casa do Médico, de 28 a 31 de março de 2012, tendo como membros da Comissão Orga- nizadora os Senhores Professores Fernando Lopes da Silva, Dick Bierman, Miguel Castelo-Branco, Alexandre Castro-Caldas, Axel Cleeremans, Rui Mota Cardoso, Mário Simões e Caroline Watt. Os textos estão disponíveis em www.bial.com. The book “Behind and Beyond the Brain” includes the texts of the Bial Foundation’s 9th Symposium, held at Casa do Médico, from the 28th to the 31st March 2012, having as members of its Organizing Committee the following Professors: Fernando Lopes da Silva, Dick Bierman, Miguel Castelo-Branco, Alexandre Castro-Caldas, Axel Cleeremans, Rui Mota Cardoso, Mário Simões and Caroline Watt. © COPYRIGHT Fundação Bial 2012. Os The texts are available at www.bial.com. textos são da responsabilidade dos autores, aos quais estão igualmente reservados todos Foi publicado em 1ª edição pela Fundação Bial os respetivos direitos autorais, designadamente com uma tiragem de 2.250 exemplares. noutras edições em português, em traduções e, de uma forma geral, em reproduções, totais ou It was published as 1st edition by Fundação Bial parciais, por qualquer outro meio.
    [Show full text]
  • EGO ERGO SUM: Toward a Psychodynamic Neurology
    J. ALLAN HOBSON, M.D. EGO ERGO SUM: Toward A Psychodynamic NEUrology Abstract. Modern sleep and dream science not only fails to support the central tenets of Freudian dream theory but raises serious questions about other strongly held psychodynamic assumptions including the nature of the unconscious mind, infantile sexuality, the tripartite model of the mind, the concept of ego defense, free association and the analysis of the transference as a way of effecting adap- tive change. This article summarizes a radical revision of psychodynamic theory in terms of the neurobiological findings of the last half century and proposes an alternative theoretical model which posits a virtual reality generator for the brain that arises late in evolution and early in the development of thermoregulating animals. The author’s training and clinical experience are used to highlight these theoretical considerations and inform a forthcoming treatment-oriented book in progress entitled EGO DAMAGE AND REPAIR. Keywords: REM sleep, dreaming, activation-syntheis, AIM model, protoconsciou- ness, virtual reality, free energy, hypnosis. GO ERGO SUM, the tentative title of my forthcoming book, is in- Etended to suggest an alternative theory of human development and human identity to those of two predecessors, René Descartes and Sig- mund Freud. My new protoconsciousness theory is designed to super- sede Cartesian dualism, a philosophical error that derives from illusory subjective experience and perpetuates the religious assumption that the soul survives the death of the body. According to Descartes (1649/1989), the brain and the mind are two causally separate entities, two perfectly synchronized watches created and set in motion by God.
    [Show full text]
  • The Neuropsychology of Dreaming: Studies and Observations Robert J Hoss, MS
    The Neuropsychology of Dreaming: Studies and Observations Robert J Hoss, MS Abstract: The unique state of the brain in REM sleep, when our more vivid dreams occur, appears to be involved in emotional processing and connecting new material with old material in memory systems, revealing these connections in the form of often personally “meaningful” picture-metaphors. The complex of active centers in the frontal regions may also provide the cognitive capability for not only managing emotion but also psychological restoral, conflict resolution and adaptive learning. Dreams can be observed to incorporate many of the waking state functions of these active centers, including initiating and mediating a resolution by creating and testing imagined scenarios, providing compensating cues to influence the action, and emotionally reinforcing scenarios which meet the anticipated outcome. Dreaming and Sleep States Dreaming occurs in many stages of sleep: at sleep onset (stage 1) where hypnagogic images appear; during lighter REM (for rapid eye movement) or paradoxical sleep; and even during deeper sleep (stages 2 and 3) or NREM sleep. Dreams differ in REM from those of NREM. REM stages begin at roughly 90 minute intervals of short duration at the beginning of sleep, becoming more frequent and lengthy before waking and occupying about 20 to 25% of our sleep time. When subjects are woken from REM sleep in laboratory studies, dreams are reported from 80% to near 100% of the time. These tend to be the more vivid, highly visual, story-like dreams that we think of as “dreams”. During NREM periods dreams have been found to be less frequent, often more thought-like and more like a replay or practice of prior day events.
    [Show full text]