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Triukšmo Menas Triukðmo menas: XX a. muzikos transformacija Asta PAKARKLYTË Triukðmo menas: XX a. muzikos transformacija The Art of Noise: The Transformation of Music in the 20th Century Anotacija Ðio teksto objektas – tarpdisciplininis ir komplikuotas triukðmo fenomenas bei akademiniø ir neinstituciniø menininkø triukðmo muzika. Straipsnyje sàmoningai atmetami svarstymai, ar triukðmas yra muzika, pirmàjá traktuojant kaip potencialià muzikos duotybæ, muzikà visø pirma apibrëþiant socialiniame kontekste, kuriame ji yra tai, kà þmogus identifikuoja kaip muzikà. Pateikus ávairias triukðmo verbalizacijas ir konceptualizacijas, straipsnio tikslu tampa konkreèiø triukðmo muzikos komponavimo tendencijø paieðka, formos problema ir kûrybos strategijos. Pasirinkus du skirtingus analizës bûdus: formalø klasikiná ir netradiciná postmodernistiná, atskleidþiamas paradoksalus triukðmo meno ir jo autoriø màstymo dualizmas, pagrástas tokiomis prieðingybëmis kaip tradicija ir inovacija, denatûruotas garsas ir pirmapradë gamtinë triukðmo materija. Reikðminiai þodþiai: triukðmas, garsas, muzika, paribiø menas, triukðmo konceptualizacija, emancipacija ir transgresija, muzikos transformacija, forma, tradicija ir inovacija, pirmapradis triukðmas. Abstract The object of this article is the interdisciplinary and complicated phenomenon of noise as well as the music of noise created by academic and non-institutional artists. The article declines to indulge in speculation whether noise is music and treats noise as the potential given of music, while music is delineated primarily in its social context where it is considered to be that particular phenomenon which man identifies as music. Since noise lacks a fixed aesthetic meaning, the article aims at looking for concrete trends of composing the music of noise, the problem of the form and the strategies of composing. As a result of the application of two differing methods of analysis – the formal classical and the non-traditional post-modernistic, the paradoxical duality of the art of noise and the reasoning of authors is revealed, the duality that rests on such oppositions as tradition and innovation, denaturalised sound and the primeval material of the natural sound. Keywords: noise, sound, borderline art, conceptualisation of noise, emancipation and transgression, the transformation of music, form, tradition and innovation, primeval noise. Kokybinë garso transformacija: triukðmo–tylos Theodoras Adorno raðë, kad triukðmas yra fizikinë analogija disonanso–konsonanso aspektu liekana, muzikos nuosëdos, kurios negali bûti iðnai- kintos1. Triukðmo filosofas Jacques’as Attali teigë, kad Ðiuolaikinë visuomenë gyvena triukðmo pasaulyje, triukðmas gali atakuoti, transformuoti ir suardyti bet taigi triukðmo elementai logiðkai uþëmë vietà ir muzi- kurià sistemà ir formà, nes naujoji „tvarka“ negali tilpti koje, komponuojamoje specifiniø istoriniø sàlygø bei á senà struktûrà ir joje realizuotis. Daugelis autoriø aplinkybiø – urbanizacijos, industrializacijos, populia- triukðmà ávardija kaip garsà, neturintá prasmës ir ap- cijos didëjimo etc. – átakoje. Triukðmas jau nuo XIX a. link save formuojantá beprasmiðkumo, tuðtumo sferà, pabaigos tapo nauja neiðvengiama didmiesèio garsine taèiau J. Attali teigia, kad ðis triukðmo bereikðmiðku- tikrove, kasdienà apimanèia vis didesnius Þemës rutu- mas visiðkai iðlaisvina klausytojo vaizduotæ ir skatina lio plotus ir veikianèia kûrybà. Jo iðvengti, kaip ir apskri- kurti naujas reikðmes aprioriðkai. Tokiu atveju reikð- tai izoliuotis nuo garso, neámanoma – tai iðaiðkëjo dar mës nebuvimas reprezentuoja visø reikðmiø buvimà2. tuomet, kai Johnas Cage’as tylos kameroje iðgirdo gar- Kas yra muzika? Kur ámanoma nustatyti demarkacinæ sus. Muzikos terpëje sparèiai plinta mintis, kad triukð- linijà tarp muzikos ir nemuzikos? Kokie skiriamieji mu- mas – tik dar viena garsinës medþiagos kokybë, dar vienas zikos bruoþai leistø jà identifikuoti kaip muzikà? XX a. tembras, priklausantis vieninteliam muzikos universu- garsø mene susiklostë situacija, analogiðka kaip ir vizu- mui, o ne egzistuojantis uþ jos ribø. aliuosiuose menuose, kai ávairiø menininkø darbuose, Taèiau mes vis tiek girdime ir suvokiame skirtá tarp remiantis formaliomis meno kokybëmis, tapo neáma- triukðmo ir labiau tradicinio muzikos garso, o triukð- noma atskirti menà nuo nemeno. Èia akivaizdþiausias mas vis dar egzistuoja muzikos viseto marginalijose. pavyzdys galëtø bûti dadaisto Marcelio Duchampo dar- Triukðmo muzika vis tiek sukelia afektà ir gimdo speci- bas Fountain („Pisuaras“) – tapo neaiðku, koks ið tikrø- finæ estetinæ galià, formuoja naujas klausymosi patirtis jø skirtumas tarp pisuaro ir meno kûrinio, sukompo- ir suvokimo formas, skatina ávairius eksperimentavi- nuoto ið pisuaro. Tokià pat situacijà galima pastebëti ir mus bei konceptualizacijas. futuristø arba konkreèiosios muzikos (musique concrète) 69 Lietuvos muzikologija, t. 8, 2007 Asta PAKARKLYTË atstovø kûriniuose, kai muzika yra komponuojama ið „arba rasti superdisonansø sritá, kurie kompensuotø ávairiø mechanizmø garsø, áraðyto aplinkos garsyno ar- besikaupiantá stipriø kontrastø nepakankamumà, arba ba ávardijamø readymade elementø. rasti ið viso kità muzikos koncepcijà“6. Jeigu super- Egzistuoja daugybë formaliø muzikos definicijø, kai disonansu, XX–XXI a. sàskambiu, galima ávardyti muzika suvokiama kaip ausiai malonios harmonijos, me- triukðmà, kas tada formuotø opozicijà ir suteiktø kom- lodijos, ritmo, metro ir pan. kombinacijos. Þvelgiant á pensacijà? muzikà, komponuojamà ið triukðmo makro- ir mikro- XX a. muzikos ribos labai prasiplëtë, vis daugiau elementø, ðiuo aspektu ji tampa antimuzika. Taèiau dëmesio imama skirti muzikos paribiams. Marcelis Co- XXa. ëmë sparèiai kisti muzikos ir garso samprata, mi- bussenas savo disertacijoje Deconstruction in music („De- nimaliausia ir pagrindine muzikos sàlyga darosi garsas, konstrukcija muzikoje“) siûlo iðskirti 2 naujas ir speci- visi akustiniai reiðkiniai imami pripaþinti kaip jos sude- fines muzikos rûðis7: damosios dalys. • triukðmas – (ne)muzikinis garsas, Triukðmo muzikos iniciatorius Luigi Russolo ma- • tyla – (ne)skambantis muzikinis garsas. në, kad triukðmas neabejotinai yra naujojo (XX) amþiaus Tuo tarpu J. Attali veikale Noise: The Political Eco- garsas, jis raðë: „Praeities gyvenimas buvo tyla. Iðskyrus nomy of Music („Triukðmas: politinë muzikos ekonomi- labai retus þemës drebëjimus, audras, griûtis ir kriokliø ka“) teigia, kad triukðmas ir tyla – du nauji muzikos ðniokðtimà, gamta tylëjo. XIX a., kartu su maðinø iðra- bûties poliai, kurie negali egzistuoti vienas be kito, o dimu, gimë triukðmas. Ðiandien triukðmas triumfuoja tarp triados elementø vyksta intensyvi sàveika8. ir karaliauja“3. Jis màstë, kad kompleksiniai kompo- nentai, tokie kaip polifonija (ypaè flamandø polifonija), ið kurios kilo ir vëliau plëtojosi komplikuotas diso- nansas, itin paskatino muzikos þengimà link triukðmo. 1913m. manifeste „Triukðmo menas“ L.Russolo skel- Taigi muzikos makrosandara tampa daugiasluoksnë bë: „Muzikinio garso kokybinë tembrø ávairovë yra per- ir kompleksinë. Ima irti tradiciniai hierarchiniai santy- nelyg ribota. Patys sudëtingiausi orkestrai susideda tik kiai, atsiranda nauji struktûriniai muzikos elementai, ið keturiø ar penkiø instrumentø grupiø, kuriø tembras dekonstruojamos ir eliminuojamos muzikos ribos, iðkyla ávairuoja. Moderni muzika sukasi ðiame maþame rate naujos muzikos ontologijos problemos bei aspektai. ir tuðèiai vargsta bandydama kurti naujus tembrus. <...> Mes privalome iðsiverþti ið ðio ankðto grynø muzikiniø Triukðmo sàvoka garsø rato ir turime uþkariauti begalinæ triukðmø ávai- rovæ, nes ðvarus garsas, ið prigimties paprastas ir mono- Triukðmas yra itin daugialypë sàvoka, kurià viena- toniðkas, jau nebekelia jokiø jausmø. Pajuskime malo- reikðmiðkai bei tiksliai apibrëþti yra sudëtinga. Jis ska- numà klausydamiesi oro arba dujø ðnypðtimo metali- tina skirtingiausiø interpretacijø ir kontroversiðkø trak- niuose vamzdþiuose, motorø ûþesio, ventiliø klapsëji- tuoèiø aibæ. Skirtingose plotmëse triukðmas ágauna ávai- mo, stûmokliø trinksëjimo, mechaniniø pjûklø dþerþ- riø atspalviø, nors daþniausiai jam priskiriamos neigia- gëjimo, tramvajø ratø bildesio, rimbo èaiþymo, uþuo- mos ir destruktyvios savybës. Meno kontekste triukð- laidø ar vëliavø plazdëjimo. Kurkime minios stumdy- mas tampa neutralus, abstraktus ir atsietas nuo þmo- mosi ir bruzdëjimo, traukiniø stoèiø ûþesio, liejyklø ir gaus jam suteiktø funkcijø. Pavyzdþiui, XX a. 9-ajame verpimo fabrikø, spaustuviø ir elektros stoèiø garsø par- deðimtmetyje triukðmu buvo kankinami kalintys nacio- titûras“4. naliniai teroristai, pasivadinæ „Airiø respublikonø ar- „Praeityje nesutarta dël disonanso ir konsonanso, o mija“ (Irish Republican Army), tuo tarpu triukðmø mu- netolimoje ateityje iðryðkës triukðmo ir vadinamøjø mu- zikos lyderis Merzbow (Masami Akita) kai kuriuos sa- zikiniø garsø prieðtara“5, – dar 1937 m. deklaravo J.Ca- vo kûrinius komponavo vien ið ekstremaliai statiðko, ge’as. Amþiø tëkmëje konsonanso ir disonanso sampra- garsaus ir „bekompromisiðko“ triukðmo. Në vienas net ta buvo transformuojama ir invertuojama ne kartà, pra- ir ásigilinæs autorius neástengia vienareikðmiðkai suvok- sidëjusi elementariausiu unisono propagavimu, baigia- ti ir apibûdinti triukðmo. si komplikuotø santykiø, regis, perspektyvoje tolstan- Vis dëlto egzistuoja trys fundamentalios triukðmo èiø á begalybæ, dominavimu. Koks yra XXI a. sàskam- sampratos, atsiskleidþianèios akustikos, komunikacijos bis? Panaðu, kad klestëjusi disonanso ir 12 tonø chro-
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