DOCSLIB.ORG

Reconstructing the Potential Natural Vegetation and Soils of the High Andes

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2015 Reconstructing the potential natural vegetation and soils of the high Andes Sylvester, Steven Paul Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-119640 Dissertation Published Version Originally published at: Sylvester, Steven Paul. Reconstructing the potential natural vegetation and soils of the high Andes. 2015, University of Zurich, Faculty of Science. Reconstructing the potential natural vegetation and soils of the high Andes Dissertation zur Erlangung der naturwissenschaftlichen Doktorwürde (Dr.sc.nat.) vorgelegt der Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Zürich von Steven Paul Sylvester aus England Promotionskomitee: PD. Dr. Michael Kessler (Vorsitz) Prof. Dr. Peter Linder Dr. Colin Hughes Zürich, 2015 Contents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................................. 5 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG ............................................................................................................................. 7 SYNOPSIS ................................................................................................................................................. 9 PROLOGUE ............................................................................................................................................ 11 THE QUESTION: ARE THE HIGH-ELEVATION ECOSYSTEMS OF THE ANDES NATURAL? ........................ 11 THE TASK: OBTAINING BASELINE DATA ................................................................................................ 14 THE SOLUTION: INACCESSIBLE LEDGES................................................................................................. 15 THE FINDINGS ....................................................................................................................................... 16 CHAPTER 1: Inaccessible ledges as refuges for the natural vegetation of the high Andes. ............. 31 CHAPTER 2: Inaccessible Andean sites reveal human induced weathering in grazed soils. ............. 45 CHAPTER 3: Shifting perspectives on naturalness in mountain ecosystems. ................................... 73 CHAPTER 4: Elevational patterns of Polylepis tree height (Rosaceae) in the high Andes of Peru: role of human impact and climatic conditions ..................................................................... 139 CHAPTER 5: The World's highest vascular epiphytes found in the Peruvian Andes. ........................ 153 CHAPTER 6: An updated checklist and key to the open-panicled Poa’s (Poaceae) of Peru including 3 new species, Poa ramoniana, Poa tayacajaensis and Poa urubambensis. ................ 163 CHAPTER 7: Bartsia lydiae, a new species of Bartsia sect. Laxae (Orobanchaceae) from the southern Peruvian Andes with a revised key to Bartsia sect. Laxae. ........................... 193 CHAPTER 8: A new species of Moranopteris (Polypodiaceae) from inaccessible ledges in the high Andes of Peru. ............................................................................................................... 201 CHAPTER 9: Gentianella viridiflora (Gentianaceae), a new green-flowered Gentianella species from the Peruvian Andes. ...................................................................................................... 213 CHAPTER 10: The World’s smallest Campanulaceae: Lysipomia mitsii sp.nov. .................................. 221 OUTLOOK AND FUTURE RESEARCH ...................................................................................................... 241 CURRICULUM VITAE .............................................................................................................................. 245 3 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, God deserves all the glory for this. Thanks to this PhD, I met my soulmate and wife, Mitsy, the best climbing partner, friend and accomplice that one could ever ask for, who’s patience, wisdom, stamina and general awesomeness I have not met the like of in any other person that I know. This project would not have been in any way as successful without Mitsy’s help and she deserves a large part of the credit. I would like to express my deepest thanks to Michael Kessler, my fantastic PhD supervisor, who had the visionary idea behind this project, whilst I had only voiced my eagerness to combine botany with climbing in South America. I thank Michael for having the belief in me that I could perform this research and for teaching me a lot and putting up with my escapades over the last 5 years. The Leverhulme Trust deserves an immense thanks for their generous funding which allowed the majority of field research to be done. This should not be understated, as most other funders regarded the project to have a high chance of failure and were not prepared to take the risk. Thank you Leverhulme Trust for having the belief in me that I could perform this research. Following this, funding came more easily, and I am grateful to the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft [grant numbers HE 6726 5/1; JU XX], and the Claraz-Schenkung fund for additional fieldwork funding which allowed me to extend my stay in Peru. The University of Zurich Forschungskredit, as well as additional funding from the budget of Michael Kessler and Elena Conti, are thanked for allowing me sufficient time in Zurich to publish the results of the fieldwork and to prepare this thesis. My brilliant colleagues, Felix Heitkamp and Hermann Jungkunst, helped me a lot with regards preparing chapters 1 to 3 and all soil aspects of the project. It’s amazing that Felix still speaks to me after my crazy driving on the Peruvian mountain roads and lowering him off cliffs. My new Peruvian family deserve a lot of thanks for their constant support. Many problems in Peru ranging from mind-numbing bureaucracy, logistical nightmares of fieldwork, and general problems whilst living in the country, were rapidly solved through the help of my father-in-law and uncle, Walter and Humberto Diaz Galdos, and my sisters-in- law, Patricia and Daniela Diaz Puente de la Vega. The unconditional support of my own family was felt through the entire project, and I really thank them for it. My parents, Paul and Barbara, and my grandmother, Jeanette, are especially thanked for all the help they gave. The LPB herbarium and staff were an immense help in giving me a workspace and providing all the relevant infrastructure so that I could spend many a merry month identifying specimens in La Paz. Following on from this, many specialists provided their knowledge and expertise. Juan Camilo Ospina, Simon Laegaard, Robbert Gradstein, Steve Churchill, Robert Soreng, Xenia Villavicencio, Michael Sundue, Michael Kessler, Colin Hughes, Ulf Molau, Simon Pfanzelt, Klaus Bernhard von Hagen, Fred Barrie, Zulma Rugulo and Hibert Huaylla are all thanked for help with specimen identification and for helpful discussion regarding species delimitation, with which I gained extra experience and knowledge of these interesting plant groups. Harrie Sipman and the Berlin Dahlem Botanical Garden and Botanical Museum are thanked profusely for allowing my wife, Mitsy, to stay at the Botanical Garden for extended periods to identify the lichen specimens and benefit from brilliant training in lichen taxonomy. Johanna Toivonen and Carlos Gonzales Inca provided 5 their skills in GIS and forest structure data from disturbed ecosystems and I am very grateful for their collaboration and hope it continues. Tatiana Erika Boza is greatly thanked for her help in measuring Polylepis trees whilst in Cusco as, without this help, some of the main discoveries of chapter 3 would not have been possible. ECOAN-Peru introduced us to some of the mountain communities and provided correspondence so that we were accepted by, at least some, of these high mountain people, whilst many others refused us entry or even tried to burn down our camps. Dr. Washington Galiano initially helped with specimen identification and was invaluable in his help obtaining the research and export permits. Giulia Attochi volunteered for a short time at the beginning of the project and is thanked for all her effort and sharing in the adventure. I would really like to thank Dr. Dirk Karger and his family for all their help and assistance with things ranging from helping us to settle in to Swiss life, offering us a place to stay and momentary relaxation through fondue and sledging. Hopefully we can repay this kindness in the future. Dr. Karger also was an invaluable help with statistics, managing R software, and discussion over general ecological concepts. I am very grateful to him for translating the synopsis into German. My great friends, Jakob and Heidi Frauenfelder, deserve a large amount of thanks for all the hospitality and help they have given during our stay in Zurich, and for showing us some really fantastic places. God bless you both. Jakob was also able to beautify the German translation of the synopsis. All the great people at the Institute of Systematic Botany are thanked for their friendship and help during the last few years. Particular mention goes to Colin Hughes and Peter Linder who agreed to be on my PhD committee and who provided help and advice on many issues. On my first trips to Zurich, Jurriaan M. de Vos, Danielle Cicuzza and Stefan Abrahamczyk are thanked for their great hospitality in
Recommended publications
  • Download Download

    Download Download

    JORGE A. GÓMEZ-DÍAZ1*, THORSTEN KRÖMER2, CÉSAR I. CARVAJAL-HERNÁNDEZ3, GERHARD GEROLD1 AND FELIX HEITKAMP1 Botanical Sciences 95 (2): 307-328, 2017 Abstract Background: Terrestrial herbs are a signifcant foristic element of tropical forests; however, there is a lack of research focused on this plant group. DOI: 10.17129/botsci.859 Question: Which are the patterns of species distribution of herbaceous angiosperms along gradients of elevation and Copyright: © 2017 Gómez-Díaz et forest disturbance at Cofre de Perote, central Veracruz, Mexico? al. This is an open access article dis- Studied species: Terrestrial herbaceous angiosperms. tributed under the terms of the Crea- Study site and years of study: Eastern slopes of Cofre de Perote, central Veracruz, Mexico; from 2012 until 2014. tive Commons Attribution License, Methods: We established an elevational transect (40 to 3,520 m), where foristic sampling in eight study sites within which permits unrestricted use, dis- tribution, and reproduction in any elevational belts of about 500 m each were realized. We recorded the occurrence of terrestrial angiosperm herbs within medium, provided the original author 135 20 × 20 m plots, distributed in old-growth, degraded forest, secondary vegetation, as well as azonal vegetation. Spe- and source are credited. cies richness and foristic composition was compared between the different elevational belts and forest disturbance. Results: We recorded a total of 264 herb species, 31 endemic to Mexico and three classifed as threatened. This number of species represents 5.7 % of Veracruz’s herbaceous angiosperm fora. The highest species richness was recorded at 2,500 m (76) and 1,500 m (52).
  • Checklist of Calicioid Lichens and Fungi for Genera with Members in Temperate Western North America Draft: 2012-03-13

    Checklist of Calicioid Lichens and Fungi for Genera with Members in Temperate Western North America Draft: 2012-03-13

    Draft: 2012-03-13 Checklist of Calicioids – E. B. Peterson Checklist of Calicioid Lichens and Fungi For Genera with Members in Temperate Western North America Draft: 2012-03-13 by E. B. Peterson Calicium abietinum, EBP#4640 1 Draft: 2012-03-13 Checklist of Calicioids – E. B. Peterson Genera Acroscyphus Lév. Brucea Rikkinen Calicium Pers. Chaenotheca Th. Fr. Chaenothecopsis Vainio Coniocybe Ach. = Chaenotheca "Cryptocalicium" – potentially undescribed genus; taxonomic placement is not known but there are resemblances both to Mycocaliciales and Onygenales Cybebe Tibell = Chaenotheca Cyphelium Ach. Microcalicium Vainio Mycocalicium Vainio Phaeocalicium A.F.W. Schmidt Sclerophora Chevall. Sphinctrina Fr. Stenocybe (Nyl.) Körber Texosporium Nádv. ex Tibell & Hofsten Thelomma A. Massal. Tholurna Norman Additional genera are primarily tropical, such as Pyrgillus, Tylophoron About the Species lists Names in bold are believed to be currently valid names. Old synonyms are indented and listed with the current name following (additional synonyms can be found in Esslinger (2011). Names in quotes are nicknames for undescribed species. Names given within tildes (~) are published, but may not be validly published. Underlined species are included in the checklist for North America north of Mexico (Esslinger 2011). Names are given with authorities and original citation date where possible, followed by a colon. Additional citations are given after the colon, followed by a series of abbreviations for states and regions where known. States and provinces use the standard two-letter abbreviation. Regions include: NAm = North America; WNA = western North America (west of the continental divide); Klam = Klamath Region (my home territory). For those not known from North America, continental distribution may be given: SAm = South America; EUR = Europe; ASIA = Asia; Afr = Africa; Aus = Australia.
  • Appendix K. Survey and Manage Species Persistence Evaluation

    Appendix K. Survey and Manage Species Persistence Evaluation

    Appendix K. Survey and Manage Species Persistence Evaluation Establishment of the 95-foot wide construction corridor and TEWAs would likely remove individuals of H. caeruleus and modify microclimate conditions around individuals that are not removed. The removal of forests and host trees and disturbance to soil could negatively affect H. caeruleus in adjacent areas by removing its habitat, disturbing the roots of host trees, and affecting its mycorrhizal association with the trees, potentially affecting site persistence. Restored portions of the corridor and TEWAs would be dominated by early seral vegetation for approximately 30 years, which would result in long-term changes to habitat conditions. A 30-foot wide portion of the corridor would be maintained in low-growing vegetation for pipeline maintenance and would not provide habitat for the species during the life of the project. Hygrophorus caeruleus is not likely to persist at one of the sites in the project area because of the extent of impacts and the proximity of the recorded observation to the corridor. Hygrophorus caeruleus is likely to persist at the remaining three sites in the project area (MP 168.8 and MP 172.4 (north), and MP 172.5-172.7) because the majority of observations within the sites are more than 90 feet from the corridor, where direct effects are not anticipated and indirect effects are unlikely. The site at MP 168.8 is in a forested area on an east-facing slope, and a paved road occurs through the southeast part of the site. Four out of five observations are more than 90 feet southwest of the corridor and are not likely to be directly or indirectly affected by the PCGP Project based on the distance from the corridor, extent of forests surrounding the observations, and proximity to an existing open corridor (the road), indicating the species is likely resilient to edge- related effects at the site.
  • North American Flora Volume 17

    North American Flora Volume 17

    VO LUM E 1 7 PART 7 NO RTH AMERICAN FLO RA (P OALE S) PO ACEAE (pars) 1 ALB ERT SPEAR Hn‘ cncocx sc i i n P ice Sub r pt o r , e ar a e C ies S p t op , PUBLI SHE D BY . THE N E W YORK BOTAN I CAL GAR DEN H 3 1 1 93 M ARC , 7 (btRLHfl! A RT 7 1 93 7 AC A P , ] PO E E Coll a r glabrou s (throa t of she a th more or ss s a u su a s le pilo e) ; p nicle lly ex erted , 7 n e . n s 3 S . do m s i . a s . n rrow , conden ed i g a s s a t as a t s s Coll r den ely pilo e . le t the ide ; p anicle u su a lly inclu ded a t bas e (sometimes entirely inclu ded) . — u s bu s 1 2 s a s C lm ro t , meter t ll ; pike — nl en 8 . a . 3 . S i s let s 3 mm . long . g g u s s s s s a C lm more lender , mo tly le th n s 2 1 meter ta ll ; s pikelet mm . long . a a P nicle open , often l rge , the bra nches a nd bra nchlet s fle xu o us s s s ar , the pikelet loo ely 9 . exuo us . 3 . S s ra nged . fl a a P nicle open or comp ct , if open , the spikelets crowded on the t branchle s .
  • Carrying Capacity of Vicunas in the Chimborazo Faunal Production Reserve, Ecuador

    Carrying Capacity of Vicunas in the Chimborazo Faunal Production Reserve, Ecuador

    Lakehead University Knowledge Commons,http://knowledgecommons.lakeheadu.ca Electronic Theses and Dissertations Undergraduate theses 2020 Carrying capacity of vicunas in the Chimborazo Faunal Production Reserve, Ecuador Scott, David http://knowledgecommons.lakeheadu.ca/handle/2453/4610 Downloaded from Lakehead University, KnowledgeCommons CARRYING CAPACITY OF VICUNA IN THE CHIMBORAZO FAUNAL PRODUCTION RESERVE, ECUADOR by David Scott FACULTY OF NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT LAKEHEAD UNIVERSITY THUNDER BAY, ONTARIO April 2020 ii CARRYING CAPACITY OF VICUNAS IN THE CHIMBORAZO FAUNAL PRODUCTION RESERVE, ECUADOR by David Scott An Undergraduate Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Honours Bachelor of Environmental Management Faculty of Natural Resources Management Lakehead University April 2020 --------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- Dr. Brian McLaren Patricio Lozano Major Advisor Second Reader iii LIBRARY RIGHTS STATEMENT In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the HBEM degree at Lakehead University in Thunder Bay, I agree that the University will make it freely available for inspection. This thesis is made available by my authority solely for the purpose of private study and may not be copied or reproduced in whole or in part (except as permitted by the Copyright Laws) without my written authority. Date: _____________________________April 22nd 2020 iv A CAUTION TO THE READER This HBEM thesis has been through a semi-formal process of review and comment by at least two faculty members. It is made available for loan by the Faculty of Natural Resources Management for the purpose of advancing the practice of professional and scientific environmental management. The reader should be aware that the opinions and conclusions expressed in this document are those of the student and do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the thesis supervisor, the faculty or of Lakehead University.
  • Master Document Template

    Master Document Template

    Copyright by Mary Harding Polk 2016 The Dissertation Committee for Mary Harding Polk Certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: “They Are Drying Out”: Social-Ecological Consequences of Glacier Recession on Mountain Peatlands in Huascarán National Park, Peru Committee: Kenneth R. Young, Supervisor Kelley A. Crews Gregory W. Knapp Daene C. McKinney Francisco L. Pérez “They Are Drying Out”: Social-Ecological Consequences of Glacier Recession on Mountain Peatlands in Huascarán National Park, Peru by Mary Harding Polk, B.A., M.A. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin May 2016 Acknowledgements The journey to the Cordillera Blanca and Huascarán National Park started with a whiff of tear gas during the Arequipazo of 2002. During a field season in Arequipa, the city erupted into civil unrest. In a stroke of neoliberalism, newly elected President Alejandro Toledo privatized Egesur and Egasa, regional power generation companies, by selling them to a Belgian entity. Arequipeños violently protested President Toledo’s reversal on his campaign pledge not to privatize industries. Overnight, the streets filled with angry protesters demonstrating against “los Yanquis.” The President declared a state of emergency that kept Agnes Wommack and me trapped in our hotel because the streets were unsafe for a couple of Yanquis. After 10 days of being confined, we decided to venture out to the local bakery. Not long after our first sips of coffee, tear gas floated onto the patio and the lovely owner rushed out with wet towels to cover our faces.
  • Project Report

    Project Report

    THE APPLICATION OF PHYTOLITH AND STARCH GRAIN ANALYSIS TO UNDERSTANDING FORMATIVE PERIOD SUBSISTENCE, RITUAL, AND TRADE ON THE TARACO PENINSULA, HIGHLAND BOLIVIA ___________________________________________________________________ A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School University of Missouri, Columbia ___________________________________________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts ___________________________________________________________________ By AMANDA LEE LOGAN Supervisor: Dr. Deborah M. Pearsall AUGUST 2006 Dedicated to the memory of my grandmother Joanne Marie Higgins 1940-2005 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are a great number of people who have helped in this process in passing or in long, detailed conversations, and everything in between. First and foremost, many thanks to my advisor, Debby Pearsall, for creative and inspired guidance, and for taking the time to talk over everything from the smallest detail to the biggest challenges. Debby introduced me to the world of phytoliths, and then to the wonders of starch grains, and encouraged me to find and pursue the issues that drive me. My committee has been very helpful and patient, and made my oral exams and defense far more enjoyable then expected—Dr. Christine Hastorf, Dr. Bob Benfer, and Dr. Randy Miles. Dr. Benfer was crucial in helping me sort through the statistical applications. I also benefited tremendously from conversations with and advice from my cohorts in the MU Paleoethnobotany lab, or as we are better known, the “Pearsall Youth”— Neil Duncan, Shawn Collins, Meghann O’Brien, Tom Hart, and Nicole Little. Dr. Karol Chandler-Ezell gave me great advice on calcium oxalate and chemical processing. Dr. Todd VanPool graciously provided much needed advice on the statistical applications.
  • Pseudolycopodiella Carnosa (Silveira) Holub Crossref

    Pseudolycopodiella Carnosa (Silveira) Holub Crossref

    Crossref Similarity Check Powered by iThenticate NOTA CIENTÍFICA DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18561/2179-5746/biotaamazonia.v8n2p58-59 Nova ocorrência de Lycopodiaceae (Lycophyta) para o estado do Maranhão: Pseudolycopodiella carnosa (Silveira) Holub Domingos Lucas dos Santos-Silva1* Guilherme Sousa da Silva2 Regigláucia Rodrigues de Oliveira3 Gonçalo Mendes da Conceição4 1. Biólogo (Universidade Estadual do Maranhão). Doutorando em Ecologia e Conservação (Universidade do Estado de Mato-Grosso, Brasil). 2. Biólogo (Universidade Estadual do Maranhão). Mestrando em Botânica (Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Brasil). 3. Bióloga (Universidade Federal do Piauí). Mestre em Biodiversidade, Ambiente e Saúde (Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, Brasil). 4. Biólogo (Centro de Ensino Superior do Piauí). Doutor em Zootecnia (Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho). Professor da Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, Brasil. *Autor para correspondência: [email protected] A espécie Pseudolycopodiella carnosa (Silveira) Holub, pertencente à família Lycopodiaceae, ocorre em quase todo o Brasil, exceto na região Norte. Para o Nordeste, apresenta-se registro apenas para o estado da Bahia. Assim, o estudo teve como objetivo registrar Pseudolycopodiella carnosa pela primeira vez para o estado do Maranhão. O espécime foi coletado em uma área de campo úmido na Área de Proteção Ambiental Municipal do Buriti do Meio, Caxias/MA. RESUMO Palavras-chave: Distribuição geográfica, Nordeste do Brasil, Licófitas, Pseudolycopodiella carnosa. New occurence of Lycopodiaceae (Lycophyta) for the Maranhão State, Brazil: Pseudolycopodiella carnosa (Silveira) Holub The species Pseudolycopodiella carnosa (Silveira) Holub, belongs to the family Lycopodiaceae, occurs in almost all of Brazil, CT except in the northern region. To the Northeast, it is registered only for the state of Bahia.
  • Southern Gulf, Queensland

    Southern Gulf, Queensland

    Biodiversity Summary for NRM Regions Species List What is the summary for and where does it come from? This list has been produced by the Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities (SEWPC) for the Natural Resource Management Spatial Information System. The list was produced using the AustralianAustralian Natural Natural Heritage Heritage Assessment Assessment Tool Tool (ANHAT), which analyses data from a range of plant and animal surveys and collections from across Australia to automatically generate a report for each NRM region. Data sources (Appendix 2) include national and state herbaria, museums, state governments, CSIRO, Birds Australia and a range of surveys conducted by or for DEWHA. For each family of plant and animal covered by ANHAT (Appendix 1), this document gives the number of species in the country and how many of them are found in the region. It also identifies species listed as Vulnerable, Critically Endangered, Endangered or Conservation Dependent under the EPBC Act. A biodiversity summary for this region is also available. For more information please see: www.environment.gov.au/heritage/anhat/index.html Limitations • ANHAT currently contains information on the distribution of over 30,000 Australian taxa. This includes all mammals, birds, reptiles, frogs and fish, 137 families of vascular plants (over 15,000 species) and a range of invertebrate groups. Groups notnot yet yet covered covered in inANHAT ANHAT are notnot included included in in the the list. list. • The data used come from authoritative sources, but they are not perfect. All species names have been confirmed as valid species names, but it is not possible to confirm all species locations.
  • Facultad De Ciencias Biológicas Escuela Profesional De Biología

    Facultad De Ciencias Biológicas Escuela Profesional De Biología

    UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL ALTIPLANO FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS ESCUELA PROFESIONAL DE BIOLOGÍA CAMBIOS MULTITEMPORALES EN ASOCIACIONES VEGETALES (VEGETACIÓN NATURAL Y ANTRÓPICA) EN LA ÉPOCA DE AVENIDA DEL DISTRITO DE CABANA-SAN ROMÁN-PUNO EN EL PERÍODO 2000-2016. TESIS PRESENTADA POR: Bach. IRENE YASMINA TAIPE HUAMAN PARA OPTAR EL TÍTULO PROFESIONAL DE: LICENCIADO EN BIOLOGÍA PUNO – PERÚ 2018 DEDICATORIA A Dios, por ser el inspirador y darme fuerza para continuar en este proceso de obtener uno de los anhelos más deseados. A mis queridos padres Felipe e Irene por su amor, trabajo y sacrificio en todos estos años, gracias a ustedes he logrado llegar hasta aquí y convertirme en lo que soy. A mis hermanos (as) por estar siempre presentes, acompañarme y por el apoyo moral, que me brindaron a lo largo de esta etapa de mi vida. Con inmenso amor a mi esposo Rod Henrry y a mi princesa Melanie Sofía siendo mi mejor motivación en mi vida encaminada al éxito, eres el ingrediente perfecto para poder alcanzar esta merecida victoria en la vida. A todas las personas que me han apoyado y han hecho que el trabajo se realice con éxito en especial a aquellos que me abrieron las puertas y compartieron sus conocimientos. AGRADECIMIENTO Un inmenso agradecimiento a la primera casa de estudios universitarios, Universidad Nacional del Altiplano de Puno y en especial a la Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, por ser el pilar de mi formación profesional, a los docentes y personal administrativo que impartieron sus conocimientos y contribuyeron con sus experiencias en mi formación profesional. Muy agradecida con mi Director, Blgo.
  • Universidad Nacional Del Centro Del Peru

    Universidad Nacional Del Centro Del Peru

    UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL CENTRO DEL PERU FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS FORESTALES Y DEL AMBIENTE "COMPOSICIÓN FLORÍSTICA Y ESTADO DE CONSERVACIÓN DE LOS BOSQUES DE Kageneckia lanceolata Ruiz & Pav. Y Escallonia myrtilloides L.f. EN LA RESERVA PAISAJÍSTICA NOR YAUYOS COCHAS" TESIS PARA OPTAR EL TÍTULO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERO FORESTAL Y AMBIENTAL Bach. CARLOS MICHEL ROMERO CARBAJAL Bach. DELY LUZ RAMOS POCOMUCHA HUANCAYO – JUNÍN – PERÚ JULIO – 2009 A mis padres Florencio Ramos y Leonarda Pocomucha, por su constante apoyo y guía en mi carrera profesional. DELY A mi familia Héctor Romero, Eva Carbajal y Milton R.C., por su ejemplo de voluntad, afecto y amistad. CARLOS ÍNDICE AGRADECIMIENTOS .................................................................................. i RESUMEN .................................................................................................. ii I. INTRODUCCIÓN ........................................................................... 1 II. REVISIÓN BIBLIOGRÁFICA ........................................................... 3 2.1. Bosques Andinos ........................................................................ 3 2.2. Formación Vegetal ...................................................................... 7 2.3. Composición Florística ................................................................ 8 2.4. Indicadores de Diversidad ......................................................... 10 2.5. Biología de la Conservación...................................................... 12 2.6. Estado de Conservación
  • Literaturverzeichnis

    Literaturverzeichnis

    Literaturverzeichnis Abaimov, A.P., 2010: Geographical Distribution and Ackerly, D.D., 2009: Evolution, origin and age of Genetics of Siberian Larch Species. In Osawa, A., line ages in the Californian and Mediterranean flo- Zyryanova, O.A., Matsuura, Y., Kajimoto, T. & ras. Journal of Biogeography 36, 1221–1233. Wein, R.W. (eds.), Permafrost Ecosystems. Sibe- Acocks, J.P.H., 1988: Veld Types of South Africa. 3rd rian Larch Forests. Ecological Studies 209, 41–58. Edition. Botanical Research Institute, Pretoria, Abbadie, L., Gignoux, J., Le Roux, X. & Lepage, M. 146 pp. (eds.), 2006: Lamto. Structure, Functioning, and Adam, P., 1990: Saltmarsh Ecology. Cambridge Uni- Dynamics of a Savanna Ecosystem. Ecological Stu- versity Press. Cambridge, 461 pp. dies 179, 415 pp. Adam, P., 1994: Australian Rainforests. Oxford Bio- Abbott, R.J. & Brochmann, C., 2003: History and geography Series No. 6 (Oxford University Press), evolution of the arctic flora: in the footsteps of Eric 308 pp. Hultén. Molecular Ecology 12, 299–313. Adam, P., 1994: Saltmarsh and mangrove. In Groves, Abbott, R.J. & Comes, H.P., 2004: Evolution in the R.H. (ed.), Australian Vegetation. 2nd Edition. Arctic: a phylogeographic analysis of the circu- Cambridge University Press, Melbourne, pp. marctic plant Saxifraga oppositifolia (Purple Saxi- 395–435. frage). New Phytologist 161, 211–224. Adame, M.F., Neil, D., Wright, S.F. & Lovelock, C.E., Abbott, R.J., Chapman, H.M., Crawford, R.M.M. & 2010: Sedimentation within and among mangrove Forbes, D.G., 1995: Molecular diversity and deri- forests along a gradient of geomorphological set- vations of populations of Silene acaulis and Saxi- tings.