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5E VOICES OF FREEDOM “““““““““““"H““““““““““““ A DOCUMENTARY HISTORY VOLUME 2 ERIC FONER SAuSAgEMaN ****************** Uploaded for poor college students everywhere by SAuSAgEMaN ****************** 007-65853_ch00_vol1_6P.indd ii SAuSAgEMaN 10/14/16 9:04 AM VOICES OF FREEDOM A Documentary History Fifth Edition Volume 2 007-65853_ch00_vol2_6P.indd i SAuSAgEMaN 10/14/16 9:04 AM 007-65853_ch00_vol2_6P.indd ii SAuSAgEMaN 10/14/16 9:04 AM VOICES OF FREEDOM A Documentary History Fifth Edition EDITED BY ERIC FONER Volume 2 n W.W. NORTON & COMPANY . NEW YORK . LONDON 007-65853_ch00_vol2_6P.indd iii SAuSAgEMaN 10/14/16 9:04 AM W. W. Norton & Company has been in depen dent since its founding in 1923, when William Warder Norton and Mary D. Herter Norton fi rst published lectures delivered at the People’s Institute, the adult education division of New York City’s Cooper Union. The fi rm soon expanded its program beyond the Institute, publishing books by celebrated academics from America and abroad. By midcentury, the two major pil- lars of Norton’s publishing program— trade books and college texts— were fi rmly established. In the 1950s, the Norton family transferred control of the company to its employees, and today— with a staff of four hundred and a comparable number of trade, college, and professional titles published each year— W. W. Norton & Company stands as the largest and oldest publishing house owned wholly by its employees. Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 by W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Manufacturing by Maple Press Book design by Antonina Krass Composition by Westchester Book Group Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Foner, Eric, 1943– editor. Title: Voices of freedom: a documentary history / edited by Eric Foner. Description: Fifth edition. | New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2016. | Includes bibliographical references. Identifi ers: LCCN 2016045203 | ISBN 9780393614497 (pbk., v. 1) | ISBN 9780393614503 (pbk., v. 2) Subjects: LCSH: United States—History—Sources. | United States—Politics and government—Sources. Classifi cation: LCC E173 .V645 2016 | DDC 973—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016045203 ISBN: 978-0-393-61450-3 (pbk.) W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10110 wwnorton .com W. W. Norton & Company Ltd., 15 Carlisle Street, London W1D 3BS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 007-65853_ch00_vol2_6P.indd iv SAuSAgEMaN 10/14/16 9:04 AM ERIC FONER is DeWitt Clinton Professor of History at Columbia University, where he earned his B.A. and Ph.D. In his teaching and scholarship, he focuses on the Civil War and Reconstruction, slavery, and nineteenth- century America. Professor Foner’s publications include Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party Before the Civil War; Tom Paine and Revolutionary America; Politics and Ideology in the Age of the Civil War; Nothing but Freedom: Emancipa- tion and Its Legacy; Reconstruction: American’s Unfi nished Revolution, 1863– 1877; Freedom’s Lawmakers: A Directory of Black Offi ceholders During Reconstruction; The Story of American Freedom; Who Owns His- tory? Rethinking the Past in a Changing World; and Forever Free: The Story of Emancipation and Reconstruction. His history of Reconstruc- tion won the Los Angeles Times Book Award for History, the Bancroft Prize, and the Parkman Prize. He served as president of the Or ga ni- zation of American Historians, the American Historical Associa- tion, and the Society of American Historians. His most recent trade publications include The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery, which won numerous awards including the Lincoln Prize, the Bancroft Prize, and the Pulitzer Prize, and Gateway to Freedom: The Hidden History of the Underground Railroad. 007-65853_ch00_vol2_6P.indd v SAuSAgEMaN 10/14/16 9:04 AM 007-65853_ch00_vol2_6P.indd vi SAuSAgEMaN 10/14/16 9:04 AM Contents Preface xv 15 “What Is Freedom?”: Reconstruction, 1865– 1877 95. Petition of Black Residents of Nashville (1865) 1 96. Petition of Committee on Behalf of the Freedmen to Andrew Johnson (1865) 4 97. The Mississippi Black Code (1865) 7 98. A Sharecropping Contract (1866) 11 99. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, “Home Life” (ca. 1875) 14 100. Frederick Douglass, “The Composite Nation” (1869) 18 101. Robert B. Elliott on Civil Rights (1874) 24 16 America’s Gilded Age, 1870–1890 102. Jorgen and Otto Jorgensen, Homesteading in Montana (1908) 28 103. Andrew Carnegie, The Gospel of Wealth (1889) 32 104. William Graham Sumner on Social Darwinism (ca. 1880) 35 vii 007-65853_ch00_vol2_6P.indd vii SAuSAgEMaN 10/14/16 9:04 AM viii Contents 105. A Second Declaration of In de pen dence (1879) 40 106. Henry George, Progress and Poverty (1879) 42 107. Edward Bellamy, Looking Backward (1888) 45 108. Walter Rauschenbusch and the Social Gospel (1912) 49 17 Freedom’s Boundaries, at Home and Abroad, 1890– 1900 109. The Populist Platform (1892) 52 110. Booker T. Washington, Address at the Atlanta Cotton Exposition (1895) 57 111. W. E. B. Du Bois, A Critique of Booker T. Washington (1903) 61 112. Ida B. Wells, Crusade for Justice (ca. 1892) 64 113. Frances E. Willard, Women and Temperance (1883) 70 114. Josiah Strong, Our Country (1885) 72 115. Emilio Aguinaldo on American Imperialism in the Philippines (1899) 74 18 The Progressive Era, 1900– 1916 116. Manuel Gamio on a Mexican- American Family and American Freedom (ca. 1926) 77 117. Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Women and Economics (1898) 81 118. John A. Ryan, A Living Wage (1912) 84 119. The Industrial Workers of the World and the Free Speech Fights (1909) 87 007-65853_ch00_vol2_6P.indd viii SAuSAgEMaN 10/14/16 9:04 AM Contents ix 120. Margaret Sanger on “Free Motherhood,” from Woman and the New Race (1920) 92 121. Mary Church Terrell, “What It Means to Be Colored in the Capital of the United States” (1906) 96 122. Woodrow Wilson and the New Freedom (1912) 100 123. R. G. Ashley, Unions and “The Cause of Liberty” (1910) 103 19 Safe for Democracy: The United States and World War I, 1916– 1920 124. Woodrow Wilson, A World “Safe for Democracy” (1917) 105 125. Randolph Bourne, “War Is the Health of the State” (1918) 107 126. A Critique of the Versailles Peace Conference (1919) 112 127. Carrie Chapman Catt, Address to Congress on Women’s Suffrage (1917) 114 128. Eugene V. Debs, Speech to the Jury (1918) 119 129. Rubie Bond, The Great Migration (1917) 123 130. Marcus Garvey on Africa for the Africans (1921) 127 131. John A. Fitch on the Great Steel Strike (1919) 130 20 From Business Culture to Great Depression: The Twenties, 1920–1932 132. André Siegfried on the “New Society,” from the Atlantic Monthly (1928) 136 133. The Fight for Civil Liberties (1921) 140 007-65853_ch00_vol2_6P.indd ix SAuSAgEMaN 10/14/16 9:04 AM x Contents 134. Bartolomeo Vanzetti’s Last Statement in Court (1927) 145 135. Congress Debates Immigration (1921) 147 136. Meyer v. Nebraska and the Meaning of Liberty (1923) 151 137. Alain Locke, The New Negro (1925) 155 138. Elsie Hill and Florence Kelley Debate the Equal Rights Amendment (1922) 160 21 The New Deal, 1932– 1940 139. Letter to Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins (1937) 163 140. John Steinbeck, The Harvest Gypsies (1936) 166 141. Labor’s Great Upheaval (1937) 168 142. Franklin D. Roo se velt, Speech to the Demo cratic National Convention (1936) 172 143. Herbert Hoover on the New Deal and Liberty (1936) 175 144. Norman Cousins, “Will Women Lose Their Jobs?” (1939) 178 145. Frank H. Hill on the Indian New Deal (1935) 183 146. W. E. B. Du Bois, “A Negro Nation within a Nation” (1935) 187 22 Fighting for the Four Freedoms: World War II, 1941– 1945 147. Franklin D. Roo se velt on the Four Freedoms (1941) 192 148. Will Durant, Freedom of Worship (1943) 194 149. Henry R. Luce, The American Century (1941) 196 150. Henry A. Wallace on “The Century of the Common Man” (1942) 199 007-65853_ch00_vol2_6P.indd x SAuSAgEMaN 10/14/16 9:04 AM Contents xi 151. F. A. Hayek, The Road to Serfdom (1944) 202 152. World War II and Mexican- Americans (1945) 205 153. African-Americans and the Four Freedoms (1944) 208 154. Justice Robert A. Jackson, Dissent in Korematsu v. United States (1944) 210 23 The United States and the Cold War, 1945–1953 155. Declaration of In de pen dence of the Demo cratic Republic of Vietnam (1945) 215 156. The Truman Doctrine (1947) 218 157. NSC 68 and the Ideological Cold War (1950) 221 158. Walter Lippmann, A Critique of Containment (1947) 225 159. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) 228 160. President’s Commission on Civil Rights, To Secure These Rights (1947) 234 161. Joseph R. McCarthy on the Attack (1950) 239 162. Margaret Chase Smith, Declaration of Conscience (1950) 242 163. Will Herberg, The American Way of Life (1955) 244 24 An Affluent Society, 1953– 1960 164. Richard M. Nixon, “What Freedom Means to Us” (1959) 248 165. Daniel L. Schorr, “Reconverting Mexican Americans” (1946) 253 166. The Southern Manifesto (1956) 257 167. Milton Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom (1962) 259 007-65853_ch00_vol2_7P.indd xi SAuSAgEMaN 10/26/16 11:37 AM xii Contents 168. C. Wright Mills on “Cheerful Robots” (1959) 262 169. Allen Ginsberg, “Howl” (1955) 265 170. Martin Luther King Jr. and the Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955) 267 25 The Sixties, 1960– 1968 171. John F. Kennedy, Speech on Civil Rights (1963) 272 172. Malcolm X, The Ballot or the Bullet (1964) 276 173. Barry Goldwater on “Extremism in the Defense of Liberty” (1964) 280 174. Lyndon B.
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    5656 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE APRIL 20 as an addition to the school reserve of the Jiearilla Indian By Mr. BOEHNE: A bill CH. R. 12358) granting an in­ Reservation; without amendment CRept. No. 2442). Referred crease of pension to Melissa F. Proctor; to the Committee on to the Committee of the Whole House on the state of the Invalid Pensions. Union. By Mr. BOYKIN: A bill (H. R. 12359) for the relief of Mr. WERNER: Committee on Indian Affairs. H. R. 12074. George Smith and Ketha Smith; to the Committee on A bill to consolidate the Indian pueblos of Jemez and Pecos, Claims. N. Mex.; without amendment CRept. No. 2447). Referred to By Mr. CLARK of Idaho: A bill (H. R. 12360) for the the Committee of the Whole House on the state of the Union. relief of Mr. and Mrs. Lucius Clark; to the Committee on Mr. RYAN: Committee on Indian Affairs. S. 1494. An act Claims. to amend an act entitled "An act authorizing the Chippewa Also, a bill <H. R. 12361) for the relief of Marian Stephens; Indians of Minnesota to submit claims to the Court of to the Committee on Claims. Claims", approved May 14, 1926 (44 Stat. L. 555); without By Mr. HARLAN: A bill (H. R. 12362) for the relief of amendment CRept. No. 2448). Referred to the Committee of George E. Kinner; to the Committee on Military Affairs. the Whole House on the state of the Union. By Mr. IDGGINS of Massachusetts; A bill (H. R. 12363) Mr. DEMPSEY: Committee on Insular Affairs.