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Composition, Structure and Diversity of Shrublands in Central Nuevo Leon, Mexico

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Composition, Structure and Diversity of Shrublands in Central Nuevo Leon, Mexico Botanical Sciences 93 (2): 345-355, 2015 TAXONOMY AND FLORISTIC DOI: 10.17129/botsci.60 COMPOSITION, STRUCTURE AND DIVERSITY OF SHRUBLANDS IN CENTRAL NUEVO LEON, MEXICO EDUARDO ALANÍS-RODRÍGUEZ1,5, JAVIER JIMÉNEZ-PÉREZ1, HUMBERTO GONZÁLEZ-RODRÍGUEZ1, PAMELA A. CANIZALES-VELÁZQUEZ1, ARTURO MORA-OLIVO2, JOSÉ M. MATA BALDERAS3, JAVIER HERNÁNDEZ SALAS4 1Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Linares, Nuevo León, Mexico 2Instituto de Ecología Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, Mexico 3Gestión Estratégica y Manejo Ambiental, S.C., Apodaca, Nuevo León, Mexico 4Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas y Forestales, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Ciudad Delicias, Chihuahua, Mexico 5Author for correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The aim of this study was to carry out a comparative analysis at the plant community level of the fi ve most common types of shrublands (semithorn shrubland, microphyllous desert shrubland, rosetophyllous desert shrubland, piedmont scrub, and tamaulipan thornscrub) in the state of Nuevo Leon (northeastern Mexico). Twenty-fi ve sampling sites (100 m2 each one) were established in each shrubland type (125 in total) to evaluate the vegetation structure. At each sampling site, we estimated the plant density (N ha-1), plant coverage (m2 ha-1), specifi c richness (S), and alpha diversity index (H’). One way-analysis of variance was used to compare plant attributes between the plant communities. In the studied fi ve plant communities, a total of 85 vascular plant species were registered, belonging to approximately 65 genera and 28 families. The most representative families were Cactaceae (18 species), Fabaceae (16 species), Asteraceae (six species), and Agavaceae (fi ve species). Analysis of variance showed highly signifi cant differences between the shrublands in terms of the studied plant attributes. The microphyllous desert shrubland showed the lowest plant density (1,868 N ha-1) and plant coverage (2,637 m2 ha-1) and the piedmont scrub the highest (4,512 N ha and 17,931 m2 ha-1, respectively). With respect to specifi c richness and the alpha diversity index, the lowest values (S = 3.72 and H’ = 0.91, respectively) were presented by the microphyllous desert shrubland, whereas the semithorn shrubland exhibited the highest values (S = 11.56 and H’ = 2.15). This study provides valuable information about the composition, structure and diversity of shru- blands in the state of Nuevo Leon. Key words: piedmont scrub, tamaulipan thornscrub, xerophytic shrub. Resumen: El objetivo de la presente investigación fue realizar un análisis comparativo de cinco matorrales (matorral subinerme, matorral desértico micrófi lo, matorral desértico rosetófi lo, matorral submontano, matorral espinoso tamaulipeco), del estado de Nuevo León (noreste de México). Se establecieron 25 sitios de muestreo (100 m2; 125 en total), en cada matorral estudiado para evaluar la estructura de la vegetación. En cada sitio de muestreo se evaluó la densidad (N ha-1), cobertura de copa (m2 ha-1), riqueza específi ca (S), y la diversidad alfa (H’). Se realizó un análisis de varianza para determinar si existían diferencias signifi cativas entre las cinco áreas evaluadas. En los cinco matorrales se registraron 85 especies de plantas vasculares, 65 géneros y 28 familias. Las familias más representativas fueron Cactaceae (18 especies), Fabaceae (16 especies), Asteraceae (seis especies) y Agavaceae (cinco especies). El análisis de varianza mostró diferencias signifi cativas. El matorral desértico micrófi lo reveló los valores más bajos en términos de densidad de plantas (1,868 N ha-1) y cobertura de copa (2,637 m2 ha-1), mientras que el matorral submontano los más altos (4,512 N ha-1 y 17,931 m2 ha-1, respectivamente). Respecto a la riqueza específi ca y la diversidad, las cifras más bajas (S = 3.72 y H’ = 0.91, respectivamente) corresponden al matorral desértico micrófi lo, mientras que el matorral subinerme exhibió los valores más altos (S = 11.56 y H’ = 2.15, respectivamente). Palabras clave: matorral submontano, matorral tamaulipeco, matorral xerófi lo. n Mexico, shrublands (xerophytic shrub vegetation, some try total area (Rzedowski, 1978). The wide range of abiotic I of which are known as matorral) are the most important conditions in terms of climate and soil types allow shru- fl oristic communities, as they cover an area of approxima- blands to display different biological forms, species com- tely 800,000 km2, representing approximately 40% of coun- positions, and fl oristic diversities (Muller, 1939). According 345 BBol93-2ol93-2 345345 226/05/156/05/15 009:089:08 EDUARDO ALANÍS-RODRÍGUEZ ET AL. to the classifi cation of INEGI (2005), fourteen community there have been few studies (Briones and Villarreal, 2001; types are found in Mexico, most of which are widespread Encina-Domínguez et al., 2013) aimed at comparing di- in the north of the country. In the state of Nuevo Leon fferent types of shrublands in terms of their physiognomy, (northeastern Mexico), the following fi ve shrubland com- fl oristic composition, and diversity between highlands (Alti- munity groups are registered: semithorny shrubland (SS), plano) and lowlands (Planicie Costera del Golfo), and there microphyllous desert shrubland (MDS), rosetophyllous de- are no available studies that address and examine the re- sert shrubland (RDS), piedmont scrub (PS), and tamaulipan lationships between structural indicator traits and diversity thornscrub (TT). values in the shrublands of northeastern Mexico. Thus, the In northeastern Mexico, shrublands have provided multiple aim of this study was to conduct a comprehensive and com- ecosystem services and have been utilized as sources of fo- parative analysis, at the plant community level, of the fi ve rage for livestock and wildlife, fuelwood, charcoal, timber most common types of shrublands found in the state of Nue- for construction, fence materials and medicinal herbs, in vo Leon with respect to their structure, including their plant addition to being subjected to agroforestry practices (Reid density (N ha-1), plant coverage (m2 ha-1), specifi c richness et al., 1990; Foroughbakhch et al., 2005. Because these (S), and alpha diversity (H’). shrublands are a natural resource that warrants conservation and proper management measures from an ecological and Materials and methods economic perspective to maintain and even promote these ecosystem services, there is a need to understand their struc- Study area. The study was carried out in the shrublands tures and fl oristic traits at all levels. of the center of the state of Nuevo Leon, in northeastern In the state of Nuevo Leon, during the last ten years, a Mexico (25° 58’ to 25° 34’ N, 100° 35’ to 100° 16’ W), number of studies have been undertaken in different types encompassing municipalities of the Monterrey metropoli- of shrubland communities. These studies have been focused tan area, including Salinas Victoria (tamaulipan thornscrub, on the composition (Estrada et al., 2004, 2005, González- TT), Monterrey (semithorny shrubland, SS, and piedmont Rodríguez et al., 2010), structure (Reid et al., 1990; García- scrub PS), Garcia (microphyllous desert shrubland, MDS), Hernández and Jurado, 2008; Canizales-Velázquez et al., and Santa Catarina (rosetophyllous desert shrubland, RDS; 2009; González-Rodríguez et al., 2010; Molina-Guerra et Figure 1). Table 1 presents some physical and climatic va- al., 2013; Jiménez et al., 2012, 2013), distribution (Estrada riables as a description of the studied areas. et al., 2010), and diversity of plant species (Espinoza-Breta- do and Návar, 2005; Alanís et al., 2008; Villarreal-Quintani- Sampling. In the years 2010 and 2011, 25 sampling plots lla and Estrada-Castillón, 2008; Jiménez-Pérez et al., 2009; with sizes of 100 m2 (10 × 10 m) were established in each Canizales-Velázquez et al., 2009; Estrada et al., 2010, Es- shrubland, resulting in a total of 125 plots for characteri- trada-Castillón et al., 2012; Jiménez et al., 2013). However, zing the vegetation. The distribution of the sampling plots Figure 1. Location of the study sites. A) North of Mexico and south of the USA, B) In the state of Nuevo Leon, northeastern Mexico, and C) In municipalities of the Monterrey metropolitan area, in addition to the areas evaluated. The shaded areas represent urban areas. TT, tamaulipan thornscrub; SS, semithorn shrubland; PS, piedmont scrub; MDS, microphyllous desert shrubland; RDS, rosetophyllous desert shrubland. 346 Botanical Sciences 93 (2): 345-355, 2015 BBol93-2ol93-2 346346 226/05/156/05/15 009:089:08 COMPOSITION, STRUCTURE AND DIVERSITY OF SHRUBLANDS Table 1. Physical and climatic variables of the evaluated areas (Anonymous, 1981). Vegetation Tamaulipan Semithorn Microphyllous Piedmont scrub Rosetophyllous thornscrub shrubland desert shrubland desert shrubland Abbreviation TT SS MDS PS RDS Coordinates 25° 54’ 48’’ N 25° 43’ 07’’ N 25° 46’ 09’’ N 25° 36’ 18’’ N 25° 41’ 37’’ N 100° 18’ 41’’ O 100° 24’ 28’’ O 100° 30’ 53’’ O 100° 17’ 47’’ O 100° 34’ 06’’ O Altitude (meters 480 850 930 660 640 above sea level) Mean annual 20 to 22 20 to 22 20 to 22 18 to 20 18 to 20 temperature (ºC) Mean annual 400 to 600 300 to 600 300 to 400 400 to 600 125 to 300 precipitation (mm) Soil type luvic xerosols lithosols, rendzinas luvic lithosols lithosols, vertisols regosols, xerosols was systematic, with a distance of 50 m between them. Ac- Statistical analyses of density, plant coverage, species cording to the species-area curve,
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