Posted on Authorea 8 Jul 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.162575849.93786148/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. a teto oteifraino eainhp fteedmcseisfudi hlgntcliterature. phylogenetic in with also found study we of patterns, endemic spatial area the the the of understand in To relationships AEs USA. on 26 of information established and data systems the the species regionalization specimen to recent compare angiosperm attention comparatively mostly then pay digitized two We selected in using 400 of analysis. provinces of USA and endemicity North floristic records SC/SW data of the point America in distributional method 81,851-specimen North digitized AEs with NDM/VNDM of large-scale the database the regionalization of a identify applied availability floristic built we We increased updated Here the IDigBio. future analysis from to analysis. a available new owing biogeographic A for accomplish of families. step to different methods first easier analysis from statistical a become endemicity species plant as has no It important flora, native is USA of . number patterns southern large of spatial a knowledge plant include would biogeographical of regionalization. that biogeographical the conducted for to been step key contributed has a have (EA) and studies biogeography in many analysis though of entities Even fundamental are (AEs) endemism of Areas Abstract 2021 8, July 1 Saghatelyan Anna and Southcentral in USA Seed Southwestern Selected of Endemism of Areas cur University McMurry 1 1 Posted on Authorea 8 Jul 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.162575849.93786148/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. yTktjn(97,B al nteMdenrgo M)wieE al nteAlni ein(R of (ER) region Atlantic the in the falls identifies EP system Edwards while regionalization the (MR) (2007) and McLaughlin region America (BB) respectively. Madrean North subkingdoms Park of the Boreal National system in and regionalization Bend Madrean falls floristic Big al., the the 2009, BB In (Saghatelyan et of (1987), Escalante 1). floras through Takhtajan & 2004; Information passes adjacent by Supplemental it al., Halffter almost 1, USA, et America, (Map southern Vasquez- 2018; separates (Katinas North (EP) In it 2017; boundary Plateau 2015, in 2020). west where al., al., boundary 2010, to et 2017), et biotic east Mishler (Morrone, 2015, Baldwin 2016; is major zone al., boundary accepted 2014; et transition major Gamez widely Baldwin, 2013, Mexican second The 2020; A the al., 2020). 2017). as De-Nova, et al., Morrone, & defined et Sosa Sosa is Mishler 1993; 2018; Rzedowski, 2019; Nearctic/Neotropical, long al., 1995; have Sosa, Axelrod, et America & & Sosa Raven North Cruz 1975; 2018; (SC/SW) 1958, southcentral/southwestern Graham, (Axelrod, of research 2012; the flora of share the subject that a of taxa been connections of and sets into history phylogenetic biota in The advances the Corral- on of based 2010; slicing 2017), history. 2009, time al., 1998; biogeographic (Morrone, in et Ferro species same 1973, resulted cenocrons and into biogeography, of 2017; Kamelin, flora historical Morrone, analysis a and 1983; recently, & subdividing systematics Halffter More by flora 1963, 2017; flora a (Popov, Morrone, origins. regionalization complex enter & and a studies adequate Rosas radiations of ages Early An local history different into to of insight times. 2020). species/ancestors complexes provided different Immigrant 1995) al., Axelrod, at et flora. and and a Raven Liria of directions 2018; assembly different Escalante, the from Escalante, of & 1994; history Gomez (Morrone, the regionalization of Mercado entities biogeographical reflects fundamental for 2001; are step which key Linder, areas. (AE), a al., historical endemism 2009; is of resolve this et areas and biomes, finding biogeography, (Murphy Takhtajan, than with in Australia starts analysis rather 1982; patterns 2017), for Cronquist, floristic al., for by shown search et (e.g., recently The Morrone species was 2014; endemic as Morrone, on 1978; areas, regionalization based Rzedowski, resolves a historical analysis 1986; ecological systems in than biogeographic regionalization of the ranks Conversely, rather units in different biomes, species 2019). the of widespread of distri- from of units patterns inclusion species distinct (1978), The the congruent are processes, Takhtajan biomes. for They the define to search which of according system. (ecoregions), The studies are, regionalization systematic 2018). which floristic and choria, (Morrone, hierarchical evolutionary distributions defines macroecological, ultimately species in maintain butions useful or spatial are shaped provide frameworks that which biogeographical analysis composition, species of homogeneous units relatively of areas defining By Introduction 1. 2 Posted on Authorea 8 Jul 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.162575849.93786148/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. nlddaeseiso h etr at fteMdenrgo nteUAfo h oa fsouthern of floras the from USA the Also in Texas. region in Madrean intersect the which of provinces parts (Saghatelyan, and western TX regions S the of floristic and classification of different EP, the species the using BB, selected, represent of are were checklists to included species the the 2017) from of and 2015, half angiosperms, distributions) than of 2009, congruent families More with 61 gymnosperms. and (species genera of geoelements 174 families in 2 species in 400 genera of 2 81,851records with database the compiled We distribution of Data North limit of northern in Sources their 1991). elsewhere Grande reach 2.2 al., indigenous Rio species et the found woody (Lonard Sixty-six in not TX area 1993). families S (Thorne, sandy in even Mexico (before mostly and of vegetation This genera North scrub climax America of thorn 1970). Its representatives dryland Johnston South subtropical accommodates extensive & slopes. province. elevations support Plain rocky (Correll Prairies Plateau, with along Edwards vegetation Texas, southern the mesquite-grassland low of south-central the and south and the in in with to situated Plateau grassland, located Plains, temperate is Edwards Texas open ft., The an 2018). was 3000 Worthington, settlement) subprovince. & to European Powell Chihuahuan 1998; 450 (Powell, the from ft systems mountain 7835 of ranging numerous to its part 1000 of from is because ranging areas Mohave elevations It surrounding with and the basins from arid distinct northern (CFP). low is and province of Texas West majority Floristic BB, floras in the the regions, Bend of Big southern from three sources The the selected the of were and were floras 1) Basin, species native Appendix Great Additional The 1, the (Map database. database. Deserts, Texas the southern the in in in TX) species included (S of Plains species Texas most South of and -125 EP, ranges from global be the to determined modate was area study The literature. phylogenetic Area in Study AEs 2.1 these different Methods to on and endemic search 2004) are Materials and provinces/subprovinces that Goloboff, the 2. floristic species & applied the We the with Szumik and of AEs IDigBio. species 2002; relatives established plant from al., the the we vascular available compare for et USA, selected then data (Szumik We manner 400 SC/SW specimen analysis scales. of a in plant endemicity resolution records in of digitized patterns point process using method biogeographic 81,851-specimen ‘discovery’ haveNDM/VNDM AEs with the generally “unbiased” the database understand endemism the undertaken a To of identify built not patterns to have biases. discover aim and to and first sought spatially assumptions have grained animals minimizes that fine use studies that them sufficiently that mostly use argue to been Americas feasible (2017) not the is it al. in plants, units et analyses for geographic Bertelli endemicity data of distribution on group digitized a studies of AEs. as abundance The finding methods defined the for AE detailed with species. and an and of plants with two defined than congruence 2009), explicitly least rather of non-random (1994, first at Morrone patterns the The by share are by proposed 2002). that which defined were al., (AE)s, AEs taxa et endemism finding (Szumik endemic of for taxa of areas different for distribution between searches geographical occurrences analysis principal the endemicity a in endemism of from ranks. of co-occurrence different resulted method thresholds at used system used choria system McLaughlin widely Takhtajan distinguish the A The Munguio- to e.g., floras. ranks 2012; 2019), local taxonomic al., of al., finer et set authors successively et Wang large Many at a 2019; Linder recent to al., large- more 2007; applied analysis. et of analysis two Ye (McLaughlin, biogeographic availability component 2016; these algorithms increased of al., the of clustering methods et to using aspects statistical Lina owing novel units some easier and biogeographic species in become comprehensive data search Disagreements has more distributional with This plants digitized scheme. USA. of scale Takhtajan SC/SW patterns province geographic across the latter of data The in analysis distribution new province. ER a Prairies the necessitate American systems of North floristic the part including a (SW), region is Southwestern the as MR ° o-5e ogtd n 0e o4dglttd oaccom- to latitude 45deg to 20deg and longitude -75deg to 3 Posted on Authorea 8 Jul 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.162575849.93786148/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. ust eertie f9%o hi enn pce eeuiu.Ec erhwseeue sn edge using executed was search Each unique. overlapping and were times, species 100 run scores defining was with their search sets The of all species. 98% saving defining if 2016), more 2.4deg or (Goloboff, retained x two 3.1 with were latitude 2.0 database ver. subsets 2.7deg to NDM smaller equal 1.8deg, or using This 5deg. more than x performed higher x 259 1.8deg were 5deg Mexico). analyses of and grids: endemicity New comprised 4.5deg, Final with and x database analyzed 4.5deg , the 2.6deg, was Texas, of x occurrences southern 2.6deg subset point longitude, of a used. 290 floras with were 49, x10 latitude the size. out the comprising 3deg 10 grid carried (from explore and assume was in species longitude, to to changes 1.5deg R analysis southern sizes x and to NDM/VNDM cell latitude 5; areas separate 3deg x different resulting A longitude, 5 three 1.5deg the fill: with x R of latitude species longitude; robustness 2.5deg 2.5deg 400 the of x of sizes and cell points scales at 2019). 851 can different Grids Aagesen, size 81, at & grid with patterns (Elias in data dataset distribution changes to the survive the and by that analyzed options supported areas We analytical strongly the more different Additionally, be explore areas. to to different considered concordance sizes finding be of grid of The degree varying chances species. the the with supporting and increase 2013). performed the area al., were of the et analyses scores with (Aagesen the Preliminary concordant species of and species those sum area of and the number the area is a the of the which parts assigning both between (E), in with by score improves absence set) endemicity value with an the area E area, receive with (an the areas penalized. congruent more fits area the being or species are All candidate two area the that of the a well that distribution outside cells) evaluates how congruent species cells of on NDM the in of depending (sets as criterion, presence list species AE areas optimality each a an for an to identifies uses searches It score on NDM method Based possible. data, The as input species species. As many grid. as user-defined (2004). of matrix a distribution Goloboff presence/absence a of & into transformed cells Szumik automatically proposed in specimen, and method each the for (2002) 3. applies locations which georeferenced Appendix 2016), includes al. the (2004, et in program v.2.7 is Szumik NDM/VNDM list by the species using AEs The for specimen searched species. We 851 per 81, points included 800 database Analysis – Endemicity final 7 (e.g., 2.3 The with databases species 2003). online 400 al., 2020), per of Biota at the April–May records points (Turner by point accessed occurrence documented literature and those https://bonap.org, ample and latitude with (BONAP; https://eol.org/), contrasted with for on were EOL: Project cases values maps records The America in “NA” duplicates, North purged. hemisphere; or were of eastern eliminated “0” records 1950 or as we than southern such older cleaning in species, records, the points erroneous checked Biocollec- During occasional gardens, was Digitized longitude; (IPNI). botanical nomenclature Integrated or Index The the campuses World Name university 2020. from Old Plant –April downloaded the International January were with with accessed data connected last genera e.g. specimen over (http://www.idigbio.org/portal), temperate selected herbarium tions (BLB), of were Digitized Bridge species genera The checklist. Land tropical/subtropical and Bering genera. madro-tethyan, temperate via madrean, widespread sonoran, of (19 the species species): of sp.), the were sp.). (23 species all (11 years Hydrophyllaceae The of sp.), recent (63.5% and (28 in species sp.), 254 published (19 fam- sp.), comprise Cactaceae genera studied (43 families sp.), extensively representative such of sp.), species their Seven members (111 the of database. The while the phylogenies commu- included. avoided, in molecular were personal were included University, USA area with preferentially southern State study of Utah the of areas Shultz, of dry ilies (L. most the covering Utah in ranges flora, represented Basin with well River Mountains/Great species Bear Widespread Rocky from Flora central nication). Jepson species the The included http://swbiodiversity.org/seinet/; we sample To area Portal: (SENet https://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/jepsonflora/). California and Project; Mexico, New Arizona, Astragalus L. 4 , r otyfo h eprt erRvrflora River Bear temperate the from mostly are Posted on Authorea 8 Jul 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.162575849.93786148/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. tlatoegi iei 3.Termiig10seista i o upr n fteotie E,are AEs, obtained the of any under support e.g. not area did species, an that area supported species study that 170 the species remaining of of northern- The the number parts grid 230. from total in the starting is under A widespread AEs size AE mostly the grid eastward. each present one selecting then We least sizes, and species. cell at southward database. supporting different moving smaller Table of three the number one in from from highest 5 most 2.4deg species the Column x 400 yielded 2.7deg for species. that size obtained cell size 400 at AEs with sizes CAs 27 supplement database 29 cells, cell to discuss of larger CAs different We smaller species the more using endemic the with of the results EA with analyses includes the The 2 CAs combined chose Appendix we the nested CAs. S1, therefore, on more size the CAs; based the grid found between discussion in nested, We overlap at variation and/or our 36 more CAs little overlapping showed from area. partially 12 with species were CAs study 2.6deg; results 259 CAs 29 the with x Many yielded S1, 1.8deg; of 2.6deg cells 5deg. Table x x size part larger in 1.8deg 5deg grid south-central while shown size size 4. at the grid are grid (j) CAs at in at and species CAs 12 especially sets nine 2 259 longitude; and (j) 60 latitude/2.4deg comprising 4.5deg; 1 from x 2.7deg dataset CAs Fig. 4.5deg size second 22 of grid shown identified the at areas, analyses with centers sets consensus Preliminary significant analysis main two S2. NDM SC to the the Fig. split and of clear SW a results the 4 and define The area: and CAs To 3, study two overlapping 2, the first and higher. columns in the nested and were endemism several from 1, of scores produced selected Fig. analyses their ones 1, three the but Table All in with CA, 2. results analysis analysis each Appendix summarize last that We S1, to the from score. endemic Fig. run CAs endemicity in we species the their Since fewer combined on taxa). based we had 17 analyses endemism, it by scores of endemicity (supported off, areas The 11.49 cut the to sets. higher 61 taxa) from two a CAs by with 26 selected (supported The produced with 2.066 analysis. cells AEs. from produced CAs former 2.5deglongitude the ranged x the 14 analyses define 3deglatitude to from omitting both with order CAs after in analysis of 19 CAs The Therefore, CAs the 43 with with The results. analysis intersected the finer those species). from providing were mostly from 26 CAs CAs group ranged the by Scores second chose (supported we sets. the scores, 106 15.95 species.) species). lower with from 20 to 61 areas, CAs by 43 by species) similar (supported produced (supported one many 12.75 longitude 23.57 by 1.5deg and x to species) (supported from latitude 33 species) CAs 1.25 3deg by 19 1 grids and (supported with produced by 1, analysis 17.36 Table longitude (supported The 1, scores: 1.5deg 1.21 high x Fig. from had latitude in scores CAs 2.5deg summarized endemicity more grids are Two the with species with analysis 400 sets NDM with 80 database 2. the Appendix of S1, analysis Table endemicity of results The or regionalization Analysis provinces Endemicity floristic floristic 3.1 the known in one after units only AEs the kept Results the with We named AEs 3. (2007). and the differences. McLaughlin of 2) species and outlines Appendix endemic (.shp) (1987) the two S1, Takhtajan with shapefiles compared Table or of analyses We into I; one the converted terms. (Table only by geographic were AE and using produced an sizes outline CAs as grid similar Several CA a all such (http://qgis.osgeo.org). had of 3.6.3 sizes CAs version cell The obtained varying QGIS larger VNDM. sets calculated with and and using the medium mapped for 0.7 From examined and respectively. similarity of sizes were 40% 2013). score cell results and minimum 5deg) al., 70% The a x cells; et defining 5deg with 1.8deg (Aagesen their and for species similarity consensus 4.5deg, of endemic 50% x percentage the the at (4.5deg user-defined in only (CAs) we a chose areas set cells similarity. share consensus we area 40% 2.5deg that the database, at x other sets smaller (CAs) 3deg one area the areas with least all consensus with analysis combines the at 1.5deg the which calculated with x for and rule, 3deg species and 0.75 and loose 0.68, score 1.5deg the minimum score x used the 2.5deg minimum We sizes with a cell species with at the species database chose endemic larger the the with chose obtained we sets the From proportions. 5 aohru nuttalii ntewsenor western the in Asclepias Posted on Authorea 8 Jul 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.162575849.93786148/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. yrpylca n aaeebt pert aeoiiae nNrhAeiaadaescesvl sister successively are AE. and America. America this South North and support in North originated western woodlands, have in to oak/pine mainly appear distributed and both is Namaceae chaparral, family and The Hydrophyllaceae slopes, genera, 2020). /amphitropical rocky al., the et American to in (Vasile N Hydrophyllaceae are sandy SW them areas, of of species open Two 2001). Four in al., subprovinces/provinces. et grow adjacent (Moody which the of family Sonora parts Basin-Mohave-N the Great and of CFP-SE rest genus S USA-Mexico-Mesoamerican the 5. SW to AE a found sister represents genera the S1) amphitropical (Table forests. as database or pine placed smaller American was or with North which woodlands, analysis western the Joshua- in of scrub, AE species bush Northern this creosote three the by or in sagebrush supported in distribution is It fossil wide province. Today, Basin a Basin-Mohave 2018). Great Eucommiaceae. has al., but family 4. et AE , (1995), Soltis 2009; from Mai al., subgenus species to et CFP single according (Manchester the arctotertiary, a Hemisphere to an of sister to is consists which sister Eucommiaceae Dahling, are (Endl.) which Fadyenia subgenus , the in are from species comes three to connections All temperate north 2012). north returned of which example oaks, Another 20, white 2018). in of al., clade genus species et the Mexico’ 154 (Hipp ‘Arizona/North has ancestor small Mexico American a North Mexico. of from member USA a the is S1) (Table 3 genus monotypic arcto-alpine the genera (C. America example, five-species North For two western Fagaceae). the Rosaceae, and scrublands in 2004) clades montane (e.g. American of families North genus SW temperate of Apachian mostly members are of S1) representatives (Table have (e.g. 3 connections AE southern supporting with species genera successive other the Several are clades 2018). Incarnatae al., and et Desert Sonoran American the producta remaining (2018), Matelea the al. (2011), et to al. Fishbein et of sisters phylogeny Fishbein the of In phylogeny of Plateau. the clade In American and North S1). genera (Table Temperate American database North smaller SW with in asperula analysis are the They in 1). area (Table areas mountainous genus madro-tethyan arid a open in Madrean widespread Plateau-E Mountains-Colorado species Rocky South and 3. grasslands, AE wetlands. is scrublands, and AE 1) sagebrush meadows, (Table and in forests, AE of mostly four subalpine grow Each species by scrublands, Two AE1 defined genera. supporting woodlands. is American S1) conifer 1 (Table North open total AE western species and provinces. Eight temperate Basin 2008). north of Great species broadly and two of by Mountain supported species Rocky three the by of 2 parts Mountains embrace Rocky k1) 1, Mid 1. 5). AE column Endemism S1, of (Fig. Areas 4.5deg The x 3.2. 4.5deg of cells larger with database paradoxa, Fallugia speciosa, viridis genera .ovata G. nteS/Eprs eea pce htaelnsaefrigi hi rvne,like provinces, their in forming landscape are that species Several parts. SC/SE the in Chamaebatia Bre 01.Tegenus The 2011). (Burge, nei nA n t itrspecies sister its and 3 AE in endemic Garrya and samme fteai-dpe ld on nS S n otenMxc (McDonnell Mexico northern and USA SW in found clade arid-adapted the of member a is , .glaberrima G. oga xLindl ex Douglas Dryas et.+ Benth. Juniperus L. Astragalus ledifolius , and n then and Cercocarpus Fg1 1 nldsteMhva upoic n etr at fteGreat the of parts western and subprovince Mohavian the includes d1) 1, (Fig r ato ope nteMxcnhglnsNCiuha(Nesom, highlands/N Mexican the in complex a of part a are , isyo texana, Diospyros .Sxmr pce fgasad,rcysoe,adwoln upr this support woodland and slopes, rocky grasslands, of species more Six L. Garrya . Fg ,a)and a1) 1, (Fig. Asclepias nei oA 3 AE to Endemic uprsA ,TbeS) ihnDydieeo oaee Holarctic a Rosaceae, of Dryadoideae Within S1). Table 1, AE supports Asclepias eu fErsa rgnadmgainvateBB(cesne al. et (Scherson BLB the via migration and origin Eurasian of genus a , Petrophytum us,telret(0 p)adms ies ebro h family the of member diverse most and sp.) (207 largest the Juss., Purshia Fallugia Astragalus ssse oteEs sa genus Asian East the to sister is Sne l,2016) al., et (Sun pce.Aohredmci E3Aceidca species, Asclepiadaceae 3 AE in endemic Another species. .viridis A. .Svrlohrseiso hscaego nteColorado the on grow clade this of species other Several L. Raf. .Nrhtmeaecnetosaogteedmc fAE3 of endemics the among connections temperate North ). nl a etr ot mrcnacsr (Kalkman, ancestry American North western a has Endl. Quercus and mre sedmc nyfo h nlsso smaller of analysis the from only endemics as emerged Nt. yb and Rydb. (Nutt.) , 6 E2 ra ai ok Mountains Rocky - Basin Great E 2. AE r ucsiessest h etr ot American North western the to sisters successive are .wrightii G. Fg1 1.A mrcsteMhva subprovince Mohavian the embraces 5 AE j1). (Fig.1, neiapinnata Angelica hc uprsA 4SuhPare r nthe in are Prairie, South 24 AE supports which , htdvrie ic 42 afo neastern an from Ma 14–20 since diversified that . nokspecies oak An oehrwt w pce uprigAE supporting species two with together , salreA Fg1 1 endb four by defined f1) (Fig.1, AE large a is Cercocarpus enn E2go nsagebrush in grow 2 AE defining , und urens Aucuba uru grisea Quercus hn.i h family the in Thunb. ut r rsn in present are Kunth hc supports which nei nAE in endemic Ungnadia Asclepias (Fig. , Posted on Authorea 8 Jul 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.162575849.93786148/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. hlgn fMoeadJne 20) hs pce r ntesbeu dy,weesedmct E 6 AEs to endemic whereas . Eddya, subgenus subgenus western support the the in places in are rocky are species or these species clayish (2006), 7 sandy, Jansen and semi-deserts, and in Moore them found of phylogeny of species Two One a AE. Arizona. including this north species, and endemic Utah, 10 south by Plateau Colorado supported is 10. area AE the and nine, is genus index monotypic endemicity American Its 8 land North AE above. more SW described to as endemic Eocene 9. with the clade AE (ca. following a occur 2018). spread species form Simpson, taxa 7 ranges Pterocaryae et described AE the their (Mabry series to of with Osterh and of endemic originated third mya, An species a annual 5.3 other 2014). where the two as al., CFP, that et early the suggest (Walden as (1995) is arid from Axelrod became genus Pliocene 9, and the the AE Raven for during area endemic). diversity super CFP spp. in of the 40 center in are spp., overlapping The 70 it partially of 2014). areas supporting majority the al., The species in et 9. subprovince The endemic AE Mohave ( to are the 4 genera genera Sierra-. AE overlaps these high American of area south species North The Several including western CFP, woodland. mostly in pinyon/juniper amphitropical, mountains in southern areas, rocky and to Nevada-Mohave Desert gravelly Sierra Mohave sandy, subprovince. South the slopes, Sonoran in rocky northern 8. poppy), centered and AE prickly province are Mohave Basin They Great (e.g. southern woodlands. hillsides across and pinyon/juniper extending plains and sandy Joshua-tree Sonora on scrub, Mohave-N found creosote-bush genera Basin- Asian American Mediterranean-Frontal Great North mostly South a SW and Sierra Africa 7. the of of AE Horn forests the montane from genus upper a and with meadows genus clade wet a the to in basally genus branches endemic local ancestor Mountains. monotypic common Nevada a single 2009), a al. from et radiated of genera II parryi Tiquilia, with Bor Stephnomeria America/Africa. subgenus the 2006) in of the genera Jansen, genus In sister desert and tropical amphitropical two deserts. the an Eddya) to of (subgenus 2019). sister of member is a species al., which is dwarf 2014), deserts et It Several al., Chihuahuan into et (Majure S1). and (Gottschling (Table migrated Sonoran pairs Ehretieae 6 the tribe then of species AE between members supporting and desert split species are consistent Sonoran-Chihuahuan mid-Miocene another They a several the show by 1). during They (Table exemplified Desert deserts. 6 (e.g. American Chihuahuan AE genera North the to other American in endemic North originated are SW subprovinces Cylindropuntieae mostly 2019). Sonoran of al., and et clades (Ruiz-Sanchez Mohavian xerophytic Mexico the in in Mohave-Sonora found to south of 6. Oriental range eastern Madre AE The Sierra of species ranges. the distribution western Another through have Geographical north, S1), Occidental. (Table the Madre 2017). 3 2019). in Sierra AE al., the in endemic and et al. is California (Ruiz-Sanchez which et Baja Mexico (Luebert through to north, clade endemic the database, are II) smaller which (Bor the of with II half analysis species the the 32 in AE of this remainder supporting the to families Cichorium ih.i pi notewsenadesenrne.Tewsenrneetnssuhfo thin Utah from south extends range western The ranges. eastern and western the into split is Michx. Centrostegia L. Phalacroseris fCcoia,Atrca,wihi nei oA .AltepicplAmerican principal the All 6. AE to endemic is which Asteraceae, Cichorieae, of iulalatior Tiquilia Tiquilia .palmeri T. Fg1 1.Sxseis nldn ooyi genus monotypic a including species, Six b1). 1, (Fig Fg ,i) hsA vrassuhr ra ai rvnei ot Nevada, south in province Basin Great southern overlaps AE This i1). 1, (Fig. .ryi et fEiooda,. Erigonoideae, of Benth in A.Gray Phacelia es r pi ewe h ooa sbeu iula n Chihuahuan and Tiquilia) (subgenus Sonoran the between split are Pers. Fg1 2.Ti ue-raicue eea vrapn rnse areas nested or overlapping several includes super-area This j2). 1, (Fig snse ihnteitrotnnal ijntv ihria hr it where Cichoriinae disjunctive intercontinentally the within nested is uprigA fti td.A neetn xml oe from comes example interesting An study. this of 7 AE supporting ssse oteedmci E3(al S1) (Table 3 AE in endemic the to sister is pce 16sp)i itiue nwsenNrhAeia(Walden America North western in distributed is spp.) (176 species Fg ,l)hstreedmcseis(al )fudo open, on found 1) (Table species endemic three has l1) 1, (Fig. 7 .plicata T. Fg1 1 al )i upre ytreseisof species three by supported is 1) Table g1; (Fig.1, Phacelia Phalacroseris oiabigelovii Nolina rpatautahensis Cryptantha ld ssse to sister is clade and .bigelovii, N. Cryptantha .ry(e ta.20;Kilian 2003; al. et (Lee A.Gray .mohavensis C. Egl. ..nt) The F.M.Knuth). [Engelm.] Nolina ersnstegnswith genus the represents , .palmeri T. swl as well as .hispidissima. T. emn xG.Don). ex Lehmann Hesperocallis AGa)Gen and Greene (A.Gray) xed rmFlorida from extends iulaplicata Tiquilia and .microcarpa, N. ld (Moore clade .gracilis C. A.Gray, nthe In is Posted on Authorea 8 Jul 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.162575849.93786148/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. ihsm pce xedn oajcn ra.Teseisspotn hsae r nlregnr of genera large in are area this supporting species The ( ( American regions areas. North temperate SE adjacent warm to to 2007). extending Manos, tropical species & Prairie). (Douglas S some America (to with North Chuhuahuan SW of 15. deserts AE eastern the the in to eastward diversified and which prairies them, genus, western of the the One to northward ( subprovince Plateau. deepest Sonoran genera The Mexican the American 23. from tropical-subtropical and extend of 15, area this 14, species AEs Some in including 2009). deserts, Corrall, American North all in “flora in divergences found or is flora and Tethyan pattern genera the disjunction amphitropical of of symbol species a are them genus endemic Among Sonoran-Chihuahuan S1). (Table analyses (2012), al. et Simmons of phylogeny the In 2016). al., et , and (Sun Within support S1). strong (Table genus with AEs USA-Mexican different SW in 2011). from endemic al., comes are clade, et example American interesting (Thiv Ap- the Another In Ma by 5. 34–2 proposed species. 15 about was of geoflora America clade Madro-Tertiary North American Neogene western arid Somalian to of of single Asia biome ancestor A of South succulent clades the from the diverging For BLB in Early AE flats. present the (2016). this and via al. to slopes migration et endemic rocky a pelhans An dry Frem. on 2015). & Chihuahuan grows al., the Torr. , of et characteristic in Escudero soils genus gypsum-rich 2007; on American-African Manos, living & species of (Douglas number Desert a has It genus, Nyctaginaceae. mega-Mexico-Mesoamerican family a desert American of North species (1993), SW 13. Rzedowski A the of of and Chi- rocky, members connections. terms gravelly, northeastern are in American sandy, the species and along dry tropical-subtropical The southeastward Texas on with stretch Oriental. SW found ranges genera Madre Their 1) to Sierra (Table elevations. Arizona to species mid Subprovince SE to six huahuan low from by in subprovince supported areas Chihuahuan clay is gypseous the It of plateau. area, part Mexican this northern northern to and Chihuahuan endemic (2007) are Apachian-North . McLaughlin region evergreen mountainous and 13. the juniper in AE alligator distribution like broad species, of woody species them Montane Seven among 3. Region AE Madrean genera the overlays American North 12. SW of AE each in Desert species two Plateau-Mohave-Colorado by of Colorado pockets. supported semi-arid lineages or 11. major arid current AE locally in All allopatrically of evolving Paleocene. ancestors perhaps the Ehretioid mid-Miocene, the during that America suggest North (2006) Jansen and Moore itrt ld ftosalgnr nMxc-eomrc.Ti aiyhstomi etr fdiversity: genus of American centers North main SW two the has with family 2016), This (Hufford, Mexico-Mesoamerica. America in genus North give urens genera monotypic SW province small A and Sonoran two Andes the 21). of the of clade v. subprovinces a species (FNA, both to scoring deserts sister in or Highest distribution scrublands wide 1). outcrops, of (Table calcareous species 5.45 Six of elevations. score lower in (2017). is it al. ( et Sonoran-Chihuahuan Morrone 14. of AE provinces Sur Del Madre Oriental-Sierra Madre Acleisanthes .greggii M. uprsA )bacigbslyt h et wnyfu pce oa upr E1 ndifferent in 14 AE support total species Twenty-four rest. the to basally branching 4) AE supports A 4 omacae hc ssse oacaewt w eia pce nsuhr Sierra southern in species Mexican two with clade a to sister is which clade, a form 14) (AE Ephedra .ryi ebro h ot mrcnxrpyi ld fmsl tropical/subtropical mostly of clade xerophytic American North the of member a is A.Gray Lindheimera niae aa rd fseisdsrbtdi h eierna ra(yi & (Rydin area Mediterranean the in distributed species of grade basal a indicated iaoapsparvus, Pinaropappus pce htrsle rmln-itnedsesl(D)i etdwti the within nested is (LDD) dispersal long-distance from resulted that species orai spicata Boerhavia .ry&Egl. eea ayo h pce xednrhfo the from north extend species the of Many genera. Engelm.) & A.Gray i.1 2 f 1, Fig. (Cottsia Phyllanthus Ephedra” hsA Fg ,d2 nopse h hhaunsubprovince, Chihuahuan the encompasses 2) d 1, (Fig. AE This Fg1 )cicdswt h eia ihad rvneand province Highlands Mexican the with coincides h) (Fig.1, Fg1 ) h raoely h pcinsbrvneof subprovince Apachian the overlays area The 2). l (Fig.1, ) uad&Dop) & Dubard hslreae snse ntemutiosA ;however, 3; AE mountainous the in nested is area large This . Thamnosma hmpyl pentachaeta, Thymophylla Ppv 93.I scaatrzdb Madro-Tethyan a by characterized is It 1963). (Popov, L. samme fteNrhAeia eohtccaeof clade xerophytic American North the of member a is .texana T. and 8 Eryngium , cesnhschenopodioides Acleisanthes eei WNrhAeiaadmyhv been have may and America North SW in were , Fg1 1.Ti Ehsasoefu n is and four score a has AE This c1). (Fig.1, and Mortonia ssse to sister is Brickellia Tiquilia L Ephedra . Mortonia ,Aeia/fia ( American/African ), Boerhavia Tiquilia (Larrea ssse oters fCelastraceae, of rest the to sister is naie r rpcsrbi SW in scrub tropic dry inhabited T.montana lit and Elliott h atrgnshsln been long has genus latter The . seaeefeunl rw on grows frequently Asteraceae Cevallia .ry hs eea species several whose A.Gray, ieyaoei h al to early the in arose likely Cav. L hmom texana Thamnosma ,Fuastrum ., Koeberlinia , crd10ec nAE in each 1.0 scored hti nei nAE in endemic is that .scabrella M. Phacelia. a.o osca is Loasaceae of Lag. Eucnide Mimosa .or. in E.Fourn.) Thamnosma uc ( Zucc. Zucc. A 13) (AE .,or L.), fan of ), E. a Posted on Authorea 8 Jul 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.162575849.93786148/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. .4(al ) on nteSer ar retladTmuia rvne fMroe(07.Te are ( They tropical/subtropical as (2017). such Morrone World, of Old provinces the with and with disjunctions Oriental transatlantic 2017), Madre with al., Sierra genera et the the (Christenhusz in in Cactaceae found to 1), (Table sister Madrean-Tamaulipan Desert. 7.04 is Chihuahuan E which the family, in 21. small and AE a Hemisphere of Southern in genera endemic distribution four monotypic ex- disjunctive a the their widely desert, of shaping chihuahuan one of in is indicator role good It greater lineages A a stem had longest order. have the the genus may have within family elsewhere and extinction Mediterranean-Irano-Turanian than grade that East diversity a indicating Cre- tant that form possibly the Nitrariaceae found , during family in authors diversified the observed The which and and species) 2016). (five species al., Biebersteiniaceae 13 et includes which (Muellner-Riehl Sapindales, taceous of Nitrariaceae family scrub Tethyan desert Chihuahuan genus of Tethyan ( component connections transatlantic common with a in mostly are (e.g. They ericoides genera south. American and east tropical/subtropical the to extending wide sometimes subprovince, Chihuahuan Chihuahuan 20. four AE the genus of new one the is to It transferred study. recently of area soils. the calcareous in on split and shrublands or grasslands species Tamaulipas to extending chihuahuan, 1): (Table species Chihuahuan-Tamaulpanthree including species, 19. endemic five AE has ( It Texas. soils south sandy and acutifolia Mexico on in endemics Leon Nuevo edaphic and of in species subprovince Several Texas-Coahuila South 2013). S1). al., 18. (Table et AE study (Cardoso this of the AEs of different support clade temperate American ( North Sheet Sand 21). Texas ( Vol. South ground the open on flat grow and They Texas. v.4). SE (FNA, Texasin Texas South-East and Mexico, 17. Coahuila, AE in Arabia. grasslands and and Africa shrublands NE cenizo in in distribution of center 2006). with Jansen, 2016). Atlantic (Khanum, the pattern across clade tion a including the to have Asclepiadeae, sister AE, All is this It support which genus. 1). species, (Table perate five 1.0 the of of Three score highest Plateau. Edwards Texas Texas and Chihuahuan-South subprovince huahuan North 16. Texas. AE NE reaching limits northern genus. its the of 2017). with species history, al., the its et while in (Angulo area fluctuations largest climatic brachystefana the the Pliocene/Pleistocene occupies of the element currently to important It related an species range Specifically, Desert distribution province. Chihuahuan dynamic Prairie the the vegetation, of chaparral parts Madro-Tertiary south-central to Desert Chihuahuan Talinopsis ,toia/utoia ( tropical/subtropical ), ). Dalea cesnhscrassifolia Acleisanthes Peganum fA 5(al )i nteMxcnHgad ld ftegns(ihene l,2018), al., et (Fishbein genus the of clade Highands Mexican the in is 1) (Table 15 AE of stelretadetnieyrdae nteSnrnDsr eu ntepredominantly the in genus Desert Sonoran the in radiated extensively and largest the is .ry(al 1 rw ndsr cu fMxcnPaeuadTasPcsi Texas. in Pecos Trans and Plateau Mexican of scrub desert in grows S1) (Table A.Gray Asclepias ae lasiathera Dalea iueastenoloba, Viguiera .i etitdt h hhaunDesert. Chihuahuan the to restricted is L. slpa,Matelea Asclepias, Fg1 ) hssalae sspotdb he pce ihnro ranges narrow with species three by supported is area small This 2). k 1, (Fig yacu pringlei Cynanchum nei oA n E2 r ntetmeaeNrhAeia ld of clade American North temperate the in are 24 AE and 3 AE to endemic iulagossypina Tiquilia Fg1 ) hsA sspotdb 1seis(al )fudi the in found 1) (Table species 11 by supported is AE This 2). a (Fig.1, yacu,Heliotropium Cynanchum, Vachellia Fg ,i2.Ti rai etdi E1 n sapr fteChihuahuan the of part a is and 16 AE in nested is area This 2). i 1, (Fig. uatu torreyi Funastrum Johnstonella Fg ,g2.Ti Ei upre yegtseiswt cr of score E with species eight by supported is AE This 2). g 1, (Fig. Fg ,j3 snse ntesprae E2.I sspotdby supported is It 22. AE area super the in nested is 3) j 1, (Fig. saseiso osraincnen on nrcy acrossoils calcareous rocky, on found concern, conservation of species a is ,ado rvlo ietn temes( streambeds limestone of gravel on and ), on nTmuia n hhaunDsr cu,admostly and scrub, Desert Chihuahuan and Tamaulipan in found Wgt&An]Knz) n rpclwr eprt genera temperate tropical/warm and Kuntze), Arn.] & [Wight osoel mexicana Jonstonella Cryptantha Aubl. Fg1e.Teae mrcsnrhatr ato h Chi- the of part northeastern embraces area The e). (Fig.1 .mexicana J. si h hhaundsr ugnsEda(or and (Moore Eddya subgenus desert Chihuahuan the in is rn Smsne l,2019). al., et (Simpson Brand si h e ol ld fti rpclt amtem- warm to tropical this of clade World New the in is , 9 and n acru rgpu ihsis( soils rich gypsum or calcareus and ) pce fa atr eioTxssre Albidae, series Mexico/Texas eastern an of species ioalatidens; Mimosa Cynanchum ..Teol e ol pce fteMadro- the of species World New only The L.). ersnsoemr rb ihtewest/east the with tribe more one represents and Peganum aoi trifoliolata Mahonia .hv n“u-fArc”distribu- “out-of-Africa” an have L. orai linearifolia, Boerhavia ar 2007 Carr, samme fasal mostly small, a of member a is rceladentata) Brickellia ) nlmsoehills limestone on , TbeS)hda had S1) (Table on narid in found Acleisanthes Cynanchum Asclepias Condalia (FNA Dalea Posted on Authorea 8 Jul 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.162575849.93786148/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. paahas ao erls(05 on otylwdvriycae once oteOdWrdand World Old southern the the to of connected flora clades woody low-diversity the mostly detail found in (2015) Analyzing Meireles species. & southeastern Manos genus few Appalachians, monotypic a only a Plain containes e.g. Coastal database genera, Our Gulf herbaceous American and American/Central Atlantic North genera, American-African 26. of AE species endemic two by 1). supported (Table is It Plateau members Plateau. Edwards are They 25. BB. and AE EP, TX, S embraces that area L.). nested ( a genera to disjunctive endemic amphiatlantically are of 24 AE genus supporting species Mediterranean paraphyletic the containing phylogeny clade Asian contains Campanuloideae Mediterranean-Frontal the (2014) The of clade. I al. American Clade et event. LDD Crowl species genus an sister of to The due The disjunction 2015). American-Mediterranean 2015). North (McDonnel, (McDonnell, Mexico Apocynaceae North the in within genera cynanchoides largest M. the of ( one genera is 2006). temperate al., et American (Wang North Strait Bering eastern in are genus Thermopsis species genistoid American Most North eastern 1). endemicity An (Table The Schreb., 10.07 . ex south/central is to Gaertn. 24 Texas central/east AE throughout of found index species 16 by genera supported American is North Comanchian of 24. species AE several by supported ( is subkingdom It America/Madrean Province. Prairie the ( of parts Prairie 20 southern least S at cludes ancestor Eurasian 23. western AE a from 2009). LDD al., by endemic, et derived more (McDill species One North Mya flax yellow-flowered temperate/subtropical 2000). warm of Albert, xeric clade and & American Africa (Wallander South America between South disjunction and genus a (Luebert has the Paleogene which represents Jasmineae, Early AE tribe the this in of supporting ancestor counterpart species American World Another USA an the 2016). from in al., diversified species et have single 2006). with Its species al., Hemisphere World. Ehretieae et Northern New pantropical, the (Duangjai the of in Asia genus genera pantropical range SE clade, The 1995) Mesoamerican the in (Mai, Paleogene. in distributed the 1975)/paleotropical species in (Wolfe, are other distribution and boreotropical intercontinental the clade Chihuahuan the to the sister of basally in its one branching mostly is is from and found species species genus which two four 21, whereas of small clade and a Mesoamerican-Caribbean 20 of a dominant AEs species of vegetation in distributed each A widely subprovinces only species Sonoran 22. the 1 AE is have 22, area clade AE ( super II score American the Bor E tropical/subtropical area; in of mostly this overlap Heliotropiaceae in support and are 1.0 Ehretiaceae, of They Cordiaceae, ( score 1). have Mexican-Mesoamerican (Table which Mill.), 10 of ex eleven is species, area Twenty-one the overlap. of partially 21) Madrean to USA-E 12 SC 22. AE , Tetraneuris ioa Cordia Mimosa, .r nteTempieecaeo h eue;i a oeecag ihAi rudthe around Asia with exchange some had it legumes; the of clade Thermopsideae the in R.Br. ree,wt oeo hmetnignrhadfo hi etro rgni h WNorth SW the in origin of center their from northward extending them of some with Greene), Triodanis hc upr E2,aei h ugnswt 0mlweso rdhbtt centered habitats arid of milkweeds 30 with subgenus the in are 24, AE support which , .,o ntoia/utoia mrcn( American tropical/subtropical in or L.), Krigia . Fg ,b slctdnrho h pcinadCiuha upoicsadin- and subprovinces Chihuahuan and Apachian the of north located is b) 2, (Fig. Jasminum nte od pce uprigA 22, AE supporting species woody Another Fg1 )prl onie ihteCmnha hro fMLuhi 20) It (2007). McLaughlin of chorion Comanchian the with coincides partly 2) b (Fig.1, pce n ea nei species endemic Texas a and species Schreb. Fg ,c2.Ti ml Ei nNrhCnrlTxsado h Edwards the on and Texas Central North in is AE small This 2). c 1, (Fig. slpa,Dalea Asclepias, Fg1 ) hsi ra ue raweesvrlohraes(rmAE (from areas other several where area super broad a is This 4). j (Fig.1, .I samme ftemsl l ol rpclt amtemperate warm to tropical World Old mostly the of member a is It L. Matelea atsaVent. Baptisia , Viguiera Mimosa samg-eioMsaeia eu.Wt 0 species, 200 With genus. mega-Mexico-Mesoamerican a is Baptisia ut) rAeia-fia ( American-African or Kunth), Fg ) hsA sspotdb he pce fSE of species three by supported is AE This 3). a (Fig. resenNrhAeia eea( genera American North eastern or ) Triodanis ). .falcata L. ,o ntoia/utoia eea( genera tropical/subtropical in or ), 10 sale ihtemsl etr ot mrcngenus American North western mostly the with allied is Raf. emtpylmsecundiflorum, Dermatophyllum Gochnatia Tn)Fishi itrt h ot American North the to sister is Fritsch (Ten.) apnl reverchonii Campanula , ihtoedmcseisi E2,hsa has 24, AE in species endemic two with isyo texana Diospyros Ehretia .anacua E. iu vernale Linum Kunth Legousia Mimosa .hsmsl nEs Madrean- East an mostly has L. Chaptalia , Mimosa Zygadenus uicm Serjania Guaiacum, uprsA 2 Currently 22. AE supports op. hc steNew the is which Bonpl., uad n n North one and Durande TbeS) samember a is S1), (Table eea h tropical The genera. ) eog oteNorth the to belongs , Baptisia .ry oeother Some A.Gray. and Vernonia et)genera. Vent.) ih Tbe1). (Table Michx Tradescantia hc supports which .biflora M. Diospyros and Schreb.). Silphium Matelea Liatris Plum. and L L. . Posted on Authorea 8 Jul 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.162575849.93786148/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. .A xml foetxnta esse is ( persisted drying subsequently that and but taxon trip cooling the one Cenozoic made existence of late these their example with of throughout Some An America 2018). ). northern (Graham, North present in into the stone extinct lineages the to stepping became discontinuous America, Eocene subtropical filtering middle South to a the NE as temperate between about served Antilles from Bahamas warm The the southern via scrub. USA for thorn SE route Tamaulipan the and the Mexico, of of especially region Yucatan AEs, SC the of istic h euto aalleouinadln-itnetasotta otniyo adadcniuu o and hot ( ( continuous genera genera Tertiary. and tropical-subtropical the of land representation during of strong anytime continuity A regions than and northern transport trees the long-distance of across and genera conditions evolution affinities 15 arid parallel Madrean/Mesoamerican (ca. of Mediterranean East result the the mostly and Mexico have ( America USA/northern e.g., subkingdom 12-22), SW shrubs; North Tethyan the (AEs the western South between area with affinities to to (2018), including super route northward connections, SC migration transatlantic extending of the or genera species as American endemic served The North BLB SW the prairies. for western in (e.g., and included Mountains are Rocky species [ Sonora/Mohave sampled ( which Tamaulipas to Many 2019), westward to same eastward al., extends The and et which niches. 2012)] Murphy element, ecological al., chihuahuan and 2005; environments et Mexico. the similar Graham, into and for & range County) true their Verde (Wiens expand is Val conservatism will to species niche endemic (mostly of that Texas states hypothesis western their the into of Desert supports Chihuahuan members This the early-derived originated to are families eastward the of endemics extends represent (e.g. Other AEs genera SW their the genera Namaceae). of of the and endemics as Hydrophyllaceae the such of Some families, (e.g. within 2017). center occurring al., to this examples et and estimated in angiosperms (Simpson Mexico most Myr the western with 5 throughout “events” to last examples of members asynchronous the AAD especially majority multiple include (AAD). via The Americas, They disjunctions established the deserts. center, amphitropical become neoendemism. Mohave of have as arid and and backbone America American Sonoran paleo- South western North the both in the SW in species deserts of along great radiation Many center extend the extensive genera. the with connections in American as genera diversified their North to xerophytic 11, western referred local – or the (2018) 5 temperate of AEs al. north areas, et in overlapping Sosa are of which 4 group – SW 1 Pleistocene the from AEs of a ranging of forces, show species of surveyed endemic combination they The a maximum taxa be speciation. the Chihuahuan to the ecological for appeared and of to that region Sonoran Many isolation the estimated the allopatric 108.6degW. across throughout authors divergence divides overlapped animals the and that barrier CFB, time, and biotas divergence the the plants two for species between of Barrier data of zone Filter patterns phylogeographic number transition Cochise phylogeographic synthesizing known barrier, By community a physical studied Deserts. is and (2021) which environmental CFB, an al. the to et corresponds Provost super-areas (CFB). two to split The h w ijntv rus–tetospraes zmke l,(08 sn aae fmmasof mammals of dataset a using Many (2018) taxa. of al., sister each by et within characterized Szumik rarely AEs are analyses: adjacent and the super- super-areas. the overlap (e.g. all SW consistently two among genera AEs from nestedness the areas: that emerged demonstrate or super – consistently America overlap two observations groups North significant including major disjunctive a Two AEs, two and 26 22. the split of AE east/west recognition super-area dramatic the SC a in and 9, resulted AE database area the of analysis The Discussion 4. clades. World New of minority a uatu,Guaiacum Funastrum, srgls Artemisia, Astragalus, per,Jnprs iu,Qecs Styrax Quercus, Pinus, Juniperus, Ephedra, iula Nolina, Tiquilia, slpa,Matelea, Asclepias, Mortonia and ) n h netrof ancestor the and , n ara/eomrcngnr ( genera Madrean/Mesoamerican and Cylidropuntia fClsrca and Celastraceae of and alwihi torreyana Carlowrightia Diospyros Thamnosma) hwagorpi pi nowsenadesenclades. eastern and western into split geographic a show ) Thamnosma). 11 ahli,Diospyros Vachellia, hc steol eu fteEeaeeknown Ebenaceae the of genus only the is which , h ara eha eeain smr likely more is vegetation) Tethyan Madrean the ; Eucnide h ooa eeteeet(e.g. element Desert Sonoran The . fLaaee rerydrvdmembers early-derived or Loasaceae, of ). eoihna Garrya Telosiphonia, Peganum ,Aeia tropical-subtropical American ), aratridentata Larrea .Acrigt Graham to According ). ooaps Nothofagus Podocarpus, r character- are ) Boerhavia) (Laport Posted on Authorea 8 Jul 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.162575849.93786148/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. xlo I 98 vlto ftemdotrir geoflora. madro-tertiary rare the a of Evolution Psilopeganum, 1958. of DI. China. placement Axelrod to Phylogenetic endemic family) 2016. citrus J. 535–544. of (the Wen 54(5): effects Rutaceae S, HL, the of Owens Manafzadeh genus plants: BD, S, monotypic vascular Mishler Krohm Florida SW, MS, of phylogenetics Laffan Appelhans estimates. Spatial LC, diversity 2019. on Majure uncertainty JR. KM, and Abbott Neubig calibration WM, N, Whitten Barve SA, CC, Smith endemism. of Germain-Aubrey areas JM, for search Allen the in Consensus 2013. P. raphy Goloboff C, Szumik L, Aagesen GBIF from References downloads data occurrence of list records analyzed -supplementary point species specimen the all of containing each file for -Excel (coordinates) records with point maps containing file the -XYD of editing final Foundation. Taylor for Sam Karabegov the https://dx.doi.org/(doi:10.5061/dryad.7pvmcvdrz): M. for from Karabegov 10-80031-3210 and accessibility: A. grant help, Data appreciate by technical I supported for was manuscript. work Nelson the This on J. comments Photoshop. wording, helpful the and with review as for help study, Szumik of Claudia outcomes. area thank improved the I produce SW/SC of should the expansion patterns of future, distribution plant the regionalization species to in current floristic Acknowledgments analyzing database endemism the the for the in of by methods into discordances provided additional analysis species resolving qualitative as data NDM additional towards well previous of distribution apply step over inclusion advantage species to a The an is using knowledge, USA. has It two analyzed our study were in records. This of units USA. specimen protected best in the already the species that Texas, to plant classifications of SW attempt, patterns important first of distribution highly the flora study also is desert is high analysis area unique of this Our is the and and is TX, diversification S as xerophytic in Parks. perspective, found of National are conservation centers species the greatest rare the from very among Some is importance. center conservation arid Sonora-Mohave The in found species Conclusion affiliation sampled American 5. Some North (in deserts SE affiliation. Sonoran/Mohave shows ER the province, from show deserts. Tamaulipas northward the also extend the of that species of province those Dalea prairie Sonoran part are the sampled prairies a low of of is southwestern subprovince which majority Chihuahuan flora, the The in TX (ER). Manchester BB S by of the while reviewed placement (2015). of and SW, the Meireles Affinities literature supports & the McLaughlin. analysis Manos in of Our and in SW discussed (2013), falls extensively the al. it than been however et rather have Harris analysis, system, hemisphere (1999), Takhtajan’s our N by of the ER supported across the strongly ER ( of is region Province system Prairie E McLaughlin’s the of of (Comanchian) chorion genera 24 Comanchian Gondwana AE the West The 2018). in of (Graham, originated species Paleogene ( family the the the genera during suggest by America (1974) supported North Axelrod and is & Raven Eurasia USA. into eastern migrated the and of forests the in 01) 2011–2016. 40(11): rteCiuha eet( desert Chihuahuan the or ) emnhs Mimosa Desmanthus, h aaudryn hsatceaeaalbein available are article this underlying data The ,adtoearvdb Dsfo h eierna ( Mediterranean the from LDDs by arrived those and ), Alloberberis ncneto ihrcn rdfiainadepninof expansion and aridification recent with connection in ) iScience 12 atsa Silphium Baptisia, 1 7–70. 11: h oaia Review Botanical The ora fSseaisadEvolution and Systematics of Journal h ra iia eoioyat Repository Digital Dryad the ,apitatcl disjunctive amphiatlanticaly ), 47:433–509. 24(7): eha Triodanis Lechea, ora fBiogeog- of Journal Asclepias, ). Posted on Authorea 8 Jul 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.162575849.93786148/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. nEeaeesnult:eiec rmsxpatdDAregions. DNA plastid relationships six corre- and delimitation from and Generic evidence 2006. radiations MW. lato: sam- continental Chase 1808–1827. sensu taxon J, Multiple Munzinger incomplete Ebenaceae R, with Samuel in innovation B, Wallnofer 2012. key S, for C. Duangjai testing Hughes (Leguminosae): S, Lupinus in Miotto pling. diversification R, of America. Eastwood lates North C, in Drummond genera xerophytic characters and of biogeography, , radiation 856–872. Nyctaginaceae: a of phylogeny with Molecular associated 2007. P. Manos N, Douglas deserts. ancient American an North of in dispersal Ericales) and Evolution (Fouquiericeae, Cellinese radiation and Recent T, of 2018. case Borsch S. the pentatri- Magallon D, nuclear lineage: LE, Phitos of Eguiarte LL, utility G, Sanchez-Reyes the JA, Kamari De-Nova on A, emphasis genes. Pistarino with (PPR) (Campanulaceae) R, repeat Campanuloideae Haberle copeptide of G, Phylogeny Mansion 2014. America. E, N. North Mavrodiev of AA, Provinces flora. Crowl floristic Australian of the Map in 1982. Endemism A. Cronquist 2001. A. Monro H, 183–198. Linder 28(2): S, Laffan M, Crisp zone transition Mexican the in 1970. tion. MC. cenocrons Johnston of DS, assembly Correll analysis. vascular the biogeographic of Analyzing cladistic encyclopedia time-sliced illustrated plants. 2017. a vascular an JJ. through of Morrone, world: encyclopedia the V, illustrated of an Corral-Rosas Plants world: the 2017. of MW. Plants Chase plants. MF, infrafamilial Fay genera. revised enigmatic MJ, some a Christenhusz of placement s.str.): K, the (Boraginaceae Hasenstab-Lehman on family CM, emphasis with borage Guilliams evidence, The L, Taxon phylogenetic Cecchi new 2016. F, on M. based Selvi Weigend classification S, formal MG, Ovchinnikova a Simpson HH, K, elements: Hilger Sutory F, biotic Luebert and parsimony J, Chacon analysis, Endemicity distributions. 2012. hypothetical C. using Szumik comparison L, M. Taher Lavin MD, MF, Casagranda Wojciechowski legumes. BE, papilionoid Wyk the Van of JS, relationships Botany Boatwright deep-branching LP, the Queiroz Reconstructing De 2013. RT, Mexican Pennington (Garryaceae). DB, 2017. Garrya Cardoso J. of phylogenetics Cracraft Molecular T, endemism. Peterson 2011. of A, DO. patterns Siguenza Burge fine-scale Navarro in N, complexity Giannini reveal P, birds Goloboff land C, 2017. Szumik BD. S, California. Bertelli Mishler of N, flora Morueta-Holme native MM, the Kling in 501. DD, endemism Ackerly and WA, richness Freyman Species AH, Thornhill BG, Province. Baldwin Floristic California the in Systematics diversity and plant of Evolution, Origins 2014. vegetation. BG. sclerophyll Baldwin Madrean-Tethyan of biogeography Garden and Botanical Evolution Missouri 1975. DI. Axelrod ytmtcBiology Systematic 5 523–546. 65: 9 58–75. 89: 2:92–104. 126: 13:443–460. 61(3): 22:280–334. 62(2): 5 347–369. 45: LSOne PLOS aulo h aclrpat fTexas of plants vascular the of Manual () e94199. 9(4): Cladistics 13 utainSseai Botany Systematic Australian 86:645–654. 28(6): Brittonia ora fBiogeography of Journal mrcnJunlo Botany of Journal American Madrono mrcnJunlo Botany of Journal American mrcnJunlo Botany of Journal American enr ea eerhFounda- Research Texas Renner: . 4 144–145. 34: 84:249–255. 58(4): nulRve fEcology, of Review Annual ot fia ora of Journal African South ora fBiogeography of Journal oeua Phylogenetics Molecular 96:489–501. 29(6): 48:1836–1846. 44(8): naso the of Annals 0() 487– 104(3): 93(12): 94(5): Posted on Authorea 8 Jul 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.162575849.93786148/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. uodL 06 osca.I:Foao ot mrc dtra omte,ed. Committee, Editorial America North of Flora Mexico In: of Mexican North Loasaceae. of 2016. origins L. the Hufford and Americas http://w3.biosci.utexas.edu/prc/DigFlora/WRC/Carr-SandSheet.html the 2007. in W. clades Cavender-Bares Carr SV, oak Avalos major JD, McVay of M, diversification diversity. Kaproth parallel species M, Sympatric Hahn A, 2018. climate Gonzalez-Rodriguez J. interpolated PS, resolution Manos high AL, Very Hipp, 2005. A. Jarvis areas. PG, Society land Jones global JL, for Parra surfaces SE, Cameron endemics disjunct RJ, inter-continental Hijmans of origins biogeographic relevance the approach. its Inferring Bayes-DIVA and a 2013. zone, QY. using Xiang transition the J, Mexican Wen assemblyof Halffter’s AJ, regionalization. Harris the of biogeographical review in and analytical migrations ecology An biogeography, and evolutionary 2017. environments, for JJ. ancient Morrone bridges, G, Halffter land of role (Boragi- flora. Ehretiaceae The American the North in 2018. delimitations A. Molecular Graham 2014. JS. Mille, HH, Hilger Program nales). F, 3.1. Luebert vers. M, endemism, of Gottschling areas of identification [Software the www.lillo.org.ar/phylogeny. for 3.0) programs documentation. (Version VNDM: and and endemism NDM of 2016. P. areas http://www.lillo.org.ar/phylogeny/endemism. Goloboff of en. identification Disponible for 08/2020]. programs (Fabaceae). accessed NDM/VNDM: last Calia for 2004. name P. correct Goloboff bio- the cladistic Dermatophyllum, for 2011. JL. approach Reveal toneuron dynamic MA, deserts. Vincent temporally American KN, North A Gandhi of patterns Research 2017. biogeographic Asclepias Evolutionary JJ. the and tips: Morrone underlying Systematics the Zoological processes E, at the Scheinvar Evolution and SS, 2018. geography Nihei A. Listo N, RC, surfaces. Gamez Cronn on K, perspectives Hansen new J, and Boutte phylogenomics SCK, Asclepias of Straub relationships M, sequences. Phylogenetic Fishbein DNA 2011. chloroplast SP. Lynch noncoding RJ, Ori- (Aves: from Mason-Gamer inferred Madre birds C, (Apocynaceae) Ellison passerine Sierra D, of the Chuba M, affinities multiple in Fishbein biogeographical its transitions evolutionary of Biogeographical and review chorological a 2017. by Passeriformes). gypsum: JJ. shown on Morrone Mexico, life AG, ental, Plant Navarro-Siguenza I, 2015. Ferro AL. Luzuriaga mammals FT, American Maestre North S, facets. of Palacio regions A, Biogeographic Escudero 2013. G. endemism. suggests Rodriguez-Tapia on analysis JJ, based biogeographic Morrone Cladistic of T, 2007. mapping Escalante JJ. interactive Mexico. Morrone in MC, diversification Infomapbioregions: Ebach Caribbean N, early 2017. Cao an G, A. Rodriguez Antonelli T, M, Escalante Rosvall distributions. A, species from Zizka regions T, biogeographical Guedes D, Edler ilgclReviews Biological oeua hlgnisadEvolution and Phylogeneics Molecular 51) 1965–1978. 25(15): 7 1–4. 57: ora fBiogeography of Journal e okadOfr:Ofr nvriyPes 491–492. Press, University Oxford Oxford: and York New . e Phytologist New ilgclJunlo h ina Society Linnean the of Journal Biological ora fSseaisadEvolution and Systematics of Journal 01:1–18. 90(1): nentoa ora fCiaooy ora fteRylMeteorological Royal the of Journal A Climatology: of Journal International ora fSseaisadEvolution and Systematics of Journal 1() 439–452. 217(1): 49:2145–2160. 44(9): Naturwissenschaften 21:1–6. 72(1): 55(1):11-8. . ytmtcBiology Systematic 14 mrcnJunlo Botany of Journal American 65,pp.405-429. 56(5), 1() 485–499. 110(3): 47:561–565. 94(7): 12:117–133. 51(2): ytmtcBotany Systematic 62:197–204. 66(2): Zootaxa lr fNrhAmerica North of Flora 0() 514–524. 105(3): 261:1–46. 4226(1): 64:1008–1023. 36(4): ora of Journal Phy- Posted on Authorea 8 Jul 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.162575849.93786148/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. a H 91 aaooitccagsi uoeadtecnraino h Arctotertiary-Palaeotropical the of 1995. confirmation DH. the Mai and Europe in changes concept. Palaeofloristic geofloral 1991. DH. Mai of biogeography Historical dispersal? 2016. long-distance M. by 158–169. Weigend followed JS, vicariance Miller Gondwanan West HH, Hilger Boraginales: M, Gottschling TLP, Couvreur F, Luebert Texas. 1991. of University FW. the Judd Museum, JH, Memorial Everitt predictors. Africa: and RI, patterns of Lonard Northwest: partitioning Pacific Evolution the and The in diversity Systematics lycophyte of and 2012. Fern Journal C. 2018. S. Rahbek Laffan M, J, Link-Perez Fjeldsa Africa. ND, sub-Saharan Burgess in J, regions 1205. Born biogeographical HM, defined Klerk statistically de Restionaceae. HP, African the Linder from Sequences. example ETS an with and endemism, ITS of American 50(6):892-912. areas rDNA North On Nuclear primarily 2001. 18S-26S HP. the Linder of among analysis relationships 28(3):61–626. on Phylogenetic based Bot. 2003. (Compositae) Syst. creosote LD. Cichorieae American Gottlieb of North BG, genera the Baldwin of J, cytogeography Lee and Phylogeny Zygophyllaceae). 2012. tridentata, J. (Larrea Ramsey bush RL, Minckley RG, eds. Laport V, Bittrich JG, Rohwer K, distributions. Kubitzki species In: plants on Rosaceae. based 2004. regions K. biogeographical Kubitzki delineating for framework Biogeography A 343–383. of 2010. Pp. Journal W. & Austria. Jetz Stuessy, Vienna, H, T.E. IAPT, Kreft Susanna, Compositae, A. of V.A., biogeography Funk and evolution In: Systematics, Cichorieae. Tribe 2009: eds. a HW. Bayer, Lack R.J. ): B, Program Gemeinholzer America (Apocynaceae: N, Cynanchum North Kilian S. 2016. of Liede-Schumann revisited. Biota U, genus Meve Asclepiadoid 1.0. pantropical S, Version Surveswaran America, R, North Khanum of synthesis and endemicity Floristic of (BONAP). analysis 2016. parsimony JT. on Kartesz based Gongy- Epilobieae, America, tribes North of analysis. diversification in compatibility Geographical (Onagraceae) track 2004. Onagreae PC. and Hoch WL, locarpeae, Wagner JV, Crisci L, Russian). Katinas (In Press University State Altai Russia: Asia] 1998. Middle RV. Montane Kamelin the of flora native the of 1973. RV. editors. 343–386. Kamelin V, Springer, Bittrich JG, Heidelberg: Rohwer K, and Kubitzki Berlin In: 02, . Rosaceae. May on 2004. C. accessed Kalkman https://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/eflora/, eFlora, Jepson 2021, 2021. (eds.) Project Flora Jepson eln emn:Srne-elg 343–386. Springer-Verlag, Germany: Berlin, . etaevgttoseciheEuropas vegetationsgeschichte Tertiare eiwo aaooayadPalynology and Palaeobotany of Review lrgntcekyaay setenyflr onySenyAi Fooeei analysis [Florogenetic Azii Sredney Gornoy flori estestvennoy analyz Florogeneticheskiy la onancuty(otiuin otehsoyo h oao Asia) of flora the of history the to (Contributions country Mountain Altai 71) 2029–2053. 37(11): naso h isuiBtnclGarden Botanical Missouri the of Annals 65:498–522. 56(5): ytmtcBotany Systematic od lnso h oe i rne Texas Grande, Rio Lower the of plants Woody Taxon. eiga:Nua(nRussian). (In Nauka Leningrad: . 15 ea emn:Gsa Fischer. Gustav Germany: Jena, . 65(3):467-86. 812:29–36. 68(1–2): .1;37(1):153-64. ora fBiogeography of Journal 11:159–185. 91(1): h aiisadgnr fvascular of genera and families The lwrn lns dicotyledons plants* Flowering ora fBiogeography of Journal ytmtcbiology Systematic ea:Texas Texas: . 97:1189– 39(7): Barnaul, . 44(1): Posted on Authorea 8 Jul 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.162575849.93786148/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. orn J 08 h pcr fboegahclregionalization. biogeographical of spectre The 2018. JJ. Research biogeography.Morrone Evolutionary evolutionary and and cenocrons Systematics (1962–2014), Zoological zone of transition Journal Mexican region. Halffter’s Neotropical 2015. the JJ. Morrone of regionalization Biogeographical 2014. JJ. evolutionary Morrone an Zone: Transition Mexican the across patterns approach. biogeographic Fundamental 2010. JJ. Morrone Press. University endemism. Columbia 2009. of areas JJ. of Morrone identification the On (Boragi- endemics. 1994. Tiquilia Islands JJ. Galapagos subg. Morrone Tiquilia and in disjuncts amphitropical dispersal American Botany long-distance of the of of origins Journal Patterns of the for history 2006. implications RK. evolutionary Jansen naceae): and 1;39(3):668-87. A, Jun origin, Tye 2006 MJ, age, Evolution. Moore and the Phylogenetics Molecular for subfamily (Boraginaceae). evidence Tiquilia Loasaceae Molecular genus plant of RK. desert Jansen relationships MJ, Phylogenetic Moore 2010. Botany Spatial of PS. data. Journal 2020. sequence Soltis American ITS SW. DE, and Laffan matK Soltis JM, from Allen L, inferred N, Gronovioideae Hufford Barve ML, DE, Soltis Moody flora. SA, American Smith North Capparaceae. PS, the of Soltis of species phylogenetics R, Neotropical Guralnick the BD, of Mishler endemism Society of Linnean Areas the of 2018. Journal T. logical Escalante J, Gomez Mercado Texas. of Institute (Apocy- Research vines Botanical milkweed 2007. World SP. New of McLaughlin phylogenetics Multilocus 2018. Gonolobinae). Matelea M. Asclepiadoideae, and Fishbein naceae, biflora M, Matelea Parks of A, overview McDonnell an Oklahoma: of vines heterostyly. (Apocynaceae). milkweed cynanchoides of Non-twining evolution 2015. subfamily A. and Linaceae McDonnell biogeography, and Linum systematics, of phylogeny their The Appalachians: for 2009. Botany Southern implications JW. the Kadereit with of BB, Simpson Linoideae, plants M, woody Repplinger flora. the J, regional McDill of a analysis of their origins Biogeographic and the 2015. for genera implications JE. plant Meireles seed PS, endemic Manos Asian Eastern 2009. Hemisphere. K. Northern 1–42. Uemura the AM, throughout Lu history paleogeographic ZD, Chen SR, floras. Manchester tertiary American North of of Garden out a relationships Botanical pattern Biogeographical souri Cactaceae: common in 1999. a Phylogenomics SR. reveals Manchester ) 2019. (Cylindropuntieae, deserts. KM. lato Sonoran Neubig sensu and A, Chihuahuan chollas the Salywon the M, using Cloud-Hughes study MA, case Baker LC, Majure 42:386–405. 34(2): Ecography 38:1163–1177. 93(8): vltoayboegah:a nertv prahwt aestudies case with approach integrative an biogeography: Evolutionary 3 355–361. 33: udat rpc:teflrsi ln egah fNrhAmerica North of geography plant floristic the tropics: to Tundra 62:472–522. 86(2): kaoaNtv ln Record Plant Native Oklahoma 82:326–336. 88(2): 2() 507–520. 126(3): mrcnJunlo Botany of Journal American ytmtcBotany Systematic ora fSseaisadEvolution. and Systematics of Journal mrcnJunlo Botany of Journal American 16 31:77–96. 43(1): 71) 67–79. 67(14): 33:249–257. 53(3): ytmtcBiology Systematic ora fSseaisadEvolution and Systematics of Journal ora fBiogeography of Journal 0(0:1327–1345. 106(10): 0() 780–804. 102(5): Zootaxa 58(4):393-405. 33:438–441. 43(3): 72 1–110. 3782: naso h Mis- the of Annals 52;1-7. 45(2); otWorth: Fort . e York: New . Systematic American 47(1): Bio- Posted on Authorea 8 Jul 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.162575849.93786148/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. 08 ihes egahcdsrbto atrs n ra fedms fslce nisemgop in groups angiosperm selected 1978. of J. endemism Rzedowski of areas and B. patterns, Gutierrez-Rodriguez Gonzalez-Gallegos distribution Mexico. M, P, geographic Garcia-Martinez Zamora-Tavares Richness, M, O, Carrasco-Ortiz Vargas-Ponce 2018. M, Anguiano-Constante G, P, Vargas-Amado Carrillo-Reyes A, J, Castro-Castro A, Rodriguez 1995. Press. DL. California movements. Axelrod continental PR, past Raven and biogeography Angiosperm Garden filters Botanical 1974. barrier Missouri DL. a how Axelrod deserts. reveal PH, warm patterns Raven American phylogeographic North Community in 2021. taxa BT. structures Smith and EA, Myers KL, Foundation Provost Geospatial Source Open BRIT. System. http://qgis.osgeo.org. Information areas. Geographic adjacent Project. QGIS and Trans-Pecos 2019. Team of Development plants QGIS Flowering 2018. RD. Worthington AM, Powell Press. 1998. AM. Powell Russian). (In Dumka Naykova 1983. MG. Russian). Popov (In Sciences] of Zone. Academy Transition [USSR Mexican SSSR the 1963. Areas in MG. analysis Popov 2018. palaeoclimatic OR. a Rojas-Soto time: P, (Version through Reyes-Castillo Biogeography distributions persist A, and Gutierrez-Velazquez endemism niches T, of species Escalante modeling GE, for Pinilla-Buitrago software Maxent into R. distribu- insight Schapire http://biodiversityinformatics.amnh.org/open geographic improve M, 3.4.1). species Dudik to of S, modeling tool entropy Phillips conceptual Maximum a 2006. as RE. Schapire chorotypes tions. RP, Fuzzy Anderson SJ, Phillips 2011. interpolation. kernel AL. through Marquez endemism patterns. R, of biogeographic Real areas J, Delimiting Olivero 2015. AJ. Santos phytogeographic One AD, PLoS complex. Do (Garryaceae) Brescovit ovata 2019. U, Garrya ML. Oliveira the Tursky on V, Notes Ung 2012. G, GL. Cassis Nesom regions? SW, biotic Laffan American or North JT, biomes the reveal Miller of patterns MC, endemism Ebach of DJ, Areas Murphy 2016. A. (Iridaceae). Rodriguez Tigridieae JJ, of Morrone species T, Escalante geographical and G, tracks, Munguia-Lino generalized beetle zone, transition Mexican Halffter’s homology. 2001. J. shapefiles. Marquez and JJ, map Morrone Provinces: biogeographic Mexican 2017. G. Zootaxa Rodriguez-Tapia T, Escalante JJ, Morrone, clgclModelling Ecological ora fSseaisadEvolution and Systematics of Journal 272:277–279. 4277(2): ora fBiogeography of Journal 01:e0116673. 10(1): 54:952–961. 45(4): hlgn,flrgntc,flrgah,adsseais eetdwrs(os 1–2) (Vols. works Selected systematics. and florography, florogenetics, Phylogeny, soyflrgntk Fnaetl fflorogenetics] of [Fundamentals florogenetiki Osnovy re n huso h rn-eo n daetareas adjacent and Trans-Pecos the of shrubs and Trees eeaind Mexico de Vegetacion ytmtcBiology Systematic 9(–) 231–259. 190(3–4): 1 539–673. 61: utainSseai Botany Systematic Australian rgnadrltosiso h aionaflora California the of relationships and Origin 8 635–650. 28: Cladistics eio .. dtra Limusa. Editorial D.F.: Mexico, . 05:645–660. 60(5): 65:537–549. 56(5): 35(6):654-70. 17 source/maxent/. ora fBiogeography of Journal 92:142–156. 29(2): Phytoneuron ocw z-oAaei nauk Akademii Izd-vo Moscow: . utn nvriyo Texas of University Austin: . 13. . ekly nvriyof University Berkeley: . 7 1–6. 97: naso the of Annals ora of Journal Kiuev: . Posted on Authorea 8 Jul 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.162575849.93786148/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. hvM a e itT ushanF hlnM rn ,Lne P 01 l-e ol and World Old-New 2011. HP. local Linder and T, dispersal Brune long-distance M, intercontinental biome. Thulin succulent F, (Rutaceae): the Rutschmann in Thamnosma differentiation T, of Niet disjunctions Der trans-African Van M, the is Thiv that overlap, to 1986. not AL. or Takhtajan, overlap to 1978. endemism: AL. of Takhtajan, Areas 2018. criterion. D. optimality Casagranda improved question. V, an Pereyra, C, endemism: Szumik of Areas endemism. of 2004. 968–977. areas the P. determine 53(6): of to Goloboff Phylogeny criterion C, optimality 2016. Szumik An ZD. 2002. Chen A. DE, Chalup Soltis P, Biology Goloboff PS, Systematic F, Soltis Cuezzo JG, C, Burleigh Szumik analysis. ZY, sampling Cao, taxon dense JX, a Su the Rosidae: R, of endemism Naeem on M, stability Sun climate Desert. of Chihuahuan Influence the 2020. of cradles JA. plants forests Villarreal-Quintanilla vascular dry M, Mexico: Vasquez-Cruz conservation. of V, flora for Sosa the of hotspots history endemism. Evolutionary of Mexico: 2018. museums M. in and Vasquez-Cruz JA, lineages De-Nova V, angiosperm Sosa Endemic 2018. 2012. E. Mexicana JA. Mavrodiev Botanica De-Nova L, edition updated Majure V, and W, revised Sosa Judd S, angiosperms: Manchester the MW, of Chase (2017). evolution P, (1597-1599), and Endress 11, P, 104, Soltis 10.3732/ajb.1700433, D, amphitropical Botany, American Soltis of of Journal processes and American Patterns insights, Johnson, New A. Leigh genus disjunctions: Guilliams, the Matt to C. Cryptantha Simpson, of G. Michael species four of Transfer 2019. (Boraginaceae). KR. Johnstonella Hasenstab-Lehman ME, biogeography. based Mabry and (Krameriaceae) MG, utility Simpson Krameria character in for relationships implications Species 97–108. morphology: 2004. 29(1): L. and Larkin sequences M, ITS Helfgott on Plains, A, Texas Weeks 3.1.2020]. B, South on Simpson of [accessed http//:swbiodiversity.org/seinet/index.php flora 2020. the Network. of Portal SEINet analysis and Texas relationships South-Central Phytogeographical of USA. flora 2017. the AA. of Saghatelyan analysis region and Bend Big relationships of Phytogeographical flora USA the 2015. of AA. analysis Saghatelyan and elements geographic Nolina of of Texas. classification species of A new 2009. Two AA. Saghatelyan Mexico. 2019. Western CD. to Specht endemic R, LG, ) Hernandez-Sandoval Bye (: P, TP, Carrillo-Reyes Ramamoorthy E, In: Ruiz-Sanchez Mexico. of flora eds. 129–147. phanerogamic Press, of J, Fa origins A, and Diversity Lot 1993. J. Rzedowski ora fteBtnclRsac nttt fTexas of Institute Research Botanical the of Journal ora fteBtnclRsac nttt fTexas of Institute Research Botanical the of Journal Cladistics Texas of Institute Research Botanical the of Journal ilgcldvriyo eio rgn n distribution. and origins Mexico: of diversity Biological 15:806–816. 51(5): 0:293–315. 100: 52:198–229. 35(2): lrsi ein fteworld the of regions Floristic world the of regions floristic The ora fSseaisadEvolution and Systematics of Journal Phytotaxa. mrcnJunlo Botany of Journal American 245(5):279-89. 12:425 ora fSseaisadEvolution and Systematics of Journal ora fAi Environments Arid of Journal ekly nvriyo aionaPress. California of University Berkeley: . 18 eiga:Nua(nRussian). (In Nauka Leningrad: . () 259–294. 9(1): Phytotaxa 12:527–561. 11(2): hcg:Uiest fCiaoPress. Chicago of University Chicago: . () 407–441. 3(1): 65:523–536. 56(5): 81:76–87. 98(1): 0() 187–198. 400(4): 7:104139. 177: e ok xodUniversity Oxford York: New 44:363–391. 54(4): ytmtcBiology Systematic yeai Botany Sysematic Phylogeny Acta Posted on Authorea 8 Jul 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.162575849.93786148/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. elszs3elt .dgog,3elt .dgog n . elt 1.5deglong. x deglat. 2.5 and 1.5deglong, richness x botanical 3deglat. the 2.5deglong., x delineate to 3deglat. sizes modeling cell distribution species 1. Using delineation Table China. Phylogenetic of 2016. 2019. regions Z. KP. Chen phytogeographical Ma L, and Mao flora. JF, patterns H, Chinese Liu Slik the A, G, Lu of R, Zhang study Li Cretaceous case H, Hu late a J, the biota: Zhang T, during regional Yang Hemisphere of B, Liu Northern L, the Lu J, of Ye geography plant of aspects Tertiary. Some and biology. conservation 1975. and JA. Systematics ecology, Wolfe evolution, and integrating Evolution, Ecology, conservatism: sequence of Niche chloroplast Review 2005. Annual and CH. Graham ribosomal JJ, nuclear Wiens evolution chromosome from late and Phylogenies inferred from (2014). ) bridge R. Patterson data. land (Boraginaceae: & F, Bering Phacelia Cipriano G, the of Spicer North of L, western Garrison importance G, and Walden Asia biogeographic eastern the South between Neogene. highlight disjunctions and to Intercontinental plants North Cretaceous vascular 2016. the S. in and Ickert-Bond America disjunctions Z, and Madrean–Tethyan Nie composition the J, Floristic Wen of plants. Evolution in 2019. disjunctions Q. 2009. amphitropical Wang S. American Ickert-Bond Y, J, Zhou Wen G, Eritrea. and Hu Ethiopia AC, in Ochola plants Papil- 33–42. AW, vascular of (Leguminosae: Njogu pattern Thermopsideae BH, endemism of Boru phylogeny sequences. S, A (ITS) Wang TRNL-F spacer and 2006. transcribed Society RPS16 Linnaean internal JB. the ribosomal on Yang of nuclear JA, based from Compton inferred H, of ionoideae) Sun classification HC, and Wang Phylogeny 2000. data. of V. regions. sequence case Albert biogeographical the delimiting E, and Wallander Desert: identifying for Chihuahuan approach the network of A Communications flora 2015. Nature the A. Antonelli of DA, origin Vilhena and Assembly 2019. Biodiversity, Rosaceae. and sclerophyllous V. Systematics Sosa , M, and Vasquez-Cruz Phacelia to Namaceae, reference and special Hydrophyllaceae a of with biogeography historical and Phylogeny Peninsula. Federico (2020): Balkan & Luebert the Weigend of Maximilian those Jeiter, to Julius Vasile, reference Maria-Anna Texas. special (Bot.) of with London Society, plants floras Linnaean vascular of the evolution the of The of Atlas 1958. WB. 2003. Turrill O. Doron GC, flora. Denny Ackerly California Miscellany TP, H, native Madsen Nichols the N, BL, of Morueta-Holme Turner phylogenetics MM, Spatial Kling 2017. S, BD. Nosratinia WA, Mishler Freyman DD, BG, ed. Baldwin Committee, A, Editorial Thornhill America North In: 1 Phytogeography. (Vol. 1993. RF. Thorne arn,61 Madrono, .NwYr:Ofr nvriyPes 132–153. Press, University Oxford York: New ). ra fedms,nmeso pce n pce uprigec Eotie o 0 p under sp. 400 for obtained AE each supporting species and species of numbers endemism, of Areas 4 o.1 4 pp. 648 1: Vol. 24. naso h isuiBtnclGarden Botanical Missouri the of Annals mrcnJunlo Botany of Journal American 1,16-47. (1), ora fSseaisadEvolution and Systematics of Journal 5() 365–373. 151(3): :6848. 6: ora fBiogeography of Journal 636:136–152. 56(356): 71) 1827–1841. 87(12): ora fSseaisadEvolution and Systematics of Journal 72:445–459. 47(2): cetfi Reports Scientific oeua hlgntc n Evolution and Phylogenetics Molecular 19 6 519–539. 36: 22:264–279. 62(2): ora fSseaisadEvolution and Systematics of Journal 45:469–490. 54(5): () 1–9. 6(1): M Biology BMC lr fNrhAmerica North of Flora 75:331–348. 47(5): oaia Journal Botanical 51:96. 15(1): 3:222–229. 135: iaBotanical Sida Journal 58(1): Posted on Authorea 8 Jul 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.162575849.93786148/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. Madrean Plateau-E -Colorado Mt Rocky S 3. Mt Rocky – Basin Great E 2. CA Mt Rocky Mid 1. AE 53x252412– 2.45162 2.5 x 3 15 – 2.26467 1.5 x 3 27 - 2.16875 1.5 x 3 2 Long Lat Cell: ° ° x 2.68962 2.51467 Ssp. End. 2.41875 (E) Score Endemicity 20 4 3 4 0.804) (0.000- monosperma Juniperus 0.840) (0.827- multiradiata Baileya 0.800) (0.000- incarnata var. incarnata Allionia 0.833) (0.821- microcephala Gutierrezia (0.707) pinnata Angelica (0.778) kentrophyta Astragalus (0.780) agrophyllus Astragalus 0.700) (0.000- filiformis Androsace (0.684-.733) macrophylla samorhyza Bal- 0.714) (0.000- utaensis Map Astragalus 0.868) AEs Ind. (0.700- cibarius Astragalus score) (endemicity Score Giving Species i.1()1 (f) 1 Fig. 2 1 (a) .1 Fig 4 i 1()1 (k) .1 Fig 1 Posted on Authorea 8 Jul 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.162575849.93786148/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. Sonora - Mohave 6. Sonora N - Mohave - Basin Great CFP-SE S 5. Sonora Mohave-N CA Plateau- –Colorado Basin Great 4. AE . .74 – 4.07143 2.5 x 3 8 – 3.31250 2.5 x 3 5 - 2.52975 1.5 x 3 16 Long Lat Cell: ° ° x 4.41667 3.56250 Ssp. End. 2.77975 (E) Score Endemicity 21 6 4 3 0.833) (0.000- pauciradiata Baileya 0.917) (0.000- acanthocarpa untia Cylindrop- 0.917) (0.000- desertorum Brickellia 1.000) (0.833- arizonica Gaillardia 1.000) (0.833- kunzei Grusonia 1.000) (0.000- undulata Hesperocallis (0.813) lemmonii Phacelia (0.813) curvipes Phacelia (0.813) corrugata Chorizanthe (0.875) actoni Encelia (0.824) recurvata Cryptantha (0.706) Map lemmonii AEs Ind. (1.000) cooperii Hymenoxys score) (endemicity Score Giving Species i.1()1 (b) 1 Fig. 3 1 (j) 1 Fig. 1 i.1()1 (d) 1 Fig. 1 Posted on Authorea 8 Jul 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.162575849.93786148/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. Mohave - Nevada Sierra S 8. Sonora CA N – Mohave – Basin Great S 7. AE 33x153000– 3.00000 1.5 x 3 – 3.37400 43 2.5 x 3 9 Long Lat Cell: ° ° x 3.25000 Ssp. End. 3.06100 (E) Score Endemicity 22 3 3 (1.000) tana austromon- Phacelia (1.000) mohavensis Phacelia (1.000) mohavensis Cryptantha (0.938) corymbosa Argemone (0.938) Map rotundifolia Phacelia AEs Ind. (0.938) utahensis Cryptantha score) (endemicity Score Giving Species i.1()1 (l) 1 Fig. 1 1 (g) 1 Fig. 1 Posted on Authorea 8 Jul 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.162575849.93786148/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. ECA America N SW 9. AE . .97 – 9.09774 2.5 x 3 6 Long Lat Cell: ° ° x cr E n.Ssp. End. 8.90200 (E) Score Endemicity 23 10 0.938) (0.818- atractyloides Brickellia 0.818) (0.000- fremontii Phacelia 0.909) (0.000- cryptantha Phacelia 0.813) (0.000- parishii Grusonia 0.939) (0.818- ramosissima untia Cylindrop- 0.864) (0.000- echinocarpa untia Cylindrop- 0.813) (0.000- acanthocarpa untia Cylindrop- 0.808) (0.000- minutiflora Eschscholzia 1.000) (0.864- rigida Map Chorizanthe 1.000) AEs Ind. (0.864- thurberi Centrostegia score) (endemicity Score Giving Species i.1()2 (j) 1 Fig. 3 i.2(a) 2 Fig. Posted on Authorea 8 Jul 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.162575849.93786148/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. Montane Region Madrean 12. Desert Colorado - Mohave – Plateau Colorado 11. CA Plateau Colorado 10. AE 53x156743– 6.77443 1.5 x 3 25 – 1.75000 2.5 x 3 – 2.00000 4 2.5 x 3 23 Long Lat Cell: ° ° x 7.02443 2.00000 Ssp. End. 2.25000 (E) Score Endemicity 24 7 4 2 (0.714) hispida (0.738) deppeana Juniperus (0.750) canescens Tiquilia (0.786) leptocaulis untia Cylindrop- (0.816) angustifolia Cologania (0.775) microphylla Rhus (0.892) virens Rhus 1.000) (0.000- parishii Phacelia 1.000) (0.000- neglecta Phacelia 1.000) (0.000- longifolia Brickellia -1.000) (0.833 incana Brickellia (1.000) Map resinifera Encelia AEs Ind. (1.000) latior Tiquilia score) (endemicity Score Giving Species i.1( ) (h 1 Fig. 1 1 (c) 1 Fig. 4 i.1()1 (i) 1 Fig. 1 blue Posted on Authorea 8 Jul 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.162575849.93786148/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. huahuan Chi- – Sonoran 14. CA huahuan Chi- N Apache- 13. AE 43x255246– 5.20486 2.5 x 3 24 – 2.96429 1.5 x 2.5 6 Long Lat Cell: ° ° x 5.45486 Ssp. End. 3.29167 (E) Score Endemicity 25 6 6 (0.813) carpa haemato- Berberis (0.969) wrightii Acourtia (1.000) pentachaeta Thymophylla (0.806) longiflora Acleisanthes (0.806) wrightii Aloisya (0.813) texana Thamnosma 0.729) (0.000- dealbata Leuciva 0.821) (0.000- hyssopifolia Hedeoma 0.821) (0.000- gossypina Tiquilia 0.857) (0.000- scoparium Porophyllum 1.000) (0.000- oides chenopodi- Map Acleisanthes 1.000) AEs Ind. (0.700- parvus Pinaropappus score) (endemicity Score Giving Species i.1()2 (f) 1 Fig. 1 2 (l) 1 Fig. 6 Posted on Authorea 8 Jul 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.162575849.93786148/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. ECA Prairie) S -(to huahuan Chi- 15. AE 03x158295– 8.20985 1.5 x 3 10 Long Lat Cell: ° ° x cr E n.Ssp. End. 8.11247 (E) Score Endemicity 26 12 0.700) (0.000- vernale Linum 0.706) (0.694- linearifolia Boerhavia 0.711) (0.000- texana Lygodesmia 0.733) (0.719- brevifolia Jefea ) (0.000-0.706 mexicana Cryptantha 0.767) (0.000- folium angusti- Guaiacum 0.767) (0.750- greggi Tiquilia 0.767) (0.000- macrosiphon Telosiphonia 0.789) (0.000- pogonathera Dalea 0.733) (0.000- texana Asclepias 0.806) (0.711- tephana brachys- Map Asclepias 0.833) AEs Ind. (0.694- texana Carlowrightia score) (endemicity Score Giving Species i.1()2 (d) 1 Fig. 4 Posted on Authorea 8 Jul 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.162575849.93786148/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. Texas SE 17. CA huahuan Chi- N 16. AE 33x15220 – 2.2500 1.5 x 3 13 – 3.18750 1.5 x 3 14 Long Lat Cell: ° ° x 2.5000 Ssp. End. 3.43750 (E) Score Endemicity 27 3 5 0.813) (0.000- latidens Mimosa 1.000) (0.750- lasiathera Dalea 1.000) (0.750- dentata Brickellia 0.833) (0.000- torrei Funasrum 0.833) micropoides(0.000- Thymopyilla 1.000) (0.000- crassifolia Acleisanthes 1.000) (0.000- gossypina Map Tiquillia 1.000) AEs Ind. (0.688- pringlei Cynanchum score) (endemicity Score Giving Species i.1()2 (k) 1 Fig. 3 (e) 1 Fig. 3 Posted on Authorea 8 Jul 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.162575849.93786148/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. - Chihuahuan - pan Tamauli- 19. CA Coahuila – Texas S 18. AE 93x252.54167– 2.5 x 3 19 – 3.1428 2.5 x 3 2 Long Lat Cell: ° ° x 2.79167 Ssp. End. 3.50000 (E) Score Endemicity 28 3 5 (0.833) linearifolia Boerhavia (0.833) stenoloba Viguiera (0.875) mexicana Cryptantha 1.000) (0.000- acutifolia Acleisanthes (0.00-0.833) edwardiana saracha Chamae- 1.000) (0.000- cylindracea Brickellia 1.000) (0.000- gossypina Map Tiquilia 1.000) AEs Ind. (0.000- torrei Funastrum score) (endemicity Score Giving Species i.1()2 (i) 1 Fig. 6 i.1(j)3 1 Fig. 1 Posted on Authorea 8 Jul 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.162575849.93786148/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. -SME CA Tamaulipan – huahuan Chi- 20. AE 43x159738– 9.70358 1.5 x 3 34 Long Lat Cell: ° ° x cr E n.Ssp. End. 10.48258 (E) Score Endemicity 29 11 (0.700) gnaphalodes Psilostrophe (0.705) pilosella Justicia (0.705) angustifolia Forestiera (0.722) rigidula Vachellia (0.750) laciniata Brickellia (0.750) barbigerum Cynanchum (0.775) tephana brachys- Asclepias (0.778) obtusa Acleisanthes (0.833) folium conferti- liotropium He- (0.778) Map mexicanum Peganum AEs Ind. (0.833) ericoides Condalia score) (endemicity Score Giving Species i.1()2 (a) 1 Fig. 1 Posted on Authorea 8 Jul 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.162575849.93786148/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. ECA pan Tamauli- - Madrean E 21. AE 33x156900– 6.97000 1.5 x 3 33 Long Lat Cell: ° ° x cr E n.Ssp. End. 7.04000 (E) Score Endemicity 30 8 (0.719) malacophylla Mimosa (0.722) hypoleuca Gohnatia (0.725) pilosella Justicia (0.750) reticulata Matelea (0.750) folium conferti- liotropium He- (0.750) podocephala Cordia (0.781) Map heterophyla Menodora AEs Ind. (0.906) barbigerum Cynanchum score) (endemicity Score Giving Species i.1()2 (g) 1 Fig. 1 Posted on Authorea 8 Jul 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.162575849.93786148/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. ECA Madrean E – USA SC 22. AE . .24 - 8.82143 2.5 x 3 0 Long Lat Cell: ° ° x cr E n.Ssp. End. 10.0000 (E) Score Endemicity 31 21 1.000) (0.000- micropoides Thymophylla 0.929) (0.000- brevifolia Jefea 0.100) (0.000- dentata Brickellia 0.929) (0.000- cylindracea Brickellia 0.900) (0.000- malacophylla Mimosa 1.000) (0.000- corzoi Ruellia 0.900) (0.000- ramosissima Krameria 0.900) (0.000- stenoloba Viguiera 0.800) (0.000- vernale Linum 0.833) (0.000- gossypina Tiquilia 0.900) (0.000- brachycarpa Serjania 1.000) (0.000- rum secundiflo- phyllum Dermato- 1.000) (0.000- sis coloradoen- Triodanis 0.857) (0.000- constricta 1.000) (0.000- crassifolia Acleisanthes 1.000) (0.000- texana Asclepias 1.000) (0.000- folium angusti- Guaiacum 1.000) (0.000- heterophylla Menodora 1.000) (0.000- Map lasianthera Dalea 1.000) AEs Ind. (0.000- maccartii Cynanchum score) (endemicity Score Giving Species 6Fg j 4 (j) 1 Fig. 16 Posted on Authorea 8 Jul 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.162575849.93786148/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. ECA Prairie S 23. AE 03x153071– 3.05711 1.5 x 3 30 Long Lat Cell: ° ° x cr E n.Ssp. End. 3.30711 (E) Score Endemicity 32 4 (0.705) ridellii Senecio (0.731) aurea Dalea (0.788) Map arenaria Asclepias AEs Ind. (0.833) scaposa Tetraneuris score) (endemicity Score Giving Species i.2(a) 2 Fig. 1 Posted on Authorea 8 Jul 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.162575849.93786148/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. ECA manchian Co- 24. AE . 0087– 10.06817 1.5 x 3 9 Long Lat Cell: ° ° x cr E n.Ssp. End. 9.938750 (E) Score Endemicity 33 16 0.813) (0.692- humilis Tradescantia 0.750) (0.000- edwarsiana Tradescantia 0.708) (0.000- lindheimeri Vernonia 0.818) (0.000- strictiflora Phacelia 0.800) (0.000- glabra Phacelia 0.813) (0.000- roemeriana Mimosa 0.750) (0.000- wrightii Krigia 0.864) (0.000- texana Vernonia 0.692) (0.000- radula Silphium 0.813) (0.692- texana Triodanis 0.850) (0.000- nanchoides cy- Matelea 0.875) (0.731- flavodiscum Thelesperma 0.818) (0.000- nuttalliana Baptisia 0.909) (0.000- sphaerocarpa Baptisia 0.900) (0.708- elegans Map Liatris 1.000) AEs Ind. (0.692- ampullaceus Senecio score) (endemicity Score Giving Species i.1()2 (b) 1 Fig. 6 Posted on Authorea 8 Jul 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.162575849.93786148/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. ( Legend long–longitude. 1 lat–latitude, sp–species, Fig. W–West, E–East, N–North, S–South, TX–Texas, Comanchian, 1. Table Atlantic - Coast Gulf 26. CA Plateau Edwards 25. AE oace ( Comanche; pedx3 ito pce ihatoiisue nteanalyses. the in used authorities with species of List 3. Appendix S1. Table 2. Appendix map. Texas 1. Appendix Mont Region; - Sier Reg Tamaulipan; Madrean (a). - - American;Tam Madr - Legend Texas; Am 2 - Province; Apachian TX Fig. Floristic - Prairie; California Apach Desert; - - Nevada; - Des Sierra Prair CFP Plateau; - Coahuila; Basin; - Nev Plt - Great Colorado; Coah - l- Montane; Co Bas Sonoran; - Gr - Edwards; Son Mohave; - - Edw Moh Chihuahuan; - Chih Abreviations: ( Nev-Moh; Sier ( Am; ( ( Prair); Son-Chih; (S Chih AE15. .A1.ClPt ( Plt; Col AE10. ). a1 .A1 i ok;( Rocky; Mid AE1. ). E.S Am N SW AE9. j3 .A 9 hhTm ( Chih-Tam; 19. AE ). g1 c1 tmutis rGet l–lta,Ci–hhau,TmTmuia,Comanch– Tam–Tamaulipas, Chih–Chihuahua, Plt–Plateau, Gr–Great, Mt–mountains, .A7 rBsMhNSn ( Son; Bas-Moh-N Gr S AE7. ). 13x152187– 2.19837 1.5 x 3 – 1.75000 41 1.5 x 3 17 l2 .A1.o l-o-o e;( Des; Plt-Moh-Col AE11.Col ). .A 3 pc- Chih Apach-N 13. AE ). i2 (b). ; .A1.ST-oh ( TX-Coah; S AE18. ). e .A1.NCi- X ( TX; Chih-S N AE16. ). a2 E3 Prairie S AE23. .A2.Ci;( Chih; AE20. ). Long Lat Cell: j4 .A 2 CUAEMd;( Madr; USA-E SC 22. AE ). ° ° x j1 2.44837 Ssp. End. 2.0000 (E) Score Endemicity g2 .A5 F-EG a-o- o;( Son; Bas-Moh-N Gr CFP-SE S AE5. ). a3 c2 .A2.EMd-a;( Madr-Tam; E AE21. ). .A2.Gl;( Gulf; AE26. ). 34 .A2.EwPt ( Plt; Edw AE25. ). f1 .A3 ok-o l- ar ( Madr; Plt-E Rocky-Col S AE3. ). 3 2 k1 .A2 rBsRcy ( Bas-Rocky; Gr E AE2. ). b1 .A6 o-o;( Moh-Son; AE6. ). d1 h .A1.Md e ot ( Mont; Reg Madr AE12. ). .A4 rBsMh ( Bas-Moh; Gr AE4. ). (0.692) glaberrimus Zigadenus (0.773) tomentosa Chaptalia (0.773) brevifolia Sabatia 1.000) (0.000- Map roemeriana Mimosa AEs Ind. 1.000) edwardsiana(0.900- Tradescantia score) (endemicity Score Giving Species j2 .A9 WN SW AE9. ). i.1()3 (a) 1 Fig. 1 2 (c) 1 Fig. 2 b2 l1 f2 .A8 S AE8. ). .AE14. ). .AE24. ). d2 i1 ). Posted on Authorea 8 Jul 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.162575849.93786148/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. 35