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Bologna Center Journal of International Affairs THE BOLOGNA CENTER JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS SPRING 2007 VOLUME 10 PUBLISHED BY THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY PAUL H. NITZE SCHOOL OF ADVANCED INTERNATIONAL STUDIES BOLOGNA CENTER 1 2 The Bologna Center Journal of International Affairs was established by the graduate students at the SAIS Bologna Center in 1997 to provide a forum for discussion and dissemination of ideas about current issues in the field of international relations. The BC Journal aims to provide a formal outlet for thought-provoking scholarship from students and faculty at the Bologna Center and other graduate institutions, and welcomes work from experts and practitioners in the field. The BC Journal is published once a year in May. The views expressed herein are solely those of the authors and do not represent the opinions of the Journal staff. Neither the Bologna Center Journal of International Affairs nor the Bologna Center itself guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accept no responsibility for the consequences of its use. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS The authors of the articles in this journal maintain the intellectual property rights of the contents. Anyone wishing to reproduce these articles must contact the individual authors to obtain their permission. Please contact the Bologna Center Journal of International Affairs for more information. SUBMISSIONS Articles for submission to the Bologna Center Journal of International Affairs are accepted on a continuous basis. Article selection for the print edition takes place in March. Submissions will be judged according to academic merit and relevance to the selected theme. Articles may be submitted to the Managing Editor at the address below or to the e- mail address specified on the website. Authors should include a current biography, contact information and abstract of the article. Our website is available at http://www.jhubc.it/bcjournal. Copyright 2007, the Bologna Center Journal of International Affairs ISSN 1592-3436 print/ISSN 1592-3444 online PUBLISHED BY: PRINTED BY: The Johns Hopkins University Baiesi snc Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced Via Broccaindosso, 2b International Studies 40125 Bologna The Bologna Center Italy Via Belmeloro, 11 40126 Bologna Italy THE BOLOGNA CENTER JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS The Myths of Sovereignty ................................................................................................................ 9 Yale H. Ferguson and Richard W. Mansbach Reconstructing Sovereignty: The Impact of Norms, Practices and Rhetoric................................................................................ 21 Kathleen Claussen and Timothy Nichol (Dis-)Locating Sovereignty? States, Self-Determination and Human Rights .............................. 35 Vincent Depaigne Its Bark Is Its Bite: The TDIP and the European Parliament’s Voice in European Foreign Policy .............................. 49 Alton V. Buland The Political Impact of NAFTA on the Mexican Transition to Democracy, 1988-2000 ............... 61 Mara Steffan Shepherding Sovereignty: Slow Democratization in Bosnia and Herzegovina ............................. 75 Valery Perry It Could Have All Been So Much Easier: Petrobrás and Lessons from the Brazilian Experience with Nationalized Energy ........................ 89 Jonathan Kartt The Peculiarities of Fourth-Party Intervention: The Cases of South Ossetia, Transdniestria and Abkhazia .......................................................... 101 Melanie Youell Refuting the Democratization Peace Theory? Internal Conflict and Democracy in Colombia and Peru, 1990-2002 ......................................... 113 Jonathan Taylor Hizbullah and Lebanese Nationalism ........................................................................................... 129 Faysal Itani Paradiplomacy: Scope, Opportunities and Challenges ................................................................ 141 Stefan Wolff SPRING 2007 / VOLUME 10 4 THE BOLOGNA CENTER JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS 5 The 10th Anniversary Edition of the Bologna Center Journal of International Affairs is dedicated to the memory of Professor Patrick McCarthy, who taught for many years at the Bologna Center and at the SAIS campus in Washington, DC. SPRING 2007 / VOLUME 10 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Bologna Center Journal of International Affairs would like to acknowledge and thank those individuals who have provided support over the past year, including faculty advisor Professor Erik Jones, Joseph Whalen, Professor Marco Cesa, Director Kenneth Keller, and everyone who contributed to the annual fundraising auction. 2007 JOURNAL STAFF Editor-in-Chief Sarah Underwood* Managing Editor Johs Pierce* Executive Editor Jill Craig* Copy Editor Frank Fusco Finance Director Philip Bartels Public Relations Elizabeth Kountze Layout Editor Suzanne J.K. Platt Web Editor Lisette Planken Cover Artist Thomas Kang Event Planners Hannah Kaplan Megan Meyer Patricia Shea EDITORS Rachel Bahn Michael Heydt Kelly O’Malley Ed Butterfield* Thomas Höhne-Sparborth Andy Salazar Alan Cameron Faysal Itani Amy Shatsoff Maithili Chakravarthy Hannah Kaplan Patricia Shea Catherine Dalton Alistair Mackie Maite de Sola* Siobhan Devine Deena Magnall Jonathan Taylor Rachel Dunsmoor Megan Meyer Aaron Thompson Rossa Fitzgerald François-Xavier Mirza Matt Walsh Laura Freschi Dan Moger Joy Wiersum Justin Grosnick Sarah Naimark Melanie Youell Michael K. Gujda* COPY EDITORS Rachel Bahn Elizabeth Isaman Dan Moger Jonathan Beland Hannah Kaplan Sarah Naimark Alan Cameron Yumi Kim Suzanne J.K. Platt Siobhan Devine Alistair Mackie Amy Shatsoff Laura Freschi Anna Marzullo SCHOLARSHIP SELECTION COMMITTEE Philip Bartels Maha Khan Gwendolyn Stamper Siobhan Devine Amy Shatsoff * Article Selection Committee THE BOLOGNA CENTER JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS 7 Dear Readers, No longer confined to its Westphalian origins, the concept of sovereignty continues to become increasingly nebulous in our globalizing world. Today, corporations span the globe and exert greater influence than many developing countries, supranational bodies enjoy substantial clout and new actors are shouldering the responsibilities of power—or seizing it by force. Who dominates in this new international system? Is it the nation, a supranational entity or other non-state units? Does sovereignty require complete exercise of authority, or the maintenance of certain values? In an era of challenges to nation-state primacy, who is sovereign now? The tenth-anniversary edition of the Bologna Center Journal of International Affairs brings together articles that ask these questions, posit some answers and further the debate on the role of sovereignty in a changing international system. The collection begins with three articles that challenge traditional definitions and present a comprehensive theoretical analysis of the changing role of sovereignty today. Subsequent articles consider questions and applications of sovereignty in concrete, illustrative case studies. These articles consider such wide-ranging topics as the supranational power of the European Parliament, the influence of NAFTA on democratization and economic development, the debate over humanitarian intervention and imposed state-building, the impact of fourth-party intervention in civil disputes and the increasing international visibility of autonomous regions within sovereign states. This diversity of topics reflects the multifaceted character of sovereignty and contributes to the debate about what has changed, why change has occurred and why this change is important. In addition to the articles pertaining to this year’s theme, the Journal is also proud to include thought-provoking articles on the application of the democratization peace process in Columbia and Peru, energy nationalization in Brazil and the rise of Hizbullah and its place within Lebanon’s political sphere. Celebrating a decade in print, the Bologna Center Journal represents a vehicle for creativity and scholarship within the walls of the SAIS Bologna Center. The publication continues to be student-sponsored and produced, and it is with great pleasure that the Journal staff offers, again this year, a financial scholarship to an incoming student, thanks to the generosity of our classmates and teachers. It is our hope that this young tradition continues to mature in the decades to come. Enjoy reading! Sarah Underwood Editor-in-Chief SPRING 2007 / VOLUME 10 8 THE BOLOGNA CENTER JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS 9 THE MYTHS OF STATE SOVEREIGNTY Yale H. Ferguson and Richard W. Mansbach This paper recounts several of the myths associated with sovereignty, describing the function of these myths and the ways in which global politics has come to reflect a fundamentally changed reality. States are simultaneously confronted by integrating and fragmenting processes that produce new authority patterns. This changed reality has decoupled territorial and psychological space and fostered a global competition for identities and loyalties among different polity types. More than three decades ago, the authors observed that the myths surrounding the sovereign state were impeding our understanding of the world around us. We argued that there existed “a major gap in the literature on world politics” that should be clear to any reader of a daily newspaper, with its stories of Vietnamese guerrillas and Arab fedayeen, OPEC, the Bretton Woods institutions, transnational oil companies and the like. That gap was “the growing importance of nonstate
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