Ngā Aratohu Tangihanga Tangihanga Guidelines Ngā Aratohu Tangihanga Tangihanga Guidelines

2 – Ngā Aratohu Tangihanga: Tangihanga Guidelines Cover Image: Peter Florence Ngā Aratohu Tangihanga: Tangihanga Guidelines

Mate koe i te aroha, titiro ki Taranaki. He pūreikohu, ko au kei raro, e. (He pao mōteatea)

Tikanga and kawa guide tangihanga funeral processes. The purpose of the following guidelines is to educate whānau by sharing information about tangihanga on the pā and of Taranaki . These guidelines are not a definitive manual on all tikanga tangihanga. Only through experience, wānanga and returning home to the pā and marae of Taranaki Iwi can tikanga tangihanga be learned properly.

The following guidelines were discussed and refined during paepae wānanga held in 2018 and 2019. During the wānanga two core issues were identified:

• The scarcity of support and capability at our marae and pā which includes: kaikōrero; kaikaranga; kaiwaiata; and ringawera. • The growing number of people returning home who don’t understand what is expected of them during tangihanga.

While this guide explores Taranaki Iwi practises, other tribes outside of the rohe may organise their tangihanga differently. Communication with key people and the hau kāinga of any marae is always recommended. While some people may consider that talking about tangihanga is karanga-aitua (calling for misfortune), this is an important issue that in these modern times should be discussed openly and planned for. Especially as making decisions whilst grieving is challenging. These guidelines can help whānau plan and prepare for tangihanga so that when the time comes, whānau are aware of expectations, steps to be taken and can then anticipate what will happen at the marae or home during this traditional grieving ceremony.

The guide is split into six sections: 1. Whakaritenga Preparation PG. 4 2. Te Wā o te Mate At the Time of Death PG. 9 3. Whakarite Marae Preparing the Marae PG. 12 4. Whai Tikanga Following Tangihanga Processes PG. 15 5. Whai Muri After the Tangihanga PG. 20 6. Ngā Kupu Māori Glossary of Māori Words PG. 23

Prepared by Dennis Ngāwhare-Pounamu and Puna Wano-Bryant Whiringa ā Nuku 2019

Ngā Aratohu Tangihanga: Tangihanga Guidelines – 3 1._ Whakaritenga: Preparation

Tukanga Process Whakamārama Explanation Mahia Action

Me Hui a Whānau: Meeting as whānau and hapū to • Meet regularly with your whānau. Meeting as a Family discuss tikanga, mātauranga and • Talk to elders within the whānau planning issues is recommended. about their experience. Many whānau may already have • Pool information about previous established tikanga for tangihanga tangihanga. at marae. For other whānau this may be a new learning experience. Discussion and sharing information is how our whānau help each other and educate younger generations.

Ngā Wira: A will ensures a loved one’s interests • Encourage all whānau to prepare Wills are understood and honoured at the a will. time of death and afterwards. The will • Have a whānau hui (with affirmed can also contain instructions on how minutes) that note the wishes of property and dependents are looked the loved one. after as well succession to Māori Land • Name beneficiaries. interests and include specific funeral details and funds. The will should • Follow the legal process and seek appoint an executor or nominated advice from a registered lawyer. person to ensure the wishes of the A do-it-yourself approach deceased are carried out. (for example a handwritten note) can make a will invalid. Without a will or clear instructions • Without a will and clear to guide whānau, relationships can instructions, accessing bank sometimes suffer unfortunate disputes. accounts of the tūpāpaku can be If there isn’t a will, a court may appoint difficult and expensive. an administrator of an estate. • Keep important documents like Law Society guide to wills the will, bank account details, http://www.lawsociety.org.nz/news-and- insurance policies etc, together in communications/guides-to-the-law/ a safe, but accessible place. making-a-will-and-estate-administration • A will can protect the whānau and the final wishes of a loved one. If there is no will https://nzlaw.co.nz/the-closing-chapter/ • Consider the distribution of what-if-theres-no-will whānau taonga.

Māori Land Court https://maorilandcourt.govt.nz/your- maori-land/succession/

4 – Ngā Aratohu Tangihanga: Tangihanga Guidelines Tukanga Process Whakamārama Explanation Mahia Action

Whakarite Pūtea: Tangihanga and funerals are an • Set up a whānau trust to manage Preparing Financially unavoidable expense. Trying to a tangi fund. find funeral costs can be incredibly • Organise funeral insurance. stressful in an already sad time. • Prepay the funeral. Furthermore, the cost of bringing a tūpāpaku back to can be • Apply for a WINZ or ACC grant. exorbitant. Arranging tangihanga • Personal loans (while not insurance, life insurance or saving for recommended, may be the only tangihanga will alleviate the burden on option). whānau pani. Prepare ahead of time. • Give-a-little pages. Regardless of whether the tangihanga is • Koha cannot be relied on to pay held at a pā, in a funeral home, a church the bills. or in a private house, there are multiple bills to be considered. A standard funeral can cost upwards of $5,000. For example a basic guide to costs can include: Funeral director: $2k - $3k + Coffin / casket: $2k + Kahu whakatere: koha in line with coffin cost as agreed Embalming: $200 - $700 Cremation: $776 Hearse: $300 Burial /internment fees (council cemetery): $5,500 Newspaper Notices: $125 Death Certificate: $26 Catering (service only): $500 Catering (marae over 3 days): $2,000 + Marae koha Koha for people who have helped support the whānau

Links: Seniors funeral cost breakdown https://nzseniors.co.nz/funeral-insurance/ how-much-does-a-funeral-cost

Funeral Insurance Comparison https://www.moneyhub.co.nz/funeral- insurance.html

Te Hokinga Wairua: End of Life service https://endoflife.services.govt.nz/find- out#phase-462

Ngā Aratohu Tangihanga: Tangihanga Guidelines – 5 Tukanga Process Whakamārama Explanation Mahia Action

Ngā Uruwhenua: As more of our whānau are moving • Ensure passports are up to date. Passports overseas, particularly to Australia, • An emergency passport can take up there are added expenses and time to 3 days and cost over $500. delays for people to get home to • Ensure there are emergency funds Aotearoa and Taranaki. Waiting for to pay for flights. passports and flights to be arranged can put an extra strain on whānau pani • Consider pooling travel funds for and hau kāinga at the marae. one person to pay their respects rather than a whole family. If whānau members pass away overseas and wish to return home, repatriating • Givealittle pages are becoming a tūpāpaku from Australia to New common, but may not be quick or Zealand can exceed $20,000. There is even raise the funding necessary. considerable paperwork, depending on • If a whānau pani and kirimate are the country, and the tūpāpaku will need flying in from overseas, the extra to be embalmed and in a coffin. Whānau wait needs to be taken into account need to plan for this when moving away. with the tangihanga planning.

Whakatakataka Choosing a good local funeral director • Hiring a funeral director is not Tūpāpaku: can help the planning process. compulsory, however they can Funeral Director However, there is no legal requirement simplify processes. for a funeral director and whānau can • They may be necessary for choose to finalise details themselves. embalming. The funeral director can organise the • Consider different options, costs death certificate, embalming, the coffin, and services provided by funeral hearse transport to the marae and directors. urupā, the service and burial. Talk to other whānau about their experiences • Observe funeral directors at and when you attend tangihanga take tangihanga. note of how they look after the whānau • Talk to other whānau about their pani and the tūpāpaku. experiences and recommendations.

Hokinga ki te Marae: The right to return home to the marae • Have the connections to the pā Returning to the marae pā is a right, but this may been maintained? not mean that the pā marae is available • Does the whānau pani know what to hold the tangihanga. Maintaining is expected of them? connections between the pā marae • Make contact with marae pā first and whānau is essential in decision and foremost making. Reconnecting whilst still living is recommended. • Pā and Marae of Taranaki iwi contacts: https://taranaki.iwi.nz/ All whānau have reciprocal marae-pa/ responsibilities to the pā marae and understanding this relationship is important. During the tangihanga the haukāinga and hapū will be looking after the whānau pani and upholding tikanga.

6 – Ngā Aratohu Tangihanga: Tangihanga Guidelines Tukanga Process Whakamārama Explanation Mahia Action

Hokinga ki te Marae: This then sets an obligation on the Returning to the marae whānau pani to give back. Continued Choosing to take a tūpāpaku back to the pā marae will involve tikanga, tapu and restrictions on outlandish plans. Whilst hau kāinga will do all they can to manaaki the whānau pani, the whānau pani also need to understand that they will have to fit into the tikanga and kawa of tangihanga at the pā marae.

Noho Kāinga: Many whānau are choosing to hold • The room where the tūpāpaku lies Staying Home tangihanga in their private homes, must be separate from the kitchen rather than taking the tūpāpaku back and eating area. This can be difficult to the marae or to a funeral home. If in open plan living houses. a whānau does choose to stay home, • Photographs of living people to they can still follow the guidelines to be removed from the room where help them through the funeral process. tūpāpaku lies. Although there may be freedom • Consider moving all the furniture associated with staying at home, out of the room to create an open tikanga should be followed in order to space. Line with mattresses if keep the whānau and manuhiri safe. available. • Utilise a garage or marquee tent for a cooking and dining area. All visitors should receive a kai. • If you have a kaikōkiri, they will be able to help organise a paepae to assist with tikanga. • If the whānau choose to apply tikanga of karakia, karanga and whaikōrero, then this will need to be maintained throughout the whole tangihanga. • Ensure that a vessel outside the entrance is available for people to sprinkle themselves with water when they leave the building. • Follow other points in the tangihanga guidelines where applicable. • Takahi the whare immediately after burial, or when the tūpāpaku is taken away to the marae.

Ngā Aratohu Tangihanga: Tangihanga Guidelines – 7 Tukanga Process Whakamārama Explanation Mahia Action

Te Urupā: All marae and pā have associated • If connections have been The Cemetery urupā throughout the Taranaki iwi rohe. maintained, a whānau will know Although whānau may have kinship which urupā the tūpāpaku will be connection to the marae, there may not taken to. be guaranteed burial access in the urupā. • Sometimes permission will need to Discussion needs to be had with the hau be given before burial, speak with kāinga, marae and urupā trustees which the hau kāinga of the marae or may be different committees. trustees as soon as possible. If burying at a whānau urupā, early • Identify the specific location discussion about grave location is within urupā. helpful so it’s known what part of the • If the tūpāpaku is to be buried urupā is available to whānau. within a council cemetery If the cemetery is a Council operated purchase a plot/s ahead of time so cemetery purchase a plot ahead of time whānau can be buried together. as this will ensure whānau can be buried close together.

Links: New Plymouth District Council cemetaries https://newplymouthnz.com/en/residents/ facilities-and-service/cemetaries-and- crematorium/cemetaries-and-crematorium- fees-and-charges South Taranaki District Council cemeteries: https://www.southtaranaki.com/Council/A- Z/C/Cemeteries

Kaikōkiri Appointing a key contact person • Identify a kaikōkiri to act as a connected to your whānau to liaise liaison. between the whānau, the hau kāinga of • Organise kaikōkiri training if the pā marae and funeral director can needed, so they know who to alleviate stress. Ideally the loved one contact, when and why. should have a say in who this person • Many whānau may already have is before their passing. Furthermore, the ‘go to’ person who tends to this person should be at the marae organise events for the family, and throughout the tangi. Many whānau it is important that they are kept may already have that go-to person, in the loop. so ensure they are identified and communicated with. • Ideally the kaikōkiri will stay for the entire tangihanga.

8 – Ngā Aratohu Tangihanga: Tangihanga Guidelines 2._ Te Wā o te Mate: Time of Death

Tukanga Process Whakamārama Explanation Mahia Action

Te Mate: When a person dies in hospital or • If the person has died in the Death hospice a doctor can issue a death Emergency Department or the ICU certificate if the cause of death is known. unit they may be referred to the In some cases, the tūpāpaku will be coroner. reported to the coroner, who will refer • A death has to be registered with it to the Police. This includes death by: Births, Deaths and Marriages. unknown cause, violence, unnatural • Have someone stay with the death, suicide, or death that relates to tūpāpaku until released. medical, surgical, dental or anaesthetic procedures. • Sometimes whānau may have to wait until a doctor is available to If the person has died at home (or in any sign the death certificate. Prepare other place) phone 111 immediately. to be patient. If in a hospital or hospice, the whānau can usually stay with the tūpāpaku. If at time of death the tūpāpaku has no kin Registering deaths present, the hospital kaiawhina will try https://www.govt.nz/browse/family-and- to contact whānau. New Zealand/death-and-bereavement/ The tūpāpaku will be released to the registering-a-death/ custody of a funeral director. However, if the whānau choose not to use a funeral director, they are able to take away the tūpāpaku themselves as long as it is done with dignity and respect.

Kaitirotiro Tūpāpaku: If a death is unexpected, by violence or • If the tūpāpaku is taken away, Coroner the cause is unknown, the tūpāpaku can decide who amongst the whānau be sent to the coroner. The Police may will travel with it (if possible). also be involved in the investigation • They will be a delay on the depending on the means of death. tūpāpaku being brought back home, As there is currently no coroner service so include this in planning. in Taranaki, the tūpāpaku can be sent • The coroner report could include to Hamilton, Palmerston North or unpleasant information, so be Wellington instead. This will then delay prepared. the return of the tūpāpaku. • A funeral director or kaikōkiri can The process will include: make enquiries with the Mortality Office as to when the tūpāpaku will • Formal identification of the be released. tūpāpaku; • Post mortem examination (autopsy) • An inquest or formal judicial hearing may be held in the future. More details on the coronial investigation can be found here: https://coronialservices.justice.govt.nz

Ngā Aratohu Tangihanga: Tangihanga Guidelines – 9 Tukanga Process Whakamārama Explanation Mahia Action

Kahu Whakatere: Kahu whakatere is a tikanga that has • There are kaitiaki of kahu been reintroduced in Taranaki and whakatere that will talk you involves wrapping the tūpāpaku with through the tikanga and kawa of whāriki woven from flax, instead of kahu whakatere with you. using a coffin. This is a specialist job • Preparation and planning needed and requires trained weavers for an beforehand. extended period of time. If you want a kahu whakatere, it is more than an • Contact the office of Te Kahui o adornment so discuss it with with the Taranaki for information about kaitiaki of this tikanga ahead of time. kahu whakatere kaitiaki.

Whakakakahutia For many whānau this can be a special • Contact a funeral director about Tūpāpaku: time to gather and dress the tūpāpaku. embalming requirements. Dressing the Tūpāpaku This involves washing and clothing the • Contact kaitiaki kahu whakatere tūpāpaku before being placed in the (if an option) to coordinate coffin or the kahu whakatere. weavers. Embalming is not a legal requirement for • Consider what korowai or kahu will tūpāpaku. However, there are associated lay on top of the tupāpaku. health and preservation issues that • Choose their finest or favourite will affect the tūpāpaku and can be clothes. distressing for whānau. • Consider taonga that will be buried. • Arrange a nice photo and frame of your loved one. • Arrange photos of whānau and tupuna who have passed to take onto the marae pā with you.

Tahu Tūpāpaku: Cremation is becoming more common • Contact the local cremation service Cremation and in the wider Taranaki region there when planning the tangihanga to are examples of tūpuna cremating book in a time. tūpāpaku. However, there may be • Cremators are usually closed on a religious, ethical or cultural reasons why Sunday. a person does not want to be cremated. • Organise an urn or similar vessel The cremation process involves the for your loved one. coffin and tūpāpaku being placed insider the cremetar and burned at high temperatures. Any metal is extracted afterwards. Bone fragments are pulverised to ash and mixed in with the cremated remains. The whānau will then be given back the cremated remains in a container, and they may then choose a suitable urn.

10 – Ngā Aratohu Tangihanga: Tangihanga Guidelines Tukanga Process Whakamārama Explanation Mahia Action

Ngā Rā Tangihanga: Decide on the length of tangihanga as • In exceptional circumstances Length of Tangihanga soon as possible and before going to the there can be a longer tangihanga marae. This decision needs to be made but this needs to be discussed by the whanau pani and the hau kāinga with the hau kāinga. of the marae. Factors that will influence • Consider the pressure on the hau the decision are: kainga, ringawera and facilities if • Time of passing. tangihanga go over 3 days. • Location of tūpāpaku in relation to • The tangihanga should be a marae. maximum of 3 days • State of the tūpāpaku • Consider holding the tūpāpaku at home for a night particularly if • If burial is in a Council cemetery waiting for someone to fly from they may be closed for burials on a overseas. Sunday • Crematorium time needs to be booked and is usually closed on Sunday. • Some hāhi will not have services or burials on Sundays Tangihanga that are longer than three days impose extra pressure on the hau kainga and ringawera. Although sometimes this is unavoidable, planning should be focused on the three day rule. The whānau who come to help at a tangihanga volunteer their time because of their kinship relationships and aroha but they must take time off work, away from their own families and other responsibilities. Please consider this when organising the tangihanga.

Pānui Atu: Traditionally news of deaths were • Place a notice in the paper of Informing People shared by word of mouth. Then through funeral arrangements. newspaper adverts and the telephone. • A funeral directors can organise the With the advent of social media, there newspaper notice. are many ways of sharing this knowledge. • There is an ongoing debate on the It is still a matter of respect to visit or use of social media like Facebook, phone close kin. Finding out through Twitter or Instagram to inform social media may not be acceptable to people about tangihanga. some whānau and people. • If social media (usually Facebook) is to be used to notify arrangements, nominate one person within the whānau to do this and ensure the information is accurate.

Ngā Aratohu Tangihanga: Tangihanga Guidelines – 11 3._ Whakarite Marae

Tukanga Process Whakamārama Explanation Mahia Action

Whakarite Marae: The pā marae should be alerted as • Identify the people responsible for Preparing the Marae early as possible after death to prepare getting the marae ready. facilities before the arrival of the • Communication needed with the pā tūpāpaku. Sometimes the hapū will marae, hau kāinga on date and time organise this, and at other times it will of arrival and the nehua. be the wider whānau of the whānau • All facilities and buildings need to pani. Due to modern pressures of be cleaned. work and time, it won’t always be the same people. Ideally the kaikōkiri will • Key roles need to be appointed. liaise with the hau kainga, but having a • Kitchen needs to be organised. whānau plan to implement in times of tangihanga is preferred.

Ngā Pou: The kaikōkiri, whānau pani and hau • Constant communication is Key Roles kāinga need to work together on needed between the paepae, coordinating the paepae and kitchen kitchen, kaikōkiri and the for the tangihanga. Expectations and whānau pani. requirements of tikanga at the pā and • The paepae needs to communicate marae need to be explained to the clearly with the whānau pani about whānau. Te Reo Māori is the language their expectations during the of our ancestors and will be used during tangihanga. karanga, karakia, whaikōrero and • The paepae need to know when waiata. Key roles will include: manuhiri are arriving, and who • Kaikaranga (caller) they are. • Kaikōrero (speaker) • Ideally people from the whānau • Kairuruku/Minita (lead karakia/ will sit with the paepae, either minister) inside or on the mahau, to learn • Kaiwaiata (singer) tikanga. • Kaikuki (head cook) • Encourage the mātāmua (eldest) • Kaikohikoha (koha collector) to sit inside during the tangihanga and fulfill a representative role for During the tangihanga these people will the whānau. be representing the whānau pani, the • When callers or speakers are pā, marae, hapū and the iwi. Kaikaranga changing, it’s important for them and kaikōrero should be proficient in to communicate with each other Te Reo Māori and knowledgeable of about the tangi, the whānau, Taranaki tikanga and kawa. Ideally there whakapapa and other issues that should be more than one person on the may have arisen. paepae or mahau, so this is a great time to encourage our whānau who have been learning Te Reo Māori. Tangihanga are the ideal time to learn and put into practise Te Reo Māori, tikanga and mātauranga. Our people should be encouraged to aspire to being on the paepae and mahau. Whether elders or young people, our paepae in Taranaki is accommodating.

12 – Ngā Aratohu Tangihanga: Tangihanga Guidelines Tukanga Process Whakamārama Explanation Mahia Action

Te Kauta: Throughout the tangihanga, the kitchen • Discuss within the whānau and the The Kitchen is responsible for feeding the whānau, marae who will be coordinating the workers and manuhiri, and the work can kitchen. be non-stop. A kaikuki or head cook • Coordinate ringawera to help in is vital in coordinating meals, buying the kitchen as it can be difficult to groceries, and keeping the kitchen on rely on whānau turning up to help, task. Most pā marae have their head although people tend to gravitate cooks, similarly many whānau also have towards the kitchen. their go-to cooks. Usually this isn’t • Meal planning and grocery shopping an appointed position. The ringawera is essential. consist of those who can volunteer to help out. Due to modern pressures, it isn’t • While koha in the form of kai is always guaranteed that the same people often given, this can’t be guaranteed will be in the kitchen for the whole time. and there needs to be enough food purchased to feed the people. Consider: • The first meal needs to be prepared. • Agreed times for main meals Often it is the hapū and hau kāinga • Kai available for a visiting ope; for of the pā marae responsible but it is example will there be a coffee/tea dependent on availability of people. station with finger food available, or • Constant communication between will tables be reset for every group. the paepae and kitchen ensures the • Hakari menu and time. smooth running of a tangihanga.

Te Wharetūpuna: In Taranaki, all tūpāpaku lie in state • The whare is to be cleaned The Meeting House within the wharetūpuna. This is different thoroughly, vacuumed and dusted. from other areas, where tūpāpaku may • Mattresses laid out with sheets and lay on the mahau or in specially erected pillowcases put on pillows. buildings or tents. • Kawakawa collected for the doors The wharetūpuna needs to be of the . prepared, cleaned and set up before • The tūpāpaku will usually lie on a the tupapaku comes to the marae. special whāriki, which is laid out Usually the space for the tūpāpaku just before the tūpāpaku is brought is not prepared until just before the into the house. tūpāpaku arrives at the gate. • The whānau pani is to supply their own mattress for the coffin.

Ngā Aratohu Tangihanga: Tangihanga Guidelines – 13 Tukanga Process Whakamārama Explanation Mahia Action

Taenga atu ki te Pā The tangihanga begins when the • The designated place to lay the Marae: tūpāpaku arrives back at the pā marae. body will be marked by a whāriki Arriving at the Pā Marae The first day and the whakatau-mate and/or mattress. can often set the wairua for the rest of • Coffin is to be turned around with the tangi, so it is essential it is done the head against the wall. properly. Ideally the whole whānau pani • Remove the coffin lid and place should be there to bring the tūpāpaku behind the coffin against the wall. on together. Usually the first day of the tangihanga is given over to the whānau • Place all coffin screws by the feet of pani and hapū, before welcoming in the tūpāpaku or a similar safe spot. other hapū, iwi and manuhiri. • Korowai, taonga, pictures, flowers to be arranged on and around the Inform whānau about our kawa in coffin. Karakia, whaikōrero and Taranaki and what will be expected of waiata will follow. them when they are called onto the marae. Arrive before sunset. In Taranaki we usually do not call manuhiri or the dead onto the marae at nighttime. Plan travel time accordingly. If the tūpāpaku is travelling from a distance and there is a likelihood of being late, perhaps organise a stopover or incorporate this into arrangements.

14 – Ngā Aratohu Tangihanga: Tangihanga Guidelines 4._ Whai Tikanga

Tukanga Process Whakamārama Explanation Mahia Action

Tikanga Tangihanga: Taranaki has a distinctive kawa and • Te Reo Māori will be used in the Tangihanga Protocols tikanga for tangihanga. While there formal welcome of the tūpāpaku, are many similarities with tangihanga manuhiri, karakia and throughout around the country, there are some the tangihanga. differences to other tribal groupings. • English is fine outside of formal Whānau pani and visiting manuhiri situations. need to be aware of our way of doing things. If there are questions about • Manuhiri will immediately hongi and processes, then these need to be asked hariru the hau kāinga and whānau of the paepae and hau kāinga as the when they enter the whare before principles of tapu and noa guide the whaikōrero. proceedings and dictate what is and • There are restrictions on what people isn’t acceptable throughout. are allowed to do at the marae.

Takoto Taonga: If korowai, mere or other whānau • Consider how to place taonga on or Taonga on Tupāpāku. taonga are placed on the tūpāpaku the around the tūpāpaku. positioning can be significant. • Ask the hau kāinga if uncertain. If the korowai or mere are not to be buried with the tūpāpaku then the top of the korowai should lay down by the feet and the handle part of the mere should also point towards the feet.

Manaakihia te The role of the whānau pani and • The whānau pani must have someone Whānau Pani: kirimate during the tangihanga sitting either side of the tūpāpaku at Looking after the is to grieve. They are expected to all times. Whānau Pani stay beside the tūpāpaku for the • The tūpāpaku is never to be left alone duration of the tangihanga and are in an empty whare. not required to help in the kitchen or • Nominate someone to look after participate on the paepae. The hapū the pouaru (widow/widower) and and related whānau are responsible kirimate, especially if they are grief for looking after the whānau pani stricken. during this period. • If you have whānau and friends Tangihanga, like any funeral, can be a travelling please liaise with the difficult time for people. This is when it paepae so they know who they are. is essential that whānau, and everyone Encourage them to arrive in groups else affected by grief are cared for. rather than singly. • Encourage people to sit in the whare, rather than wandering around the marae. • After an ope has been through tidy up the mattresses and pillows and keep the space tidy and clean. • Encourage whānau to wear respectable clothing.

Ngā Aratohu Tangihanga: Tangihanga Guidelines – 15 Tukanga Process Whakamārama Explanation Mahia Action

Manaakihia te • Whānau pani should stay overnight Whānau Pani: at the marae, unless people have Looking after the special needs. This is an important Whānau Pani time to imbue the whare with the Continued wairua of your whānau and to stay close to your loved one • Make sure that the whare is tidied up in the morning before breakfast, bags and blankets packed away and ready to receive manuhiri.

Koha In Taranaki the way we give koha is • Appoint someone in the whānau to called kokohu. This means that koha collect the koha. is given directly to a kaikōrero as you • Inform the paepae who the enter the house (e.g. the main manuhiri kaikohikoha is, so they know who to speaker gives to appropriate person on pass the koha to. paepae), to a kaikōkiri or to a member • Record from whom koha is given. of the whānau pani. In a sense the koha is hidden away and given with humility. • Inform manuhiri about Taranaki This can be different from other areas kawa regarding koha. where handing over the koha is done • Ideally koha is to be given directly during the powhiri with speeches to a person before or after the referencing the koha. If a koha is given whakatau. during the whakatau by a speaker from • If it is given during the whakatau, it another area, then it should be handed should be given into the hand. to a designated speaker rather than • Koha in the form of kai should placed on the ground. be taken directly to the kitchen Appoint a person to collect and through the back after powhiri. record the koha. This is important for the paepae to be able to hand over envelopes etc to one single and trusted person.

Mate Whakamomori: A death by suicide can be emotional. • Follow the same process of Suicide Often whānau pani can be shocked, tangihanga as for any other person. overwhelmed by grief, and there • Demonstrate tautoko, manaaki and can be a lot of anger directed at the aroha to the whānau. tūpāpaku and family. Some religions • Use the tangihanga as a time to talk or groups demand that the tūpāpaku openly about suicide prevention and be treated differently. This is not the depression case in Taranaki. Regardless of the circumstances of death, it is still the • He mate te mate: A death is a death, death of an uri of Taranaki iwi. Support, there is no difference. compassion and aroha should be shown to the whānau pani, the same as any other tangihanga.

16 – Ngā Aratohu Tangihanga: Tangihanga Guidelines Tukanga Process Whakamārama Explanation Mahia Action

Karakia: Karakia will be performed every • Karakia every night. Prayers night whilst the tūpāpaku is in the • Paepae to lead karakia and/or a whare. Either the paepae lead this, or minita or kairuruku. if a minita is present, they will do so. • Designate a time and organise the Karakia should happen at a designated whānau so that all are present. time, and everyone at the pā marae are expected to attend.

Poroporoaki: The poroporoaki refers to the last • Organise a minister, or ask the The Last Night night before the burial. Karakia, paepae to lead karakia. speeches and waiata are shared in • Encourage whānau to think of remembrance of the tūpāpaku. If something to share beforehand, a minister is available, often they whether a short speech, a memory, will lead the karakia. Otherwise the a song or a joke. kaikōrero will lead karakia, followed • The time and duration will depend on by an open floor for speeches. In the pā marae. Some poroporoaki have Taranaki, anyone can speak on been known to go all night. Whereas poroporoaki night and there are no others may be over within an hour. restrictions in terms of age, gender There is no set time. or language. This is a time to share memories of your loved one with love, humour and waiata.

Taupokina: The taupokina refers to the closing • Closing the lid can be a very Closing of the Coffin of the coffin or covering up of the emotional time. A strong tūpāpaku. Most tangihanga will recommendation in the paepae involve an open casket, with the wānanga is to close the coffin earlier coffin closed before the final journey. in the day, rather than just before This is a special time that allows the or after the service. Some whānau whānau to have their last moments can feel like their grief is on display with their loved one in a supportive when everyone is watching just environment, but it can also be before the service. intensely difficult. The timing of the • An earlier closing can potentially taupokina can vary for each marae mean an earlier service. and whānau. Guidance around when • The lid should be slid onto the coffin, and how to close the lid is advisable like pulling a blanket up, rather than because it can affect timings for the simply placed down. service. Usually it is the choice of the whānau pani as to what is the best time.

Times for closing the lid can include: • The night before, following the poroporoaki. • Before sunrise. • Just before the tūpāpaku leaves the whare after the service. • Another appointed time.

Ngā Aratohu Tangihanga: Tangihanga Guidelines – 17 Tukanga Process Whakamārama Explanation Mahia Action

Taupokina: Regardless of the designated time it is Closing of the Coffin essential that everyone knows the time Continued and what will happen so people can pay their respects.

Time is also made available for the ringawera, the cooks and workers to come in and pay their respects before the taupokina. Karakia and karanga will occur during the closing.

Te Nehua: The service takes place on the last day • Waiata and himene (hymns), at least The Service and involves karakia, speeches and 2 to 4 are prepared. Tangi can be a then taking the tūpāpaku on it’s last great time to learn or reintroduce journey to the urupā. A date and time old waiata within the whānau. should have been decided before the • Scriptures/readings/poems – whānau arrived at the pā marae. During organise both the reading and the the tangihanga is an ideal time to meet reader beforehand. together as a whānau and prepare the • Manu - If appropriate our order of the service. Communication traditional poi can be included. needs to happen between the whānau, the paepae, the kitchen and the hau • Appoint someone to speak the kāinga. Some pā marae will have a set eulogy on behalf of the family. tikanga to follow, and other pā marae • Pallbearers. are open to the whānau deciding how • Service sheets should be printed the service will go. beforehand. A proposal from paepae wānanga • Time for service, burial and hākari to discussions is that the service time is set be coordinated with ringawera. for earlier in the day. This will then allow • Organise the vehicle to transport an earlier hākari. the tūpāpaku the day before. This Service Sheet Template should not be left to the last minute. https://www.usurnsonline.com/funeral- • Appoint tamariki to hand out the resources/our-favorite-actually-free-funeral- service sheets. program-templates/ • Dress in formal clothing. • Start on time.

Te Urupā: Taking the tūpāpaku into the urupā will • The coffin or kahu whakatere should The Cemetery be accompanied by karakia, karanga have been measured so that the grave is and whaikōrero. The minita and paepae the correct size. will offer karakia and whaikōrero, and • Karanga will call the tūpāpaku into the then hand over to the whānau for any urupā, everyone else to follow in behind. last words. Long speeches should have been said at the marae. After the karakia, • Speeches should have been spoken at the tūpāpaku is lowered into the grave, the pā marae. However there is space and people pay their last respects with for last words, waiata and to be words and handful of earth. performed.

18 – Ngā Aratohu Tangihanga: Tangihanga Guidelines Tukanga Process Whakamārama Explanation Mahia Action

Te Urupā: Filling in the grave can be the job for • Plan enough time for the burial at the The Cemetery all the whānau. If it’s at the urupā urupā so that the whānau isn’t rushed. Continued muck in, if it’s at the council cemetery, • Remember that the ringawera are they will finish it off. It is good practise waiting to serve the hākari, so return as a whānau to not walk away until the to the pā marae at a designated time. hole is filled. • Shovels and spades should be restricted to the urupā. The same equipment used for hāngi at the pā marae should not be used in the urupā.

Te Hokinga Mai: When returning to the marae all people • Everyone who goes to the urupā is The Return to the Marae who went to the urupā should wait to to wait at the entrance to the marae. be called back into the wharenui. Do • The people will be called back into not re-enter the marae until called. the wharenui. This is the process of bringing the • Wait until the ringawera call the whānau pani from a state of mourning people into the dining room. into the world of light. The people will be called back into the wharenui, where there will be short speeches characterised by lightness of tone and humour. When the ringawera are ready, the people will be called in the dining room for the hākari.

Te Hākari: The hākari is the last act of the • When the hākari is ready, the whānau The Feast tangihanga and is used to cleanse the pani enter and are seated first. whānau pani and mourners of their • Appoint kaumātua and senior restrictions and celebrate life and members of the whānau to sit at the whanaungatanga. The hākari occurs head table along with the widow, after the tūpāpaku has been buried, and children, siblings and parents of the the whānau return back to the pā marae. deceased. Most often a hangi will be prepared for • Consider holding the hākari earlier in hākari, and this must be planned for the day, if following an early service. during the course of the tangi. Whānau • Hangi preparation involves collecting may also choose to not have a hangi. a significant amount of wood, food Sometimes the whānau are not able preparation and 6-8 hours of burning to return to the pā marae when the and cooking time. cemetery is a considerable distance away, the tūpāpaku is taken to another marae in another area, or it is cremated. In these situations a hākari can occur the night before or before the tūpāpaku leaves the marae. Regardless of whether the whānau returns to the marae pā, there should be some kind of final meal together after the burial or cremation.

Ngā Aratohu Tangihanga: Tangihanga Guidelines – 19 5._ Whai Muri: After the Tangihanga

Tukanga Process Whakamārama Explanation Mahia Action

Whakapai Marae: Whānau pani are expected to • After the hākari, everyone to help Cleaning the Marae reciprocate manaakitanga and clean with the dishes. the marae after the tangihanga. For the • If the ringawera haven’t eaten, set duration of the tangihanga, the whānau placings for them. pani have been cared for by the hau • Clean the kitchen and dining room kāinga and many other people. After the after the hākari. hākari the whānau pani are expected to return the honour by serving the • Before leaving the marae, ensure ringawera (if they haven’t already eaten), that all buildings (whare tūpuna, then cleaning the kitchen and dining kitchen, dining room, wharepaku room. They have the responsibility of and exterior) have been cleaned leaving the pā and marae clean when thoroughly. everyone leaves

Takahi Whare: Tramping the house refers to the • Takahi the tūpāpaku’s former home Tramping the house whānau returning back to walk through before inhabiting it. the home of the tūpāpaku, reciting • Ask the minita or kairuruku to lead. karakia and touching all surfaces. This • Whānau and friends walk through is to bless the house and to exorcise and touch everything. any lingering tapu from the house and make it fit for inhabitation. If the house • If close to the marae, takahi the is close to the marae, then this may whare after burial. happen directly after the burial and • Alternatively if living at a distance before the hākari. If the home is far away, from the marae, organise a suitable it is ideal to organise a time afterwards time as soon as possible. to takahi whare. This tikanga is led by a • If the tangi was held in a private minister or kairuruku. house, then the takahi whare should take place immediately after the body is taken away or after burial.

Utua ngā Pire: It is good practise to have a whānau • Ensure that all bills are paid out. Paying the Bills hui immediately after the tangi to get • Pay a koha to the marae. Consider a report back from your koha collector electricity, water usage, facility and to organise payments of bills and upkeep and other costs that it takes agree on koha to be given. to open the pā and marae for a tangi. It can be embarrassing if the pā marae has to chase this up. • Decide where other koha to be paid, for example to kaikorero, kaikaranga, minita, ringawera, gravediggers • Remember that sometimes if koha is given to one person, and not to another, this can lead to future grievances.

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Kawe Mate During a tangihanga other whānau of • Reciprocate by attending and helping the hapū and iwi often rally around at other tangihanga. the whānau pani and support them • Take the kawe mate to other marae for days at a time. Therefore it is the and pā where there is a connection. reciprocal responsibility as a whānau • Taranaki kawe mate kaupapa include: to give back to those who helped. This can include attending other tangi • 18th, 19th June at Parihaka; Maui (sometimes immediately), giving koha Pomare Day (last weekend in June at back commensurate with what was Owae Marae in Waitara); Koroneihana given, and helping at the tangihanga of (at Turangawaewae Marae in those families. You can send whānau Ngaruawahia). representatives as well. Kawe mate to those special places where your loved one has lived and spent time or has whakapapa connections to, including other pā and marae. This requires coordination so take whānau and maybe stay the night amongst the hau kāinga. Take the favourite photo of your loved one with you too.

Ngā Pungarehu: If you have cremated ashes and wish to • Inquire beforehand with the pā marae Ashes return home to the marae or to bury or about where to bury or spread ashes. scatter the ashes you must liaise with • Ashes should not be spread over sea, the pā marae about their tikanga on in rivers or in other sensitive areas this issue. Every pā marae is different, that may be food gathering places. and each urupā may have different rules. Inquire beforehand. Holding onto ashes for a long time, or storing them in inappropriate places is not recommended.

Hura Kohatu: The unveiling of the headstone is • Organise a headstone at least 6 Unveiling typically done on the year anniversary months before the set date for the after the funeral. However, there is unveiling. no set timetable so it can happen • Work together on the style and before or after the anniversary, as wording that reflects that person. If it is up to the whānau pani to plan there is a surviving spouse design it and when they are ready. Ideally it for two. should involve the same paepae as • For this occasion the whānau should the tangihanga. Funding for the hura muck in and cater for the visitors. It is kohatu should be set aside for the a good opportunity to give back. headstone, the hakari and the pā marae. This is also an opportunity for the whānau pani to give back to all the other whānau and people who helped them during their tangihanga.

Ngā Aratohu Tangihanga: Tangihanga Guidelines – 21 Tukanga Process Whakamārama Explanation Mahia Action

Te Kupu Whakamutunga: Tangihanga are perhaps the most • Contact pā marae as soon as Conclusion important ceremony for Māori. Although possible when a loved one dies and these guidelines were constructed to they wished to return home. help whānau navigate funeral process, • Rely on the advice and guidance of they are not intended to be a tikanga the paepae and hau kāinga. manual. Sometimes changes in the • Encourage whānau members tangihanga process are needed to meet to return home and learn about practical demands and manaakitanga. tikanga, history and connections. Although Taranaki iwi tikanga and kawa is followed, each pā and marae can also have their own distinct practises, for example where the tūpāpaku lies in state in the meeting house. Relying on the advice and leadership of the paepae and the hau kāinga will support a whānau through a sad time. The best advice is for our whānau to return home and learn through experience.

22 – Ngā Aratohu Tangihanga: Tangihanga Guidelines 6._ Ngā Kupu Māori: Glossary of Māori Words

Aroha Love, to care for Paepae This is both the seats set aside for Hākari Feast the kaikōrero and the collective voice of kaikōrero and kaikaranga. Hahi Church or denomination. Pā The papakāinga, or village Hapū Clan Pā marae Refers to both pā and marae. for Hau Kāinga Home people of the marae. example at Parihaka Pā there are Hariru Shake Hands three separate marae. This term is Hongi Press noses used throughout the guidelines. Hura Kohatu Unveiling Papakāinga Village Iwi Tribe Poroporoaki The last night before burial. Kahu whakatere Traditional form of wrapping a Pouaru Widow, widower tūpāpaku in a woven flax mat Ope Group instead of a coffin. Ringawera Workers in the kitchen. Kai Food Takahi Tramp Kaikaranga Caller Tangi Tangihanga, to weep Kaikōrero Speaker Tangihanga Funeral held over multiple days Kaikokiri Liaison according to tikanga and custom. Kaikohikoha Koha collector Tamariki Children Kaikuki Head cook Tapu Restricted, sacred Kairuruku Karakia leader Taupokina Close up, cover Singer Kaiwaiata Tautoko Support Kaimahi Worker Tikanga Process, rule, custom Karakia Prayer, invocation Tuarangi Distant, usually refers to visitors Kaumātua Elder from afar. Kauta Kitchen Tūpāpaku Corpse, deceased’s body, Kawa Custom, guide Uhunga Funeral, Taranaki dialect word Kawakawa Kawakawa tree, macropiper excelsum Uri Descendant Kirimate Close bereaved family Urupā Cemetery Koha Gift Waiata Song, sing Korowai Woven cloak Wairua Spirit, vibe, aura, mood, atmosphere Mahau Porch of a meeting house. Tūpāpaku Coffin Manaaki Compassion Wānanga The process of sharing knowledge. Manuhiri Visitors Whakapapa Genealogy Mātauranga Knowledge Whakatau Welcome ceremony Marae Usually the marae complex consists of Whaikōrero Formal speech the ātea courtyard, a meeting house and dining room. Sometimes these Whānau Family are all one building as is the case with Whānau Pani Bereaved family some of our marae in Taranaki. Whare House Mate Death, the dead Wharenui, Meeting house Mihi Speech Wharetupuna Minita Minister Whāriki Woven mat of flax Nehua Service Whānau Family Noa Profane, without restriction Wira Will

Taranaki Iwi Rautaki Tiaki Whenua – 23 Ngā Aratohu Tangihanga Tangihanga Guidelines

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