The International Distribution of News: the Associated Press, Press Association, and Reuters, 1848–1947 Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03364-1 - The International Distribution of News: The Associated Press, Press Association, and Reuters, 1848–1947 Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb Index More information

Index

Abbott & Winans, 17 United Press Acme Photos, 76 Ritz-Carlton agreement, and, 217 Addyston Pipe v. U.S. , 53 Associated Press of India, 175 , 178 Agences Alliées . See Allied Agencies AT&T, 40 , 220 Aitken, Max, 183 Atlantic & Pacifi c Telegraph Co., 20 Allen, Henry W., 154 Atlantic Telegraph Co., 38 Allied Agencies, 204 Attlee, Clement, 159 American Press Association, 20 , 42 Australian Associated Press, 178–180 , 182 American Telegraph Co., 17 Australian Press Association, 181–182 , 184 Anglo-Persian Oil Co., 143 AP. See Associated Press Baillie, Hugh, 222 , 224 AP v. KVOS , 75 Baines, Frederick E., 98 AP v. U.S. , 5 , 64 , 81 , 84–86 , 159 , 223 , Barker, A.E., 160 226 , 231 Bartlett, Edgar E., 72 Arnold, Thurman, 81 BBC Asquith, Henry H., 143 Empire Wireless, and, 184 Associated Press license fee, and, 157 Associated Press of Great Britain, and, 217 proposed purchase of Reuters, expansion of membership, and, 80 and, 160 , 161 expansion of staff and, 78 radio license, and, 155 formation, 46 Beach, Moses, 9 , 11 , 13 , 14 Reuters Beaverbrook. See Aitken, Max importance of, 47 Beecher-Tilton scandal, 34 franchises Bennett Jr., James Gordon, 37 liberalization of, 77 Bennett, James Gordon, 9–14 problem of, 76 Berge, Wendell, 81 rules related to, 49 Berne Convention, 209 value of, 50 , 71 Berry, William, 135 of Great Britain, and, 217 , 222 Bickel, Karl, 218 , 219 , 224 morning and evening newspapers, 74 Biddle, Francis, 81 , 84 news photos and, 76 Bird, Frank, 154 organization of, 7 Black Hills (Allison) Commission, 36 protest rights, and, 73 Black, Hugo, 85 radio, and, 74 Bleichröder, Gerson, 199 , 224

249

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03364-1 - The International Distribution of News: The Associated Press, Press Association, and Reuters, 1848–1947 Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb Index More information

250 Index

Board of Trade v. Christie Grain & Cotes, Everard, 175 Stock Co. , 61 , 86 Craig, Daniel H., 18 , 19 , 25 , 60 , 201 Boer War, 116 , 167 , 171 Cranfi eld, C.L., 137 , 147 , 149 Booth, George F., 84 Bracken, Brendan, 161 Dalziel’s News Agency, 109 , 203 Brimelow, William, 123 Dana, Charles, 15 , 42 , 43 British and Irish Magnetic Day, Benjamin, 9 Telegraph Co., 91 Defence of the Realm Act (1916), 142 British Broadcasting Co., 152 , 154–158 , Delane, John, 104 227 , 229 Dempo, 212 embargo on foreign wireless sets, and, 155 Denison, Hugh, 181 newsgathering, and, 157 Deutsches Nachrichtenbüro, 221 British Offi cial Wireless, 184 Diehl, Charles, 39 , 58 British United Press. See United Press Disraeli, Benjamin, 95 Brooks, Erastus, 14 Du Pont, 68 Brougham, Henry, 93 Dunlap’s News Co., 52 , 203 Bruce, James, 94 Buchanan, A.J., 71 Eastern and Associated Telegraph Co., 164 , Butler Amendment (1879), 22 165 , 180 Buxton, Sidney, 119 , 120 , 121 Eastern News Agency, 175 , 176 Byron, John, 180 Electric and International Telegraph Co., 89 , 99 Caird, Andrew, 130 Electric Telegraph Co., 90 California Associated Press, 30 , 43 Empire Press Union, 185 Canadian Pacifi c Railway, 168 , 211 Enwright, F.W., 70 Canadian Press, 75 , 168 , 183 , 211 , 217 Excess Profi t Duty, 143 Catledge, Turner, 84 Exchange Telegraph Co. (Extel), 112 , 121–156 , Central News, 47 , 119 , 125 , 156 , 159 , 230 159 , 189 , 190 , 226 , 230 Chadwick, Edwin, 93 , 95–97 , 119 formation, 112 Chafee, Zechariah, 82 , 83 , 196 Press Association Chamberlain, Neville, 160 Paxtel service, 138 , 139 Chancellor, Christopher, 162 pooling agreement with, 122 , 129 Chicago Board of Trade, 86 Churchill, Winston, 127 , 130 , 131 Fawcett, Henry, 113 , 121 Civil War (American), 19 , 25 , 33 , 46 Fenwick, George, 180 New York Associated Press, and, 25 Field III, Marshall, 83 , 84 Clayton Act (1914), 65 , 77 Field, Cyrus, 17 , 37 Clements, S. Carey, 154 Findlay, Francis D., 91 , 100 Clerks of the Road, 1 First World War Committee on Public Retrenchment, 130 consequences for British newspapers, and, Cooper, Kent 125 , 126 appointment as general manger, 59 Ford, Henry, 70 Barriers Down , and, 196 Foreign Ministry, German, 202 exporting AP model, and, 209 Foreign Offi ce, British, 142 , 143 , 160 , 186 franchises Fourteen Points for Peace, 212 , 213 liberalization of, 77 Franco-Prussian War, 34 Howard, Roy Frankfurter, Felix, 85 , 87 , 231 relationship with, 219 Free Press of India, 177 International News Service v. AP and, 67 opinion of Reuters, and, 148 , 149 Gaylord, E.K., 73 Cornell, Ezra, 17 George, Henry, 21

Index 251

George, Lloyd, 127 Irwin, William H., 65 Gibson, Thomas M., 61 Isaacs, Godfrey, 155 Goodsell, James, 20 , 21 Iwanaga, Yukichi, 211–215 , 217 , 219 , 220 , Gordon, Charles G., 111 224 , 228 Gould, Jay, 37 , 38 , 42 Gould, R.H., 11 , 12 , 13 Jameson, Leander S., 143 Grasty, Charles H., 48 Jevons, William S., 98 Graves, C.G., 186 Johnson, John G., 56 , 58 Greeley, Horace, 9 , 10 , 13–16 , 25 , 61 Johnson, Samuel, 92 Green, Norvin, 24 , 43 Jones, Roderick Gregory, Thomas W., 65 , 218 Herbert de Reuter’s suicide, and, 141 Greville’s Telegram Company, 180 reorganization of Reuters, and, 142 Gwynne, H.A., 167 strategy for Reuters, and, 144

Haldeman, W.N., 28 Kansas and Missouri Associated Press, 30 Hale, David, 14 Kitchener, Herbert, 127 , 167 Haley, W.J., 161 , 223 Knapp, Charles W., 50 Hallock, Gerard, 14 Knox, Frank, 83 Halstead, Murat, 26 , 29 Kohlsaat, Herman, 54 Hand, Augustus, 62 , 63 , 230 Kokusai, 211 , 212 Hand, Learned, 84 , 85 , 159 , 230 Korrespondenzbureau, 201 Harbor News Association, 14 Harmsworth, Alfred, 117 , 126 , 144 Laffan News Bureau, 51 , 54 Harper, George, 101 Laffan, William, 51 Harrison, Benjamin, 29 Lafferty, Abraham W., 64 Havas, Agence, 187 , 198–222 , 224 Lawson, Victor, 44–69 , 201 , 202 Havas, Charles, 198 League of Nations, 209 , 210 , 213 , 216 , 224 Hearst, William R., 4 , 50 , 55 , 62 , 66 , 84 Lee, Kenneth, 160 Hill, Frederic, 98 Livesay, Fred, 168 , 183 Hill, Rowland, 94 , 95, 97 , 98 Lloyd’s of London, 189 , 203 House, Edward M., 213 London News Agency, 129 , 130 Howard, Roy, 66 , 78 , 205 , 216 , 217 , 218 , 219 , London Stock Exchange, 190 222 , 224 Lovell, John, 104 , 105 , 106 , 107 Cooper, Kent Lowrie, Richard, 73 relationship with, 219 Ritz-Carlton agreement, and, 217 MacDonald, John, 110 Howell, Clark, 60 Mack, E.F., 57 , 211 Hubbard, Gardiner G., 21 Mackay, John J., 37 Hudson, Frederic, 14 , 15 Mackinnon, Lachlan, 178 , 202 Hull, Cordell, 224 Magnetic Telegraph Co., 89 Mann-Elkins Act (1910), 22 International News Service, 62–64 , 66 , 222 Manners, John, 98 membership of, 80 Marble, Manton, 37 International News Service v. AP , 5 , 7 , 62–67 , Marconi Co., 153 , 154 , 155 77 , 84 , 116 , 225 , 230 Wireless Press, and, 154 broadcasting, and, 74 , 75 Marconi, Guglielmo, 153 international consequences of, Martin, Frederick R., 219 206–207 , 209 Mathews v. AP , 52 , 53 , 56 International Telegram Co., 42 McCormick, Robert, 84 , 216 , 217 , 223 International Telegraph Co., 90 , 199 McKelway, St. Claire, 59 Inter-Ocean v. AP , 5 , 54 , 55 , 60 , 68 , 75 , 84 McLean, Robert, 81 , 83 , 84

252 Index

Medill, Joseph, 28 , 36 , 54 , 60 Morning Herald (Sydney), 179 , 180 Mergenthaler, Otto, 29 Star (Melbourne), 181 Mexican-American War, 11 , 13 Telegraph (Brisbane), 181 Ministry of Information, 160 , 161 , 183 , 191 British Isles Monkswell, Robert, 116 Advertiser (Dundee), 101 Morse, Samuel, 17 , 18 , 39 Chronicle (Huddersfi eld), 101 Munsey, Frank, 51 Chronicle (Manchester), 117 Murdoch, Keith, 181 , 182 , 186 concentration and, 6 Murphy, William F., 86 Courier (Liverpool), 101 , 117 Murray, W.L., 128 , 190 Daily Chronicle (London), 130 Daily Gazette (Birmingham), 101 Napier, Mark F., 143 Daily Mail (London), 130 , 150 , 156 , National Telephone Co., 121 , 152 175 , 215 Nederlandsch Telegraaf Agentschap, 168 northern edition, and, 117 , 118 New England Associated Press, 30 , 233 Daily Mirror (London), 151 New York & Western Union Telegraph Daily Post (Liverpool), 101 , 153 Co., 17 Daily Telegraph (London), 111 , 128 New York Associated Press Echo (Bournemouth), 138 cartel of news agencies, and, 201 Echo (Liverpool), 117 expansion of, 18 Echo (Southampton), 139 formation of, 14 Echo (Sunderland), 126 , 185 leased lines, and, 39 , 40 Evening Dispatch (Birmingham), 117 news service, 31 Evening Express (Cardiff), 137 cost of, 19 , 31 Evening Mail (Manchester), 116 operation of, 16 Evening News (Bolton), 123 rules of, 15 Evening News (Manchester), 116 , 117 United Press Association Evening News (Scarborough), 154 rivalry with, 42 Evening Standard (London), 146 Western Associated Press Examiner (Cork), 101 disagreements with, 32 Examiner (Manchester), 101 joint-executive committee, and, 37 Financial News (London), 150 Western Union Financial Times (London), 150 agreement with, 19 , 20 Gazette (South Shields), 105 collusion, and, 21 , 33 Globe (London), 126 regulation of, 22 , 23 Guardian (Manchester), 100 , 101 , supression of editorials, and, 21 103 , 110 , 111 , 113 , 127 , 135 , New York Membership Corporations Law 152 , 161 (1895), 5 , 56 , 57 Herald (Glasgow), 101 , 111 , 135 New York State Associated Press, 30 , 52 Independent (Sheffi eld), 101 New Zealand Press Agency, 179 , 180 Journal (Nottingham), 101 New Zealand Press Association, 179 , 180 Mercury (Leeds), 101 Newspaper Proprietors Association, 126 , 161 Mercury (Liverpool), 101 , 153 Newspaper Society. See Provincial Newspaper Morning Advertiser (London), 104 Society Morning Post (London), 128 , 150 Newspapers News Chronicle (London), 150 Australia News Letter (Belfast), 115 , 116 Age (Melbourne), 179 News of the World (London), 127 , 209 Argus (Melbourne), 178 , 179 , 180 , North British Daily Mail (Glasgow), 101 181 , 202 Northern Daily (Newcastle), 101 Daily Telegraph (Melbourne), 179 , 181 Northern Whig (Belfast), 91 , 100 Daily Telegraph (Sydney), 179 Observer (London), 161 Evening News (Sydney), 179 Pall Mall Gazette (London), 126 Herald (Melbourne), 181 Post (Liverpool), 111

Index 253

Post (Yorkshire), 101 , 135 Tribune (Chicago), 26 , 28 , 36 , 42 , 54 , Press (Weymouth), 139 60 , 84 , 216 , 223 Scotsman (Edinburgh), 101 Kansas Scotsman (Glasgow), 135 Daily Sun (Parsons), 71 Sketch (London), 151 Eagle (Parsons), 71 The Times (London), 93 , 104 , 106 , 110 , Maine 111 , 126 , 128 , 150 , 161 , 165 , Whig and Courier (Bangor), 9 167 , 215 Maryland Westminster Gazette (London), 126 Evening News (Baltimore), 48 Westminster Review (London), 94 Massachusetts Canada Advertiser (Boston), 21 Gazette (Montreal), 57 , 211 Daily Times (Boston), 11 India Globe (Boston), 42 Hindu (Madras), 175 Telegram (Lawrence), 70 Hindustan Times (Delhi), 175 Telegram (Worcester), 84 Statesman (Calcutta), 175 Michigan Times of India (Bombay), 176 , 177 Free Press (Detroit), 28 Japan Minnesota Asahi (Osaka), 214 Dispatch (St. Paul), 70 South Africa Pioneer-Press (St. Paul), 29 Cape Argus (Cape Town), 171 Missouri Cape Times (Cape Town), 171 , 172 Republic (St. Louis), 50 Daily Express (Johannesburg), 173 Star (St. Louis), 64 Evening Chronicle (Johannesburg), Montana 172 , 173 Star (Miles City), 73 Rand Daily Mail (Johannesburg), New York 171 , 173 Commercial Bulletin , 70 Star (Johannesburg), 172 , 173 Courier & Enquirer , 10 , 11 , 12 , 17 Sunday Express (Johannesburg), 173 Courier & Express , 14 United States Courier (Buffalo), 52 California Daily News , 70 Chronicle (San Francisco), 36 , 49 , 62 Eagle (Brooklyn), 59 Examiner (San Francisco), 62 Evening Mail , 71 Times (Los Angeles), 48 Evening Telegram , 78 Times-Mirror (Los Angeles), 68 Express , 14 , 30 concentration and, 79 Express (Buffalo), 52 Georgia Graphic , 20 Constitution (Atlanta), 60 Herald , 10 , 11 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 17 , 25 , 30 , Illinois 37 , 42 , 47 , 51 Courier (Elgin), 73 Journal of Commerce , 14 , 30 , 50 Daily News (Chicago), 44 , 54 , 70 Sun , 11 , 14 , 15 , 30 , 42 , 51 , 62 Daily News (Elgin), 73 Times , 11 , 14 , 30 , 47 , 50 , 57 , 216 , Evening Dispatch (Chicago), 68 222 , 223 Evening Mail (Chicago), 68 Tribune , 10 , 16 , 25 , 30 , 42 , 61 Globe (Chicago), 68 World , 30 , 37 , 41 , 42 , 47 Herald (Chicago), 42 , 44 Ohio Inter-Ocean (Chicago), 47 , 54 Blade (Toledo), 26 Leader (Dixon), 73 Commercial (Cincinnati), 26 News-Record (Springfi eld), 72 Enquirer (Cincinnati), 42 Register-Gazette (Rockford), 72 Gazette (Cincinnati), 28 Sun (Chicago), 83 , 84 Oklahoma Telegraph (Dixon), 73 Capital (Oklahoma City), 73 Times (Chicago), 84 Daily Oklahoman (Oklahoma City), 73

254 Index

Newspapers (cont.) Paxtel service, 139 Times (Oklahoma City), 73 pooling agreement with, 122 , 129 Oregon foreign supplementary service, Evening Telegram (Portland), 70 and, 109 Pennsylvania formation of, 100 , 101 Bulletin (Philadelphia), 81 newsgathering, method of, 104–106 Daily Pittsburgh Gazette , 25 organization, of, 102 Public Ledger (Philadelphia), 41 Reuters Public Record (Philadelphia), 41 agreement with, 108 Times (Philadelphia), 202 cost of news service, 108 Tennessee Protection of Telegrams Act (1882), 180 Times (Chattanooga), 47 Provincial Newspaper Society, 101–102 Texas Pulitzer, Joseph, 42 , 50 American (Austin), 65 Morning News (Dallas), 79 Radio Act (1927), 158 Utah Radio Corporation of America, 212 Tribune (Salt Lake), 79 Raikes, Henry C., 113 , 114 Virginia Raymond, Henry J., 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 Dispatch (Norfolk), 72 Reid, Whitelaw, 42 Washington D.C. Reith, John, 158 , 184 , 187 Evening News , 53 Reuter, Herbert de, 141 , 153 , 175 , 189 , 201 Star , 58 Reuter, Paul J., 164 , 187 , 188 , 189 , 198 , Nine Power Pact (1922), 205 199 , 224 Nippon Shimbun Rengo, 213 , 214 , 219 , 220 , Reuters 221 , 222 BBC empire broadcast, and, 158 Nixon, William P., 47 Canada, and, 170 Northwestern Associated Press, 30 diversifi cation, and, 141 Northwestern Telegraph Co., 30 Dutch subsidiary of, 168 Noyes, Frank , 58 , 72 , 75 , 77 , 207 , 209 , 214 , establishment of, 99 216 , 218 , 219 First World War, consequences NYAP. See New York Associated Press of, 141 foreign supplementary service, and, Ochs, Adolph, 47 , 50 , 57 , 58 , 68 , 69 , 216 , 219 109 , 110 O’Rielly, Henry, 17 imperial strategy, and, 171 Orton, William, 19 , 20 , 24 , 33 Indian Journal , and, 164 Otis, Harrison G., 48 , 68 market position, and, 104 , 127 , 128 news report PA. See Press Association improvement of, 150 Paxtel. See Press Association ; Exchange price of, 128 , 129 Telegraph Co. (Extel) use of, 150 Pease, Joseph, 154 overseas organization of, 166 Peckham, Rufus W., 53 , 56 overseas staff, and, 167 Peel, William W., 143 Press Association Pender, John, 164 agreement with, 108 penny post, 94–96 , 98 property right in news, and, 116 Phillips, Walter, 49 reorganization of, 144 Postal & Telegraphs Rates (Statutory Limits) The Epoch , 116 Act (1915), 131 Trade Service, and, 189 , 190 Postal Telegraph Co., 37 , 40 Trust, and, 7 , 161 , 162 , 178 , 227 Preece, William, 98 Rice, Thomas S., 93 Press Association Rickatson-Hatt, Bernard, 147–150 , 218 Associated Press, compared with, 131 Riddell, George, 127 , 209 Exchange Telegraph Co. (Extel) Ritzau, 199

Index 255

Robbins, Edmund, 109 , 126 , 153 , 156 , 171 Storey, Samuel, 185 Robbins, H.C., 133 , 138 Stratton, Lloyd, 223 Roberts, Frederick, 167 Sulzberger, Arthur H., 222 , 223 Roberts, Owen, 86 Sumner, Charles S., 21 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 83 , 84 Swain, William J., 41 Roy, K.C., 175 Swain, William M., 41 Rugg, Charles B., 81 Runciman, Walter, 130 taxes on knowledge, 93 , 96 , 104 Russo-Turkish War, 34 penny post, and, 94 Taylor, John E., 100 , 103 , 152 Samuel, Herbert, 123 , 152 , 153 Telegraph Act (1848), New York, 14 , 18 Sayward, John, 9 Telegraph Act (1868), 5 , 90 , 92 , 96 , 98 , Schlesinger, I.W., 173 99–125 , 130 , 140 , 152 , 162 , Scott, Charles P., 127 226 Scott, Robert, 126 affect on Reuters, 100 Scripps, E.W., 29 , 69 constraints imposed by, 110 Scripps-Howard. See Scripps, E.W. ; press rates, and, 101 Howard, Roy Telegraphic Messages Act (1871), 179 , 180 Scudamore, Frank I., 91 , 96–101 , 119 , 152 Telegraphy cooperative society and, 97 British Isles Second World War cartel and, 89 British newspapers, and, 139 charge for, 89 Shackleton, Ernest, 126 nationalization Shaw, George, 73 AP, compared to, 118 Sherman Antitrust Act (1890), 64 , 81 , 218 causes of, 96 , 98 Smith, Adam, 92 leased lines Smith, Delevan, 43 absence of, 106 Smith, Mackenzie & Co., 165 proposals for, 118–120 Smith, Norman, 168 press rates, 99 Smith, Richard, 28 private wires, 113–118 Smith, W.H., 43 , 94 introduction of, 114 , 116 Smith, William Henry, 23 , 29 , 32 , 34–36 , 38 , special wires, and, 112 47 , 61 Western Union, compared to, 115 Society for the Diffusion of Useful United States Knowledge, 93 cost of, 13 South African Broadcasting Company, 173 leased lines South African Press Agency, 171 consequences of, 38 South African Press Association, quadruplex, and, 38 171–172 , 174 vertical integration and, 39 Southern Associated Press, 30 , 47 press rates, 33 Southey, Robert, 92 Telephony Spanish-American War, 52 , 203 British Isles Standard Oil, 38 transmission of news, and, 121 Stanley, Edward J., 95 Tennant, Edward, 143 Star Publishing Co. v. AP , 55 , 64 Toulmin, George, 152 , 153 Starmer, Charles, 135 Tribune Co. v. AP , 62 Stefani, 199 , 201 Turko-Greek War, 110 Stone, Harlan, 86 Stone, Melville, 56 , 65 , 66 , 131 , 202 , 207 , U.S. v. E.C. Knight , 53 209 , 219 U.S. v. Trans-Missouri , 53 exclusive franchises and, 77 Ullswater Committee, 159 , 185 mismanagement of AP, and, 70 Union Pacifi c Railroad, 21 Storey, Frederick, 126 United Kingdom Telegraph Co., 89

256 Index

United Press franchises British United Press, 126 , 146 , 147 , 158 , value of, 41 159 , 222 incorporation of, 27 International News Service leased lines, and, 39 , 40 merger with, 66 membership in, 27 International News Service v. AP and, 64 New York Associated Press membership of, 80 joint-executive committee, and, 37 news photos and, 76 news service United Press Association, 42 technological constraints, and, 32 franchises, and, 49 organization of, 28 New York Associated Press structure of, 27 rivalry with, 42 Western Union United Press International, 80 leased lines, and, 38 United Service, 181 , 182 New York Associated Press agreement with, 20 Van der Maeren, Corr, 96 collusion, and, 21 Villard, Oswald G., 66 Whittaker, Meredith, 154 Vincent, William, 176 Williams, T.T., 62 Wilson, Horace, 160 , 161 Walker, H.N., 28 Wilson, Woodrow, 204 , 205 , 206 , 212 , 213 Walsh, John P., 42 Wireless Telegraphy Act (1904), 153 WAP. See Western Associated Press Wolff, Bernard, 198 Webb, James Watson, 10 , 11 , Wolff Telegraphisches Büro, 198–218 , 14 , 17 221 Weiss, Louis S., 84 Western Associated Press, 27 Yerkes, Charles T., 54 exclusivity and, 29 Young, M.H. de, 49 , 62