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Proceedings Chapter Proceedings Chapter Dreams, emotions and brain plasticity SCHWARTZ, Sophie Reference SCHWARTZ, Sophie. Dreams, emotions and brain plasticity. In: Behind and Beyond the Brain. [Lisboa] : Foundation Bial, 2012. p. 51-63 Available at: http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:45273 Disclaimer: layout of this document may differ from the published version. 1 / 1 Sono e sonhos Sleep and dreams O livro “Aquém e Além do Cérebro” contém as atas do 9º Simpósio da Fundação Bial, realiza- do na Casa do Médico, de 28 a 31 de março de 2012, tendo como membros da Comissão Orga- nizadora os Senhores Professores Fernando Lopes da Silva, Dick Bierman, Miguel Castelo-Branco, Alexandre Castro-Caldas, Axel Cleeremans, Rui Mota Cardoso, Mário Simões e Caroline Watt. Os textos estão disponíveis em www.bial.com. The book “Behind and Beyond the Brain” includes the texts of the Bial Foundation’s 9th Symposium, held at Casa do Médico, from the 28th to the 31st March 2012, having as members of its Organizing Committee the following Professors: Fernando Lopes da Silva, Dick Bierman, Miguel Castelo-Branco, Alexandre Castro-Caldas, Axel Cleeremans, Rui Mota Cardoso, Mário Simões and Caroline Watt. © COPYRIGHT Fundação Bial 2012. Os The texts are available at www.bial.com. textos são da responsabilidade dos autores, aos quais estão igualmente reservados todos Foi publicado em 1ª edição pela Fundação Bial os respetivos direitos autorais, designadamente com uma tiragem de 2.250 exemplares. noutras edições em português, em traduções e, de uma forma geral, em reproduções, totais ou It was published as 1st edition by Fundação Bial parciais, por qualquer outro meio. with a print run of 2.250 copies. © COPYRIGHT Fundação Bial 2012. The authors are solely responsible for the content of the texts. All rights reserved with respect to Execução Gráfica / Printed by: Multitema other editions in Portuguese language and in Depósito Legal Nº 353797/13 translation, and in full or partial reproductions, ISBN: 978-972-99286-4-2 by any means whatsoever. ÍNDICE INDEX SESSÃO DE ABERTURA / OPENING SESSION - Discurso do Presidente da Fundação Bial ........................................................................ 9 Luís Portela - Discurso do Presidente da Comissão Organizadora ..................................................... 13 Fernando Lopes da Silva - Discurso do Presidente da Secção Regional Norte da Ordem dos Médicos ................. 15 Miguel Guimarães - Discurso do Vice-Presidente da Câmara Municipal do Porto ....................................... 17 Vladimiro Feliz Discurso do Reitor da Universidade do Porto ................................................................. 19 José Carlos Marques dos Santos - Discurso da Secretária de Estado da Ciência ................................................................. 21 Leonor Parreira CONFERÊNCIA INAUGURAL / OPENING CONFERENCE - Dream Consciousness .................................................................................................... 25 Allan Hobson PALESTRAS / LECTURES - Sleep, memory and dreams: putting it all together ..................................................... 37 Robert Stickgold - Dreams, emotions and brain plasticity .......................................................................... 51 Sophie Schwartz - REM sleep in insomnia ................................................................................................... 65 Kai Spiegelhalder - Lying awake of insomnia: imaging causes and consequences ..................................... 69 Eus Van Someren - Dream ESP studies before Maimonides: an overview, 1880s-1950s95 ........................ 77 Carlos Alvarado - Spontaneous Psi dreams: Louisa E. Rhine’s studies revisited .................................... 103 Sally Rhine Feather - What have we learned from experimental tests of dream ESP? ................................ 115 Christopher A. Roe 5 - The psychology of precognitive dream experiences ................................................. 127 Caroline Watt - Waking life and dreaming: how they interact ............................................................. 135 Michael Schredl - Sono, sonhos e sociedade ............................................................................................ 149 Teresa Paiva - Dynamic structure of NREM sleep and cognition ...................................................... 163 Péter Halász and R. Bódiz - Exploring the world of Lucid Dreaming ...................................................................... 173 Stephen LaBerge POSTER APRESENTADO PELA FUNDAÇÃO BIAL POSTER PRESENTED BY THE BIAL FOUNDATION ........................................... 189 LISTA DE POSTERS / POSTERS ................................................................................ 193 PALESTRANTES E MODERADORES / SPEAKERS AND MODERATORS - Notas biográficas / Curriculum Vitae .......................................................................... 209 Textos disponíveis em www.bial.com Texts availabe at www.bial.com 6 DREAMS, EMOTIONS AND brain plasticity Sophie Schwartz2* 1. Introduction “The scariest place was a neighborhood with sinuous paths. I was worried. Leaving the neighborhood, I saw a lot of lizards. I was looking for my girlfriend but could never find her. Sometimes, I was completely lost. At some point, shots were fired in my direction but I do not know if I was touched. The dream was very unpleasant. I was not comfortable.” This dream report was written by a young man just after waking up. It reveals several typical features of dream experiences such as complex perceptions (seeing places and animals), spatial navigation (moving from one place to the other), intentions or goals (looking for someone), confusion or amnesia (uncertain about being wounded), as well as particularly intense emotions, including high anxiety. One simple question that I would like to discuss here is why strong emotional experiences are so common in dreams. I will review psychological and neurophysiological data indicating that affective and motivational processes as well as underlying dedicated brain circuits are activated during sleep. I will also suggest that information that is highly relevant for the individual is prioritized for reprocessing during sleep. Moreover, emotions that we experience in dreams may subsequently promote adapted waking emotional reactivity and decision making [1, 2]. More generally, in the present paper, I provide support for the hypothesis that emotional or motivation factors exert a continuous influence on mental and neural activity across distinct brain states. Such affective effects during both wakefulness and sleep would thus guide (or bias) the selection of information that will gain access to conscious representation. While we dream, the brain is not at rest. This is evidenced by measures of brain activity acquired during sleep using various techniques such as for * Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland. 51 LECTURES example electroencephalography (EEG), positron emission tomography (PET), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). During rapid- eye movement (REM) sleep, brain activity measured by EEG resembles that observed during resting wakefulness. Moreover, during REM sleep, the virtual world that we experience in dreams is perceptually very veridical. Yet, dream experiences are no replicates of real life experiences: objects or characters that populate the dreams may often seem familiar although they differ from their real-life equivalents; perceptual representations are often bizarre, with distortions of size, texture, or color, for example; upon awakening, the dream plot may appear rather illogical; the dreamer is usually unaware of being in a dream; etc. Related to our initial question and as illustrated in the dream reported above, another key feature in dream reports is the high prevalence of strong emotions (especially for REM dreams) [3, 4], more negatively-loaded than those experienced in real life, and frequently related to fear or anxiety. How to can we relate the content of the dreams with underlying neural activity during sleep? The specific pattern of regions activated during REM sleep in humans is consistent with some main features of dreaming experience [1, 5-9] (Figure 1). In particular, widespread activity along occipital-temporal visual regions and motor regions is consistent with the highly visual and motor content of the dreams. Conversely, hypoactivation of lateral prefrontal cortices during REM sleep may cause disorientation, illogical thinking, and prevent supervisory control functions so that bizarre elements in dreams are not recognized as incompatible with our conception of the real world and of ourselves. Concerning strong (particularly negative) emotions in dreams, they may be facilitated by a net increase in amygdala activity, in particular during REM sleep [9]. Finally, we also recently proposed that the activation of the hippocampus and mesolimbic dopaminergic system (ML-DA) reward system (including the medial prefrontal cortex and in the dopaminergic ventral tegmental area) during sleep contributes to memory processes and to the generation and the motivational content of dreams [5]. Accordingly, the engagement of ML-DA and associated limbic structures would prioritize information with high emotional or motivational relevance for (re)processing during sleep and dreaming. 52 SOPHIE SCHWARTZ Figure 1. Distribution of activity in REM sleep and typical dream features. Regions showing in- creased or decreased
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