Flora Survey Tenterfield Management Area Northern Region, New South Wales

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By Doug Binns

S TAT E FORESTS RESEARCH DIVISION FLORA SURVEY TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA NORTHERN REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES

TENTERFIELD EIS SUPPORTING DOCUMENT NO. 3

DOUGBINNS

RESEARCH DIVISION STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES SYDNEY 1995 Forest Resources Series No. 30 April,1995

The Author:

Doug Binns, Research Officer, Forestry Ecology Section, Research Division, State Forests of New South Wales.

Published by:

Research Division, State Forests of New South Wales, 27 Oratava Avenue, West Pennant Hills, 2125 P.O. Box 100, Beecroft. 2119 Australia.

DDC 333.7814099443 ISSN 1033 1220 ISBN 0731022092 . CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION 1 METHODS 2 1. PLOTLOCATION 2 2. FLORISTIC AND VEGETATION STRUCTURAL DATA 4 3. HABITATDATA 4 4. LIMITATIONS 5 5. TAXONOMYAND NOMENCLATURE 5 6. DATA ANALYSIS 6 RESULTS 8 1. FLORISTICS 8 2. OVERSTOREY COA1!vfUNITY CLASSIFICATION 8 3. NON-EUCALYPT t'UNDERSTOREY'') FLORISTIC COJvfMUNITIES 13 4. FLORISTIC CLASSIFICATION 13 5. DESCRIPTIONS OF VEGETATION TYPES 16 6. LOGGING IMPACT 26 7. FIREIMPACT 29 DISCUSSION 30 1. SIGNIFICANTPLANTSPECIES 30 2. CONSERVATION STATUS OFPLANT COJvfMUNITIES 36 3. IMPACT OFLOGGING 37 4. IMPACT OFFIRE 38 5. IMPACT OF GRAZING 39 6. WEEDS 39 RECOJvfMENDATIONS 40 1. INTRODUCTION 40 2. SIGNIFICANT SPECIES 40 3. RESERVATIONOF COJvfMUNITIES 43 4. SUMMARY OFRESERVE PROPOSALS 47 5. FIRE AND GRAZING MANAGEMENT 48 6. WEEDS 48

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 NORTHERN REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 49 REFERENCES 49

TABLES Table 1. Comparison and conservation status offorest vegetation communities 10 Table 2. Summary ofdistribution ofplots among understorey and floristic 14 communities Table 3. Summary ofdistribution ofplots among overstorey and floristic 15 communities

FIGURES Figure 1. Locations offlora survey plots, Tentemeld Management Area 3 Figure 2. Dendrogram from floristic classification ofbasal area ofcanopy species 9 Figure 3. Dendrogram from floristic classification ofpercentage cover ofall species 13 Figure 4. Scatterplot ofhybrid MDS co-ordinates for open forest, 27 logging history superimposed Figure 5. CCA ordination ofopen forest plots 28 Figure 6. Location ofproposed reserves for flora conservation 46

APPENDICES APPENDIX1 OCCURRENCE OF VASCULAR PLANTSPECIES BYBROAD 51 FLORISTIC GROUP AND LOGGING CATEGORY APPENDIX2 BRIEFDESCRIPTIONS OFFLORISTIC COMMUNITIES 71 APPENDIX3 SUMMARY OFMAJOR SITE FEATURES 84 APPENDIX4 IWO-WAY TABLE OFSPECIES BYPLOTS, OFDATA USED FOR 86 ORDINATIONANALYSIS

FWRA SURVEY, TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 11 NORTHERN REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 INTRODUCTION

This report presents the results ofa survey ofvascular plant species undertaken in the State Forests of Tenterfield Management Area (hereafter abbreviated as TMA), on the northern tableland and escarpment north and east ofTenterfield, New South Wales. This area, its physical characteristics and management history are described by the Forestry Commission ofNew South Wales (1983).

The general aim ofthis study is to describe the vegetation ofthe area in the context ofmanagement for commercial forestry purposes. More specifically, the objectives are:

i) to describe the terrestrial vascular flora of the area, particularly the vegetation types and distribution, habitat and abundance ofplant species;

ii) to relate vegetation types to Forest Type map units used for forest management purposes;

iii) to identify vascular plant species ofparticular botanical or conservation significance;

iv) to identify vegetation types or communities of botanical or conservation significance and suggest representative areas for reservation where considered necessary;

v) to compare the flora of areas of various forest management histories and consider likely impacts ofproposed forestry operations on flora.

The field work was carried out by D. Binns and T. Brassil, mostly during January and March 1992, with two days in Donnybrook State Forest in April 1991. Only vascular plant species were recorded.

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 NORTHERN REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES MET/fODS

1 PLOTLOCATION

Floristic data were derived from non-permanent plots established within the study area. A series of transects had been established in the area for fauna survey, concurrent with the present survey. These transects were located to sample logged and unlogged areas, covering the range of broad forest types present in the area. A total offorty such transects were established, sixteen in logged areas. 'A single plot along each transect was used for flora survey. Additional flora survey plots were established to sample habitats not already covered and to provide additional samples in extensive forest types. These additional plots were stratified by Forest Type (Forestry Commission ofNew South Wales 1989) where forest type maps existed (Forestry Commission of New South Wales unpubl. maps). Plots were allocated to each type depending approximately on the extent of the type, with a single plot in types occurring in only one or a few patches and a greater number in more extensive types. The advantages ofusing mapped forest types as the basis for sampling are as follows:

i) They are broadly related to overstorey composition.

ii) They act as a surrogate which integrates a range ofphysical environmental attributes, providing greater efficency ofsampling.

iii) They are part ofa standard management system, which facilitates translation ofsurvey results to management options.

IV) The use offorest type maps with a combination ofsurvey results and broad area observations facilitates assessment ofconservation adequacy and location ofadditional reserves.

Unfortunately, much ofthe area was not covered by forest type maps at the time ofsurvey. Thus, plots were also located to sample the range of geological substrates, altitudes and topographic positions. Particular attention was also given to sampling or at least inspecting unusual or restricted habitats (e.g. rock outcrops, swamps, deep ravines) and Forest Types ofrestricted extent in the survey area. Plots in more extensive habitats were randomly selected but constrained to be in areas which could be sampled en route to those in restricted or unusual habitat types. This strategy was designed to ensure efficient sampling ofthe full range ofhabitats while reducing unproductive travelling time as far as possible.

Plot locations were initially marked on 1:25 000 scale topographic maps and the positions then transferred to the field, to ensure a high degree of objectivity. In the field, plots were positioned as far as possible within a relatively homogeneous patch ofvegetation. The standard size was a 50 m x 20 m (0.1 ha) rectangle, although some habitats required a variation in size or shape to ensure homogeneity within one plot e.g. longer or narrower plots were used for riparian vegetation, and smaller plots for vegetation of restricted extent. A total of 89 plots, including those on fauna survey transects, was surveyed during the present survey. Approximate locations are shown in Figure 1.

FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 2 NORTHERN REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 /l CI"'f\l? To BrisbAne " 0°1° •• '}- e. ',' " , ..... " 80012 Book()()6(00f8r. Stel.~or_I W11 llSTQN •

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Figure 1. Location offlora survey plots (e), Tenterfield Management Area.

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOlITH WALES FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, FOREST RESOURCES SERIES 0 30 'ORTHEIUI1 REGIO , NEW SOUTH WALES 3 2. FLORISTIC AND VEGETATION STRUCTURAL DATA

All vascular plant species which could be distinguished within a plot were recorded and identified as far as possible to species level. Plot searches were comprehensive, but subject to a maximum search time oftwo hours. Vertical heights ofvegetation strata were subjectively defined and recorded for each plot. Stratum limits of 0-1 m, 1-6 m, 6-20 m, 20-35 m and >35 m were used as a guide for the coding of structural data, even though actual heights were recorded.

Cover codes, based on projected canopy cover, were estimated for each species within each vertical stratum. Where a species occurred in more than one stratum, an overall cover code for the plot as a whole was also recorded. Codes are as follows:

Cover Code Projected Canopy Cover

1 < 5%, few individuals 2 < 5%, any number ofindividuals 3 6-25% 4 26-50% 5 51-75% 6 >75%

For all trees with stem diameter at breast height (1.3 m) greater than 10 cm, the number of stems of each species was recorded by 10 cm diameter classes, up to 50 cm. Diameter was recorded for all stems over 50 cm. These data were used to calculate an estimate of basal area by species for each plot. All stumps were similarly recorded and the data used to give a measure of logging intensity within the plot.

The locations of any occurrences of significant species noted while traversing the area, additional to those occurring in plots, were also recorded. The map unit in which each plot was located was recorded and a subjective assessment made ofthe Forest Type (Forestry Commission ofNew South Wales 1989) to which the vegetation would be most appropriately allocated.

3. HABITATDATA

At each plot, slope (in degrees), altitude, aspect, topographic position, drainage, percentage cover and particle size ofsurface rock and cover ofoutcropping bedrock were recorded. An assessment was made of previous disturbance by logging, fire and grazing, on the basis of any available visual evidence. An estimate of intensity and time since disturbance was recorded. Estimates for logging were checked against historical records. Any other unusual feature was also recorded.

The main variables used for analyses described below in Section 6 were derived from habitat data as follows:

Alt Altitude in metres, from 1:25 000 topographic map.

Topo Degree of topographic exposure derived from combined aspect and position on slope classes, coded as 1=ridge crest; 2=exposed slopes; 3=rnoderately exposed slopes; 4=sheltered slopes; 5=riparian.

Geol Broad geology classes coded as 1=basic or low-quartz volcanic; 2=10w-quartz sedimentary; 3=high-quartz sedimentary or metamorphic; 4=high-quartz granitic.

Wtp Weighted topographic position, as 2 x Topo, weighted by mean of (a.N+a.NW+(a.NE+a.W)I2), where a.N is angle to northern horizon, etc. Weights are -1, 0, +1, +2 for means of <=0, 1-10, 11-30 and >30 respectively.

FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOI.JfH WALES 4 ORTHERN REGION, NEW SOlITH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 'Fi Estimated intensity ofmost recent fire, coded as O=no evidence; 1=low; 2=moderate; 3=high.

Fage Estimated time since last fire, coded as 1=1-2 yr; 2=3-5 yr; 3=6-10 yr; 4=11-15 yr; 5=16-20 yr; 6=21-30 yr; 7=31-40 yr; 8=41-50 yr; 9=>50yr.

Li Logging intensity, coded as for fire.

Lage Time since logging, coded as for fire.

4. LIMITATIONS

Field work was carried out in summer and autumn. Some ephemeral species may have been overlooked, and spring flowering geophytes, including many Orchidaceae and some Liliaceae, would have been generally overl00ked. Although these may be a significant component ofthe total flora, they nonnally fonn a minor component offorest vegetation in New South Wales and their omission is not expected to affect the community analysis. Some species, especially monocotyledons, may have been overlooked due to absence ofactive growth or vegetative similarity to common species, although many grasses were flowering at the time ofthe survey. No attempt was made to sample soil-stored seed. Although the area was traversed comprehensively both by road and on foot, no attempt was made to record every species present and the survey was not exhaustive. Further species would be recorded with additional effort. In particular the survey was biassed toward sampling areas of largely natural vegetation. This included intensively logged areas, but excluded highly artificially modified vegetation, such as clearings for habitation, or pasture-improved areas. Such habitats were mostly infrequent and of limited extent, occurring in some areas which had been previously held under grazing leasehold tenure, prior to recent dedication as State Forest. These cleared and highly modified areas were not sampled. No detailed survey of naturalized species along roads (i.e. within 5 m of the road pavement) was undertaken, but such species were noted ifthey were common, or also' occurred in nearby forest. The total number of naturalized species is likely to be understated as a result ofthe bias in favour ofnatural vegetation, but the survey reflects the relative importance ofthe naturalized component in the vegetation generally and the likely future invasion potential. Herbaceous species which remain restricted to regularly-graded roadsides several decades or more after initial road construction, or remain restricted to higwy modified pasture, are assumed to be ofnegligible management significance for flora conservation.

5. TAXONOMYAND NOMENCLATURE

Taxonomy and nomenclature follow the National Herbarium ofNew South Wales. This is mostly as published in Harden (1990, 1991, 1992, 1993), except where more recent revisions have been published. Voucher specimens of many species were collected from the area and are retained at the State Forests herbarium at West Pennant Hills. In a few cases, where difficulties were encountered in identification, specimens were referred to specialists at the National Herbarium ofNew South Wales for determination.

Some specimens could not be confidently determined to species level because oflack offertile material and vegetative similarity among species, or because ofuncertain taxonomic limits within groups. Such difficulties were experienced with the following species or groups:

Danthonia spp. It was often difficult to assign species names to members of this genus. For analysis, D. pilosa and D. racemosa were grouped.

?Desmodium uncinatum A large-leaved member ofthe Fabaceae was recorded in plot GIR007. This is thought to be D. uncinatum, but only sterile specimens were available and could not be readily matched to any New South Wales species.

STATE FORESTS OF NEW soum WALES FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 NORTHERN REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES 5 Eucalyptus eugenioides / caliginosa These species were difficult to separate where populations occurred along the eastern escarpment. These populations may represent a morphologically distinct ecotype of E. eugenioides or an intergrade between these two species. They currently have no fonnal taxonomic recognition and have been referred to E. eugenioides for the present survey.

Eucalyptus subtilior Populations in Donnybrook State Forest in the west of the TMA are morphologically distinct from those in Boonoo State Forest. The taxonomic significance ofthis variation requires further investigation.

Galium migrans, G. propinquum These two specIes may not have been .consistently distinguished and have been grouped for analysis.

Gonocarpus humilis, G. tetragynus Most ofthe material was sterile and it is possible that some records ofthese species may have been incorrectly assigned.

Hydrocotyle laxiflora / peduncularis This genus requires revision. Some records were difficult to assign to a species.

Ranunculus plebeius / lappaceus Flowering material was rare and these two species may have been confused in the vegetative state.

Xanthorrhoea latifolia / johnsonii Some specimens referred to X latifolia may be unusually broad-leaved fonns ofX johnsonii.

6. DATA ANALYSIS

Floristic data were classified into vegetation communities by grouping floristically similar plots using a numerical hierarchical agglomerative classification process, using the Bray-Curtis association measure and aflexible UPGMA sorting strategy with beta = 0.0 (ASO and FUSE modules ofthe PATN package (Belbin 1988». Although the procedure provides a repeatable and explicit method of defining communities, there are- a number of critical decisions required which are essentially subjective and which may substantially affect the final community composition. The most important ofthese are the choice ofbeta and the choice ofan appropriate level in the dendrogram to define communities. A beta value of zero was chosen to yield a 'space-conserving' fusion strategy which does not exaggerate floristic differences between groups. Communities were defined at dissimilarity levels of 0.6 and 0.8. These levels provide consistency with other recent surveys and provide a reasonable reflection of what are perceived as plant communities in the field.

Any comm~ty analysis must be regarded as only a guide to the tendency of certain groups of species to co-occur. It is a convenient means of examining and describing vegetation patterns rather than a definitive statement of vegetation composition. In any stand of vegetation, there is some degree of vertical layering or stratification. The analysis ofa full floristic data set, including all strata, implicitly assumes that the overstorey and the various understorey strata respond similarly to environmental factors, and at similar spatial and temporal scales. In fact, this is unlikely to be the case. For example, at the extreme, canopy trees respond to environmental factors at a much broader scale than herbs in the lowest understorey stratum and the latter are much more likely to reflect recent disturbance events (such as fire) to which canopy species are relatively insensitive. Thus an analysis ofall strata combined may obscure spatial patterns relating to these variations in responses. However, it is difficult to define limits which realistically and consistently allow separate analyses of strata across a range ofvegetation types, and any defined limits are essentially arbitrary. In practice, an analysis of all species combined tends to be dominated by the influence of lower strata species, which usually contribute more than the canopy species to the overall floristic characterisation of a plot. There is thus a high degree of similarity between a full floristic analysis and understorey analysis, and patterns of canopy species composition tend to be obscured in the former. To allow consideration of these interactions, three separate analyses were perfonned and compared:

FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 6 NORTHERN REGION, NEW SmITH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 1. Basal area of all stems>10 cm dbhob was used to define overstorey communities. Due to the influence oflower vegetation strata on the results of a full floristic classification, this analysis was considered essential to allow comparisons with existing vegetation classification schemes which are based solely on canopy composition, and consequently for assessment of conservation status of overstorey communities.

2. Total cover ofall species.

3. Cover of understorey species (i.e. excluding canopy species which were defined as those with stem diameter> 10 cm).

As only cover-abundance codes were recorded for understorey floristic data, these were converted to percentages for analyses 2 and 3, as the mid-point ofthe cover class for cover >5% and using 1% and 3% for codes 1 and 2 respectively. Total cover was used to define floristic communities: The result was compared to the understorey classification and discrepancies noted. Where discrepancies appeared to be due to the influence of overstorey species obscuring substantial differencies in composition of lower strata, sub-communities were recognised.

For examination oflogging impact and the influence ofother environmental factors on plant community floristic composition, the full data matrix was reduced by including only the 62 eucalypt forest plots in the analysis, thus omitting rainforest and floristically disparate plots in habitats not subject to logging, such as swamps and steep, rocky habitats. Also, species which occurred in two or fewer plots were omitted, leaving a matrix of cover codes for 62 sites x 267 species for analysis. Cover codes, rather than-mid-point percentages as used for classification, were used to give greater relative weight to the influence of less common species. The reduced data matrix used for these analyses is listed in Appendix 4.

Two separate ordination techniques were employed to investigate the contribution of environmental variables to floristic variation. One was hybrid multi-dimensional scaling (HMDS), using the MDS module in the computer package PATN (Belbin 1988). This technique is robust to variations in underlying species response models (Faith et al. 1987), but the results depend on the number of dimensions chosen. To test both the robustness ofthe method and assist in the choice ofan appropriate number of dimensions, analyses were run with 2, 3 and 4 dimensions, and ordination distances were plotted against dissimilarity values fOf each analysis (Shepard diagram, Green et al. 1989). The minimum number of dimensions_ which yielded an acceptably linear relationship between ordination distance and compositional dissimilarity was chosen-for examining logging impact. This was three dimensions. The ordination result was interpreted using the integrated method described by Dargie (1984). This method finds the vector of maximum correlation between each habitat variable and the ordination space, and then sununarizes floristic variation in relation to that variable by ordering the two way site by species table along the vector of maximum correlation. This offers a robust method of revealing otherwise obscure patterns of floristic variation in relation to environmental factors. Programs to p~rform the required analyses were written using the SAS package.

The other technique used was Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA, ter Braak 1986, 1987). This method arranges species along environmental gradients by constructing linear combinations of environmental factors which result in maximal separation of species distributions in ordination species-space. Ter- Braak (1986) fully describes the underlying assumptions and strengths of this method. The main assumption is that individual species response models are all similar and all of unimodal, Gaussian form. Although this assumption is more restrictive than required by HMDS, CCA has proven to be robust to moderate violations of assumptions and is potentially more powerful in revealing patterns offloristic composition in relation to environmental factors. It also has the advantage that the results are unaffected by correlations among environmental variables. In interpreting the ordination diagram, environmental variables are represented by arrows, the length representing the strength of correlation between the environmental variable and the ordination axes, and the direction representing the direction of maximum change of the variable. Analyses were performed using programs written in Splus.

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 NORTHERN REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES 7 RESULTS

1. FLORISTICS

A total of over 870 vascular plant taxa (including about "20 naturalized) was recorded during the field survey. Appendix 1 lists these species by family, with their frequency of occurrence by broad vegetation type (as defined in Section 4 below). and logging category to indicate ecological distribution.

The survey area appears to have a relatively high floristic diversity, 853 taxa in 89 plots, compared to nearby areas such as Glen hIDes with about 750 taxa in 82 plots in an area ofsimilar size (Binns 1992), and Grafton with 999 taxa in over twice the number of plots (182) in an" area almost twice the size (144000 ha) (Moore and Floyd 1994). This relatively high diversity is no doubt partly due to the large altitudinal range (approximately 200-1500 m) and occurrence of several major geological substrate types in TMA.

2. OVERSTOREY COMMUNITY CLASSIFICATION

Basal areas oftrees greater than 10 cm dbhob by species have been used to classify overstorey floristic data, as described above. Thirty-four forest overstorey communities (ofwhich 23 are eucalypt forests) were recognized, in 21 groups. Figure 2 is the dendrogram resulting from the analysis, truncated at the 34 class (community) level. The 34 communities are briefly described below, under broad vegetation type groups. Table 1 compares these communities with assemblages defined by other authors (Forestry Commission ofNew South Wales 1989, Floyd 1990, Rager and Benson 1994 (abbreviated to R&B in following discussions».

FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIELDMANAGEMENT AREA, STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOlITH WALES 8 NORTHERN REGION, NEW SOlITH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO" 30 Dissimilarity measure

TENov community 0.8157 1.0000 1 I 6.1 E. campanulata 6,2 E. campanulata-E. brunnea 9E.oreades ------, 8 E. laevopinea -- 1 7 E. obliqua -- 1 14.E. caliginosa 4.2 Lophostemon confertus-Syzygium australe 4.1 Lophostemon confertus 4.3 1. confertus-Schizomeria ovata

19 E. dorrigoensis 1 20 E. propinqua-A. subve1utina-E. amplifolia ____I 10.2E. maculata-E. carnea-E.fibrosa 11 10.1 E. carnea-E. propinqua 11 5.3 E. eugenioides-E. saligna I 11 5.1 E. microcorys-E. saligna 1 11

5.2E. microcorys 1 11 12.1 E. melanophloia-E. tereticornis 1 11 12.2 E. propinqua-E. eugenioides-E. microcorys ______I 11 11 E. crebra-E. eugenioides ______, 1

15. E. andrewsii 1 16.E. subtilior I 21 E. prava-E. scoparia I

17.1E. radiata 1 17.2 E. acaciiformis-E. dalrympleana -- 1 18E.olida ------, 3.3.B. inophylla-Backhousia myrtifolia 1

3.2 Araucaria cunninghamii-D. excelsa-Harpullia pendula 1 3.1 Dendrocnide excelsa-Baloghia inophyl/a _____ --- 1 2.1 Ceratopetalum apetalum-Doryphora sassafras I

2.2 D. sassafras-Orites excelsa-C. apetalum 1

2.3 Sloanea wool/sit 1 2.4 Schizomeria ovata-D. sassafras ------I 1 Cryptocaryafoveolata-Doryphora sassafras ______1

13. E. pilularis-E. tindaliae ------1

1 0.8157 1. 0000

Figure 2. Dendrogram from floristic classification ofbasal area ofcanopy species, Tenterfield Management Area, truncated at the 0.6 dissimilarity level.

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 NORTHERN REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES 9 r -o Table 1. Comparison and conservation status of forest types on the basis of overstorey composition. TENov floristic community is derived from numerical classification of survey data as described in the text. z..,., 05 F.C. Forest Type is the nearest equivalent type as described in Forestry Commission'ofNew South Wales (1989). For eucalypt forests, H&B Association is the nearest ~~ equivalent association as defined by Hager & Benson (1994). Reservation status codes are as follows (first digit refers to status in their North zone of north-eastem New t"loo South Wales, following codes to extent reserved in the North zone, in which Tenterfield Management Area is included): ~~ 1 = not or very poorly conserved; 2 = inadequately conserved, small areas reserved; 3 = inadequately conserved, moderate areas reserved but major parts ofrange ~~ 8- unreserved; 4 = adequately conserved; LTl, LT5, LTlO, LT25 = less than 1, 5, 10,25% reserved respectively; GT25= >25% reserved. For rainforest, the nearest equivalent Floyd (1990) suballiance is given. Status codes are from Floyd (1990): E=excellent, G=good, A=adequate, I=inadequate. ~~

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.a>~ ~", 3. NON-EUCALYPT ("UNDERSTOREY'') FLORlSTIC COMMUNITIES

At a broad level (0.8 dissimilarity level), twenty-five communities were derived from classification of floristic survey data, excluding eucalypts. This classification was compared with the classification of the total floristic data set including eucalypts (described below in Section 4). As shown in Table 2 below there was a high level of correspondence, and floristic community relationships tend to be dominated by the composition of the understorey component. The floristic classification is used subsequently as the primary method of describing vegetation, to avoid the problems mentioned under Methods in attempting to define appropriate divisions of vertical stratification consistently across all sites.

4. FLORlSTIC CLASSIFICATION

Twenty four floristic communities were defined at the 0.8 level ofdissimilarity, from the classification ofall species combined. Figure' 3 is the dendrogram from the classification, truncated at the 0.8 level. Table 2 summarizes the relationship between floristic communities and understorey communities, and Table 3 summarizes the distribution of floristic communities among overstorey communities. These latter patterns are described below in Section 5. The composition ofeach floristic community is briefly described in Appendix 2. Where a floristic community includes more than one understorey community, each floristic/understorey combination is described separately.

Dissimilarity measure

Broad group TENf community 0.8423 0.9789 1 I MESIC 1E. campanulata-Calochlaena dubia TABLELANDS 2 Acaciafloribunda-Blecnum nudum

, GRASSY 3 Imperata cylindnca,"Themeda australis FOREST 4 Themeda australis-Pteridium esculentum ------,- 5 E. carnea-Themeda australis - 1 6 E. acaciiformis-Stipa rudis 7 Acacia irrorata-Carex longebrachiata

TABLELANDS 8 Entolasia stricta-Petrophile canescens REATII 9 Chionochloa pallida-Daviesia latifolia ------10 E. caliginosa-Poa sieberiana 11 E. bridgesiana-Chionochloa pallida 12 E. scoparia-Calotis dentex ---I

DRY 13 Leptospermum microcarpum-L. novae-angliae I SHRUBLAND 14 Kunzea ericoides-L. novae-angliae I 15 Kunzea bracteolata I 1 RAINFOREST I 16 Backhousia myrtifolia-Lomandra hystrix 1 WET SCLEROPHYLL 17 Cissus antarctica-Doodia aspera 1 18 Daphnandra species A-Sigesbeckia orientalis 1 19 Baloghia mophylla-Cissus antarctica I 20 Doryphora sassafras-Lomandra spicata ,I WET HEATII I 21 Axonopus affinis-Fimbristylis nutans I SEDGELAND 22 Lepyrodia anarthria-Leptospermum gregarium I 23 Leptospermum polygalifolium-Gleichenia dicarpa 1 24Ptilanthelium deustum-Lepidosperma limicola ______--,__ -- _I I 1 0.8423 0.9789

Figure 3. Dendrogram from floristic classification ofpercentage cover ofall species, Tenterfield Management Area, truncated at the 0.8 dissimilarity level.

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 NORTHERN REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES 13 Table 2. Summary ofdistribution ofplots among understorey and floristic communities.

FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, STATE FORESTS OF NEW SmITH WALES 14 NORTHERN REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 Table 3. Summary ofdistribution ofplots among overstorey and floristic communities.

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 NORTHERN REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES 15 ------

5. DESCRIPTIONS OF VEGETATION TYPES

The overstorey communities and their associated floristic communities (or floristic communities only in the case of non-forest vegetation) are briefly described below. For convenience they are grouped in broad vegetation types. These types are groups defined either from broader floristic units, or in the case of non-forest, structural units. To reflect management intent, rainforest is grouped separately from eucalypt-dominated communities, even though some eucalypt communities are classified floristically with rainforest. The groups are shown on the dendrogram ofFigure 3. While convenient for descriptive purposes and providing readily recognizable units, as can be seen from the dendrogram the broad types are not of equal rank in terms of floristic similarity. Some, such as Grassy Forest, are fairly homogeneous, while others, notably shrublands and' sedgelands, are structural units which include conununities- of disparate floristic composition. The broad grouping adopted here allows a reasonable comparison with Forest Type groups used for management purposes, although it places greater emphasis on understorey composition. In the following descriptions, State Forest is abbreviated as SF, overstorey communities are prefixed with TENov and floristic communities with TENf.

A. Rainforest (TENf 19-20)

The rainforests of the area occur as mostly small discrete patches in gullies and on sheltered slopes, mainly in the Forest Land - Spirabo group offorests and the Mount Richmond area and parts ofMalara Plateau in Girard and Malara SFs. They have been fairly comprehensively described by Floyd (1980).

TENov 1 Cryptocarya foveolata-Doryphora sassafras (TENf20: plot SPI002)

Structurally very well developed, tall (up to 50 m), but floristically very poor closed forests usually dominated by a combination of C. foveolata and D. sassafras, with the former usually forming a taller upper canopy but sometimes locally rare. Orites excelsa and Quintinia sieberi are abundant subcanopy species. Understorey/ground cover varies from very sparse, to dense thickets ofDicksonia antarctica, Lomandra spicata or Uncinia nemoralis. This community is of limited extent and restricted to sheltered gullies in the highest parts of Forest Land and Little Spirabo SFs, extending to 1470m at The Magistrate, which Floyd (1980) suggests is the highest altitude rainforest in New South Wales. This community is analogous to Floyd's suballiance 40 (Floyd 1990).

TENov 2.1 Ceratopetalum apetalum-Doryphora sassafras (TENf20: plots GIR003, W8)

Tall closed forest, up to 40 m, dominated by C. apetalum with D. sassafras, Caldcluvia paniculosa, Orites excelsa and Cryptocarya foveolata as other common canopy species. Sloanea woollsii occurs as scattered emergents in plot GIR003. This community is equivalent to Floyd's suballiance 36. It occurs in a few sheltered sites on adamellite, at altitudes from 1000 1200 m. The most extensive patches are in Forest Land SF and on MalaraPlateau, but a few narrow strips occur along creeks in Boonoo and Boorook SFs.

TENov 2.2 D. sassafras-Orites excelsa-C. apetalum (TENf20: plot W01)

A variant of TENov 2.1 in which D. sassafras and 0. excelsa are dominant, and subtropical elements more frequent. It occurs on more fertile sites than 2.1, near the summit of Mount Richmond.

FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 16 NORTHERN REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 TENov 2.3 Sloanea woollsii (TENf20: plot W02)

Tall (50 m) closed forest dominated by S. woollsii with subcanopy of Caldcluvia paniculosa, Doryphora sassafrass and Orites excelsa. Restricted to sheltered slopes in the vicinity ofMount Richmond, Girard SF. Equivalent to Floyd's suballiance 12.

TENov 2.4 Schizomeria ovata-D. sassafrass.(TENf20: plot Wl0)

During the present survey this community was recorded only as logged stands in the far northern section of Forest Land SF. It has some similarities with TENov 2.1 and occurs at similar altitudes but on more fertile sites. Common canopy species are S. ovata, D. sassafras, Sloanea woollsii and Orites excelsa with a subcanopy ofPolyosma eunninghamii. .The lianes Palmeria scandens and Cissus hypoglauca are common in the canopy. 'This is equivalent to Floyd's suballiance 39, which he'recorded also on the lower slopes ofMount Richmond in Girard SF.

TENov 3.1 Dendrocnide·excelsa-Baloghia inophylla (TENf 19: plot GIL003)

Closed forest to 20 m with taller emergents to 35 m. This is a poorly developed subtropical rainforest with emergents of D. excelsa, Diospyros pentamera and .Acmena ingens over a subcanopy of B. inophylla. Other tall trees, not recorded in the plot, are Dysoxylum fraserianum, Cryptocarya erythroxylon, Ficus macrophylla and Citronella moorei. This community was only recorded as several small patches in the northern section of Gilgurry SF at about 600 m altitude. Floyd records a different subtropical rainforest association (suballiance 15. Ficus-Toona-Dendrocnide) at Long Gully in Girard SF.

TENov 3.2 Araucaria cunninghamii-Dendrocnide excelsa-Harpullia pendula (TENf 19: plot GIR009)

A small patch on scree slopes in a very steep minor gully (Thunderbolts Gorge) in the far north of an extension of Girard SF, near the Cataract River, is the only known occurrence of this dry rainforest community in the area, but similar vegetation occurs more extensively outside the survey area, to the north-east. Occasional emergent A. cunninghamii to 40 m occur over patches of closed forest to 20 m interspersed with extensive shrub thickets of the naturalized Lantana camara. Within the. patches of forest, common tree species include Baloghia inophylla, Dendrocnide excelsa, Harpullia pendula, Celtis paniculata and Cleistanthus cunninghamii.

TENov 3.3 Baloghia inophylla-Backhousia myrtifolia (TENf 19: plot BOOOI2)

This community occurred as a narrow strip along Bookookoorara Creek. It is a floristically rich low forest (to 15 m) with broken canopy and frequent gaps. Other common trees are Alectryon subcinereus, Streblus brunonianus, and Elaeocarpus obovatus. It represents a structurally poorly developed subtropical rainforest with riparian elements on a marginal site.

B. Escarpment Wet Sclerophyll Forest (TENf 16-18,20; Moist coastal hardwood forest)

Mostly tall (up to 50 m) open forest (or woodland iflogged) with understorey grading from dense mesic tall shrubs/small trees to a mosaic of shrub thickets and dense grass and ferns. This is a variable unit which is restricted to altitudes below 1000 m and occurs on more fertile soils or, on the infertile coarse grained granitic soils, in restricted areas where mois~re status is high and there is topographic soil enrichment. It occurs in small patches along the eastern slopes of Boonoo and Boorook SFs and somewhat more extensively on sheltered sites at mid altitudes in Gilgurry and Girard SFs. The heavily logged plot Wll represents the higher end ofthe altitudinal range for this broad type.

TENov 4.1 Lophostemon confertus (TENf 16: plot GIRO 12; TENf 17: plot W06; TENf 1: B00004)

Plot W6 is a heavily logged plot with a dense small tree (Rhodamnia rubescens and Acacia

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 NORTHERN REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES 17 irrorata) understorey. Plot B00004 is classified with floristic community TENf 1 in group ·C. It is representative ofsmall patches along creeks on granite in Boonoo and Boorook SFs. These are marginal sites for L. confertus due to low soil fertility and high altitude, and it occurs in very mixed stands with E. campanulata and E. brunnea. The understorey is a mosaic of mesophyll shrub thickets and dense stands offerns and grasses, such as Calochlaena dubia and Hierochloe rarijlora.

TENov 4.2 Lophostemon confertus-Syzygium australe (TENf 16: plot B00001)

A small patch along a creek in otherwise regularly burnt grassy forest, in a marginal rainforest site. This patch comprised a low (15 m) closed subcanopy ofSyzygium australe, Ficus coronata and Alectryon subcinereus with slightly taller (to 25 m) open canopy ofL. confertus. The vine Tetrastigma nitens was abundant in the subcanopy.

TENov 4.3 L. confertus-Schizomeria ovata (TENf20: plot GIR001)

This plot sampled a fairly extensive patch on steep, sheltered, granitic slopes on the eastern escarpment ofMalara Plateau, Malara SF. It is a tall (40 m) open forest ofL. confertus with a closed subcanopy, mostly less than 20 m tall, of Schizomeria ovata and Caldcluvia paniculosa. This community is transitional'between wet sclerophyll forest and rainforest 'and grades into the latter towards the creek. Although other stands were not seen, this community· would be expected to occur elsewhere on the eastern edge of Malara Plateau and perhaps in similar habitats on the southern slopes ofMount Richmond.

TENov 5.1 E. microcorys-E. saligna (TENf 17: plot W04)

Tall (45 m) open forest ofE. microcorys and E. saligna with a subcanopy ofL. confertus. The understorey is a mosaic of mesophyll shrub thickets (Neolitsea dealbata and Cryptocarya microneura) and dense fern (Adiantum formosum, Blechnum cartilagineum and Calochlaena dubia) ground cover. This community occurs fairly extensively on the sheltered slopes around Mount Richmond in Girard SF.

TENov 5.3 E. eugenioides-E. saligna (TENf 17: plot W03)

Tall open forest of very similar structure and understorey floristics to TENov 5.1. In slightly drier sites, subject to frequent burning, the mesic shrub and fern understorey is replaced by a grassy understorey. E. eugenioides exists in the study area as an unusual ecotypic and morphological variant which occupies sites normally occupied by E. microcorys. This variant has no formal taxonomic status.

TENov 8. E. laevopinea (TENf 18: plot W11)

The only area sampled was a heavily logged patch in Bookookoorara SF. It featured a dense shrub and vine understorey of Daphnandra species A, Synoum glandulosum, Clematis glycinoides and the post-disturbance colonizer Solanum aviculare. The introduced weed Sigesbeckia orientalis and the native herbs Cynoglossum latifolium and Oplismenus imbecillus were prominent as ground cover species. This represents stands transitional between typical escarpment wet sclerophyll forest and the moisterlhigher fertility end of the tablelands forest gradient.

Other communities not sampled

Several patches dominated by the rare eucalypt E. dunnii are known to occur in gullies in Gilgurry SF but were not inspected during the present survey.

FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 18 NORTIIERN REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERlES NO. 30 C. Mesic Tablelands Forest (TENf 1-2; High site quality New England hardwood)

A very widespread type on all State Forests except Donnybrook. Predominantly overstorey communities TENov 6.1 and 7. On more mesic sites, especially at higher altitudes in the Forest Land group of forests, E. obliqua is usually dominant, either solely or associated with E. campanulata, E. brunnea and/or E. nobilis. The latter is frequent but normally a minor component. It becomes increasingly common downslope, often becoming dominant in narrow bands adjacent to gullies. On drier sites, E. campanulata is usually dominant, with E. brunnea or E. cameronii as frequent associates. Regardless ofcanopy composition, the understorey is usually clearly dominated by a dense to closed stand ofthe fern, Calochlaena dubia.

This unit corresponds fairly closely to high site quality tablelands hardwood, except that some areas of high timber quality have grassy understorey and are included as Grassy Tablelands Forest.

TENov 6.1 E. campanulata (TENf 1: plots BILOO I,BIL002,FOR003,W05,W09,W12,W13,WI4,WI7,W34)

Tall open forest (to 45 m), open forest, or woodland, dominated by E. campanulata, usually associated with E. brunnea or E. cameronii but often as sole canopy component. There is usually a sparse shrub stratum, mostly 1-4 m tall, most commonly scattered individuals. Acacia /alciformis is the most frequent shrub species and occasionally forms dense stands where fire frequency is not too high. There is characteristically a dense to closed ground cover of the fern Calochlaena dubia. This spe'Cies reaches its best development on fairly moist, sheltered sites but appears to be tolerant of high fire frequency. Other common and frequent ground cover species include Pteridium esculentum, Dianella caerulea, Imperata cylindrica, Glycine clandestina, Pratia purpurascens and Viola hederacea. This is possibly the most wroespread community on plateau landforms in the study area, occurring mostly between 900 m and 1300 m altitude. It occurs on all geological substrates. On drier sites, TENov 6.1 occurs with a grassy ground cover, as described under type E below.

TENov 6.2 E. campanulata-E. brunnea (TENf 1: pJot W33; TENf2: plot PS01)

A variant of TENov 6.1 of much more restricted distribution in the study area, in which E. brunnea is dominant, associated with E. campanulata and E. eugenioides. E. campanulata and E. brunnea frequently occur as associates, with the latter tending to become more abundant with increasing moisture. It is often a major component of the stand along minor drainage depressions on undulating plateaux. E. eugenioides occurs mostly at the lower end of the altitudinal range (below 1000 m). Plot W33 has a very dense ground cover of the ferns Calochlaena dubia and Blechnum cartilagineum with scattered mesophyll shrubs and small trees. The latter component would become much mote prominent with less frequent fires. Plot PSO1 has an overstorey of community TENov 6.2 in common with surrounding forest, but "a mixed understoreywith the small trees/tall shrubs Callicoma serrati/olia and Acaciajloribunda.

TENov 7 E. obliqua (TENf 1: plots B00005,FOR002,SPI003,SPI005,WI6,W28,.W36)

Open forest to tall open forest clearly dominated by E. obliqua with E. brunnea, E. nobilis or E. campanulata as usually minor associates. The understorey is a closed ground cover of ferns (Caloch/aena dubia, Blechnum cartilagineum) and graminoids (Lomandra longijolia), with scattered tree-ferns (Cyathea au~tralis). This is a very widespread community on the higher slopes ofthe Forest Land - Spirabo group offorests, occurring between 1000 m and 1500 rn. It grades mto TENov 6.1 at lower altitudes and on drier sites. E. nobilis becomes increasingly abundant in the stand near minor creeks and often dominates narrow bands along lower slopes within the general extent ofthis community. Some fine examples occur adjacent to rainforest just below the summits ofMounts Spirabo and Little Spirabo.

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 NORTHERN REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES 19 TENov 8 E. laevopinea (TENf 1: plots WI5,W24,WZ9)

Tall open forest clearly dominated by E. laevopinea with E. campanulata, E. brunnea or E. obliqua as minor associates. There are usually scattered small trees or shrubs, such as Acacia melanoxylon, Trochocarpa laurina and the tree-fern Cyaihea australis. Plot W15 is, a moister site with a closed ground cover ofthe ferns Calochlaena dubia and Blechnum cartilagineum and the low vine Hibbertia scandens. Plot W29 is drier with a moderately dense shrub stratum of Acacia falciformis and dense ground cover dominated by Gonocarpus teucrioides and Poa labillardieri. Plot W24 appears to be a drier variant ofthe more usual mesic understorey in this overstorey community and may be regarded as transitional between Mesic and Grassy Tablelands Forest types. Acacia irrorata is common, with a dense ground cover of the grasses Poa labillardierii and Sorghum leiocladum and the fern Doodia aspera.

D1. Grassy Tablelands Forest (TENf3-7; Low site quality New England hardwood) .

Grassy Tablelands Forest is extensive over a broad range of habitats on the plateau above about 1000 m. The canopy composition is variable, and this group of communities occurs across a range of eucalypt overstorey types. Themeda australis is commonly dominant in the understorey, especially on granitic substrates. There is usually a sparse or virtually non-existent shrub layer, although a subcanopy ofAllocasuarina spp. or Banksia integrifolia is often present.

TENov 6.1 E. campanulata (TENf4: plots BOOOll,WI8,WI9,W20,W21,W23)

This extensive overstorey community has been described above under Mesic Tablelands Forest. The grassy understorey appears to represent a slightly drier phase, tending to occur on ridges and more exposed slopes. This is also the more extensive of the two understorey types on coarse grained granites, especially in Boonoo and Boorook SFs and the northern end ofMalara Plateau in Girard SF. A subcanopy of Allocasuarina littoralis is usual, with scattered small trees of Banksia integrifolia. There are few or no large shrubs, although most areas have scattered small «1 m) shrubs of Oxylobium ilicifolium. The understorey is clearly dominated by Themeda australis, sometimes in a mosaic with dense patches of Imperata cylindrica. Other cpmmon ground cover species include Pteridium esculentum, Dianella caerulea, Poranthera microphylla and Stylidium graminifolium.

TENov 14 E. caliginosa (TENf4: plots DON002,W25)

Fairly extensive on low fertility soils in Jenner SF, Donnybrook SF and parts of Boorook and Boonoo SFs, especially on undulating landforms. Plot W25 is representative ofthis community on coarse-grained granites, with understorey dominated by Themeda australis and Pteridium esculentum. The rare Persoonia procumbens was recorded only in this community. Plot DON002 has different understorey composition and is representative of gentle lower slopes in Donnybrook SF.

TENov 17.1 E. radiata (TENf4: plot BOOOI0)

Woodland occurring around sedgelands in Boonoo SF. Understorey dominated by Themeda australis but including a range of species characteristic of heath understorey, and may be regarded as transitional between grassy forest and heath forest.

TENov 17.2 E. acaciiformis-E. dalrympleana 'swamp form' (TENf6: plot FOR004)

This community has a woodland structure and some floristic affinities with sedgeland communities. It occurs in limited areas along lower slopes adjacent to creeks in the southern part of Forest Land SF and probably in Boonoo SF. Understorey is dominated by the grass Stipa rudis subsp. rudis and the low shrub Leptospermum arachnoides.

FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 20 NORTHERN REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 D2. Grassy Es'carpment Forest (TENf3-7; Dry coastal hardwood)

This is the predominant vegetation type at low to m~derate altitudes, mostly below 800 m. There is a gradual change in understorey floristic composition in grassy forest with increasing altitude, although many species occur across the full altitudinal range. Grassy forests at each end of the altitudinal gradient are grouped together at the level chosen to define floristic communities.

TENov 5.2 E. microcorys (TENf4: plots W07,W35)

E. microcorys is normally dominant in wet sclerophyll forest with a well developed mesophyll shrub stratum. The two plots sampled represent an extreme phase which is probably maintained by slightly drier site conditions and regular fires. The ground cover is typical ofdry, mid-altitude forests, but isolated, fire-scarred individuals of Trochocarpa laurina and other small trees characteristic ofmoister sites sometimes persist.

TENov 5.3 E. eugenioides-E. saligna (TENf3: plots GIL004, GIR015; TENf 1: B00002)

This overstorey community has been described above under Escarpment Wet Sclerophyll Forest. Plots GIL004 and GIRO 15 represents a drier phase with higher fire frequency and characteristic .grassy understorey dominated by Themeda australis, Imperata cylindrica and Pteridium esculentum. Plot B00002 is intermediate between this group and group C in which it is classified floristically. The overstorey has a high proportion ofE. campanulata and the groUnd cover is dominated by Sorghum leiocladum and Poa labillardieri.

TENov 10.1 E. carnea-E. propinqua (TENf3: plots GIR010,GIR013,W26,W27,W31)

Open forests or woodlands comprised ofa mixture ofeucalypts. E. carnea and E. propinqua are usually dominant, associated with one or more of E. microcorys, E. intermedia, E. maculata, E. siderophloia or Lophostemon confertus. Allocasuarina torulosa is common and sometimes very abundant as a subcanopy. A shrub layer is sparse to non-existent, due to frequent burning. The dense ground cover is dominated by grasses, varying from Themeda australis and Cymbopogon refractus on drier sites or granitic substrates to Microlaena stipoides and Oplismenus aemulus on more sheltered sites or sedimentary substrates. Other frequent grass and herb species include Digitaria parviflora, Desmodium rhytidophyllum, D. brachypodum and Glycine tabacina. This community is very widespread in the eastern part ofthe TMA, in Girard and Gilgurry SF, occurring between 400 and 800 m altitude, on a range ofgeological substrates.

TENov 10.2 E. maculata-E. carnea-E.jibrosa (TENf5: plots GIR006,GIROll)

Of similar structure and occurring in a similar range of habitats to TENov 10.1, although perhaps tending to occur on drier and often rockier sites. E. maculata is sometimes solely dominant, but usually occurs with E. carnea. E. moluccana occurs sporadically and may be locally common, but did not occur in sample plots. Ground cover composition is variable. Plot GIR006 was dominated by Entolasia stricta and Aristida vagans, while the most abundant ground cover species in plot GIRO 11 were Themeda australis and Eremochloa bimaculata. The significant species Iphigenia indica was common in plot GIRO 11.

TENov 12.1 E. melanophloia-E. tereticornis (TENf3: plot GIR007)

This is a very distinctive woodland community which, within the TMA, is restricted to low altitudes (below about 300 m) on metasediments, on slopes above Rocky River in Girard SF. E. melanophloia and E. tereticornis are codominant with E. eugenioides and Angophora subvelutina as associates. This is a disjunct population of E. melanophloia, which otherwise occurs only on the western slopes. Allocasuarina torulosa is common as a subcanopy species. The very dense grassy ground cover is dominated by Capillipedium spicigerum, Imperata cylindrica and Hyparrhenia jilipendula. This community is the only habitat in the TMA ofthe rare small shrub Grewia latijolia.

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 NORTHERN REGION, NEW SOUfH WALES 21 TENov 11 E. crebra-E. eugenioides (TENf4: plot GIL002)

Widespread but patchy distribution on the lower slopes of the eastern part of Gilgurry SF, occurring in a mosaic with stands dominated by E." tereticornis and E. eugenioides in various mixtures. Dense grassy ground cover dominated by Themeda australis' and Bothriochloa decipiens. The low subshrub Indigofera hirsuta occasionally forms conspicuous, very dense thickets in this community, but did not occur in the sample plot.

TENov 12.2 E. propinqua-E. eugenioides-E. microcorys (TENf3: plot W32)

Open forest which occurs in similar habitats to TENov 10.1, although perhaps on slightly more fertile or more sheltered sites. Apart from the three character species, the overstorey may include E. tereticornis and E. intermedia. Understorey is similar to TENov 10.1.

TENov 13 E. pilularis-E. tindaliae (TENf4: plot GIRO 14)

The few hectares around this plot in Girard SF is the only known occurrence ofthis community in the TMA, but other !;mall patches occur nearby in freehold land. This appears to be a disjunct occurrence ofE. pilularis.

TENov 19 E. dorrigoensis (TENf3: plot B00008)

An extensive stand dominated by E. dorrigoensis with Angophora subvelutina and E. eugenioides occurs on a flat near Boorook Creek in Boorook SF. E. dorrigoensis reaches its northern limit here. It was not recorded elsewhere in TMA during the present survey but has been reported from parts ofFor~st Land and Spirabo SFs. The understorey is typical of Grassy Escarpment Forests, dominated by Imperata cylindrica, Themeda australis, Pteridium esculentum and Glycine tabacina.

TENov 20 E. propinqua-Angophora subvelutina-E. amplifolia (TENf7: plot GIR008)

This plot sampled a small patch along a small creek in undulating topography in the eastern part ofGirard SF. It consisted ofscattered tall,trees over a dense subcanopy (to 15 m) ofMelaleuca alternifolia and Acacia irrorata. Similar vegetation was noted along creeks elsewhere in the general vicinity, but the total extent is limited. E. amplifolia is dominant in some patches. This plot represents a separate, unique floristic community, but appears in the dendrogram closer to the Grassy Forest group than to other groups.

Other communities

E. tindaliae is widespread and sometimes locally dominant in parts of Gilgurry SF, mainly on coarse sandy soils derived from granite. The understorey is mostly grassy (Themeda australis) but localized patches ofheath understorey occur where soils are shallow and stony.

E. moluccana occurs sporadically through a range of communities, but may be locally dominant over small areas.

E. tereticornis is dominant over fairly extensive areas at lower altitudes in Gilgurry SF and patches occur in the east ofBoonoo SF.

Open forest of Casuarina cunninghamiana (not sampled) occurs along larger creeks at low altitudes in Gilgurry and Girard SFs. Unfortunately, this community has been heavily disturbed by grazing and the understorey is mostly dominated by naturalized exotics. Excellent stands of Callistemon viminalis are associated with this community along Rocky River. However, the vigorous exotic vine Macfadyena unguis-cati has invaded this area and poses a serious threat to native vegetation along the river.

FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIELDMANAGEMENT AREA, STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 22 NORTHERN REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 ------~ ~ ~

E. Tablelands Heath Forest (TENf 8-12; Low site quality New England hardwood)

Widespread on but virtually exclusive to. coarse-grained granitic substrates, in Boonoo, Boorook, Donnybrook SFs, the n<;>rthem part of Forest Land SF and Malara Plateau in Girard SF and Malara SFs. Floristic composition is very variable. Although this broad type is virtually exclusive to low nutrient, coarse-grained soils derived from acid granitic parent materials, grassy forests are also extensive in similar habitats. The factors determining the relative distribution of these two types on coarse sandy soils are unclear. Heath forest probably tends to be associated with low clay content, shallow soils, slightly lower fire frequency, or a combination ofthese factors.

TENov 6.1 E. campanulata (TENf8: B00003; TENf9: SP1004)

This community, described above, has a woodland structure and dry sclerophyll shrub understorey on dry, stony ridge sites on granitic substrates. E. williamsiana is codominant in plot B00003, which is on a steep, very rocky slope (mapped as a rock outcrop), with a shrub understorey ofLeptospermum trinervium. Plot SPI004 has a low shrub and grass understorey of Daviesia latifolia, Acacia obtusifolia and Chionochloa pallida.

TENov 9 E. oreades (TENf8: GIR002)

E. oreades is dominant, usually with E. campanulata, over small areas (usually <5 ha) on rocky granite summits with abundant large tors and exposed rock slabs. Such areas are restricted to a few ridges in Forest Land SF and on Malara Plateau. E. notabilis frequently occurs as scattered small clumps. There is a mixed shrub layer, including Xanthorrhoea johnsonii, Gompholobium latifolium, Oxylobium ilicifolium, Hovea species A and Acrotriche aggregata.

TENov 15 E. andrewsii (TENf9: plot DON001; TENf 11: plot DON006)

This is the most extensive community on stony soils on gentle slopes on Donnybrook SF plateau. E. caliginosa usually occurs as an associate canopy species. The understorey is remarkably uniform over large areas, dominated by the low shrub Daviesia latifolia and the grass Chionochloa pallida.

TENov 16 E. subtilior (TENf8: plot W22, TENf 10: DON005; TENf 11: DON003)

Woodland and low open forest dominated by E. subtilior is fairly widespread on low-fertility, coarse granitic soils in Donnybrook, Boonoo and Boorook SFs. It is usually associated with a low shrub understorey. A woodland or open forest ofE. subtilior, E. campanulata, E. radiata subsp. sejuncta and E. cameronii is common on gently undulating topography on coarse soils on acid granite, above 1000 m in Boonoo and Boorook SFs. Common understorey species are the shrubs Acaciafalciformis, Gonocarpus teucrioides and Boronia microphylla and the subshrubs Platysace ericoides and Amperea xiphoclada. This community is mostly mapped as Forest Type 122. On the most impoverished ridge sites it grades into low woodland with a dense shrub understorey.

TENov 18 E. olida (TENf8: plots GIR005,GIR017)

Woodland (up to 25 m) or low woodland dominated by E. olida, associated with E. williamsiana or E. subtilior and often E. campanitlata, is extensive on low-nutrient soils on Malara Plateau. Understorey is typical of this habitat, usually with abundant tall shrubs of Leptospermum trinervium and smaller shrubs such as Acacia obtusifolia, Petrophile canescens, Choretrum candollei and ground cover Platysace ericoides and Dampiera stricta.

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 NORTHERN REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES 23 TENov 21 E. prava-E. scoparia (TENf.12: plot DON004)

This low woodland is restricted to steep to precipitous stony slopes along the western boundary of Donnybrook SF, and E. scoparia as a species is endemic to the Wallangara area of southern Queensland and adjacent parts of New South Wales. Common understorey species are Calotis dentex, Danthonia longifolia and Paspalidium gracile. Growing in a mosaic with this community and occurring on the rockiest, often steepest parts of the slope is a distinctive shru.bland of Leptospermum microcarpum-brevipes (intergrade), L. petersonii and Bertya cunninghamii. This was not sampled.

F. Dry Slirubland (TENf 13-15)

Shrublands, often with scattered small, trees, occur as isolated, small patches on rock outcrops throughout the area, especially on granite substrates. Individual patches seldom exceed about 5 ha in area, although some more extensive patches exist in Boonoo SF and on Malara Plateau.' The total combined extent is limited. Although many species occur in more than one patch, floristic composition is very variable among and sometimes within patches. Some patches appear to be unique within the TMA. This broad vegetation type contains a disproportionately high number of significant species. ' Floristic communities are described below.

TENf 13 Leptospermum microcarpum-L. novae-angliae (plots B00006,B00009)

Dense, sometimes tall (up to 4 m) shrub thickets of L. microcarpum with shorter L. novae angliae, interspersed with patches ofbare rock, occur commonly on granitic outcrops in Boonoo and Boorook SFs. Other species which may be locally abundant are Calytrix tetragona and Schoenus vaginatus. .

TENf 14 Kunzea ericoides-Leptospermum novae-angliae (plot SPI001)

Tall shrubland, up to 10 m. Small patches (each <2 ha) on and near the summits ofLittle Mount Spirabo and Big Mount Spirabo, and a few rocky summits on Malara Plateau, are the only known occurrences of this community in TMA. In Spirabo SF associated shrubs are Lomatia fraseri, Boronia anemonifolia and Cassinia species C.

TENf 15 Kunzea bracteolata (plot GIR004)

A low shrubland on a few rock outcrops on the eastern edge of Malara Plateau, on granite outcrops. Low thickets of K. bracteolata occur in a mosaic with bare rock, small stands of E. scias subsp. apoda, other shrubs such as Leptospermum trinervium and small patches of graminoids (e.g. Schoenus melanostachys, Lepidosperma elatius) in rock crevices. The rare species Thelionema grande occurs sporadically in this community.

FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 24 NORTHERN REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 ------~ ~----

'G. Wet Heath/Sedgeland/Riparian Scrub (TENf21-24)

Extensive areas ofmostly treeless wet heath and sedgeland occur in drainage depressions on undulating plateau topography in Boonoo SF and Malara Plateau in Girard SF, with less extensive areas in lenner, Forest Land and Spirabo SFs. These are confined to coarse-grained granites. Floristic composition is variable, but most areas are a mosaic of shrub or heath thickets (often Baeckea species C or Leptospermum spp.) interspe~sed with sedgeland.

TENf21 Axonopus affinus-Fimbristylis nutans (plot B00007)

Within TMA this community is known only from a single patch on a fairly extensive creek flat at 590 m in Boorook SF. This area has been severely disturbed by a long history ofgrazing and the drier mounds are a sward ofthe exotic grass Axonopus affinis. These mounds occur in a mosaic with wetter, apparently less disturbed depressions dominated by the native sedges Fimbristylis nutans, Eleocharis dietrichiana and Carex spp.

TENf22 Lepyrodia anarthria-Leptospermum gregarium (plots JENOO 1,FOROO 1)

Mixed sedgeland dominated by L. anarthria and Baumea sp. with scattered low shrubs of L. gregarium and Baeckea species C.

TENf23 Leptospermum polygalifolium-Gleichenia dicarpa (plot PS04)

This tall shrubland is common along rocky creeks in Boonoo and Boorook SFs. Scattered eucalypts, often E. brunnea, occur over a tall shrub stratum (5 m) ofL. polygalifolium, Acacia floribunda and Prostanthera lasianthos. There is a dense understorey of patches of the fern Gleichenia dicarpa with various graminoids such as Lepyrodia scariosa, Schoenus melanostachys, Rhynchospora brownii and Restio stenocoleus.

TENf24 Ptilothrix deusta-Lepidosperma limicola (plots PS05,GIROI6)

This is the extensive sedgeland community in Boonoo SF and on Malara Plateau. Composition is variable on a scale of tens of metres, usually consisting of a mosaic of stands variously dominated by the graminoids P. deusta, Lepidosperma limicola, Gymnoschoenus sphaerocephalus, Restio stenocoleus or Xyris spp. Low shrubs, such as Baeckea species C, Epacris microphylla, Banksia cunninghamii and Grevillea acanthifolia occur commonly through this mosaic but are seldom dominant. Plot GIRO 16 represents a drier phase on the edge ofthe sedgeland in which Themeda australis is more abundant.

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 NORTHERN REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES 25 6. LOGGING IMPACT

Logging impact was assessed by comparing plots which were unlogged but potentially able to be logged, with logged plots of different logging histories. Only plots in eucalypt forest were included in the analysis, as described in Methods section. Some eucalypt plots currently regarded as unloggable due to topographic constraints were included, but most plots were either logged, or potentially able to be logged. Since no pre-logging data were available for these plots, such a comparison actually only measures differences between sites. The extent to which these site differences may be attributed to logging impact needs to be cautiously interpreted relative to other factors likely to contribute to variation in vegetation, and only a broad indication of logging impact can be expected to be inferred from these data. This is a very well-recognized problem associated with any 'retrospective' survey of this kind. An alternative would be to predict logging impact on the basis of known ecology and expected responses ofindividual species. Since the ecology ofvery few species is known sufficiently to make reasonable predictions, and because responses will vary according to environmental conditions and interactions with other species, such an approach will yield even less reliable inferences than a comparison of plots ofdifferent histories. Thus, despite the problems, a retrospective approach seems the far better alternative within the time constraints for this survey, combined with a conservative flora conservation strategy to compensate for lack ofdetails ·in assessing logging impact.

Appendix 1 gives an indication of logging impact on individual species, although this can only be interpreted broadly because of the small number of logged plots and the range of other site factors which determine distribution of species among the plots sampled, as mentioned above. Plots which are apparently undisturbed but which occur in a generally 'logged area as part of the mosaic of varying logging intensity have been classified as unlogged. Some have been classified as unloggable on the assumption that they were deliberately reserved for management purposes or were avoided due to low commercial value. Others appeared to contain some commercial timber volume and were categorized as unlogged but loggable. InclusiOll ofthe latter exaggerates logging impact if the areas are actually not commercially viable.

Of the species recorded from survey plots, about 200 were recorded only from non-commercial vegetation types (rainforest, shrubland and sedgeland). The remaining 650 species (approximately) occurred in either logged areas or in vegetation types which were potentially able to be logged. Logging impact on individual species was tested by doing a Fisher's Exact Test on frequencies of occurrence in logged and unlogged plots. This was possible only for those species which occurred in at least five plots. Ofthe 650 species, 123 were in that category. The majority ofspecies (the remaining 530) were recorded at too Iowa frequency to allow any valid statistical assessment ofimpact. Ofthe 123 species which were tested, 106 showed no significant response (at p=0.05), 17 (including four naturalized weeds) occurred at significantly greater frequency in logged plots and none was significantly more frequent in unlogged but loggable plots.

Logged plots have a floristic richness which is highly significantly greater than unlogged plots, overall. Median richness for unlogged plots which sample areas potentially able to be logged (n=42) is 50.4 species per 0.1 ha plot. For logged plots (n=16) it is 66 species per plot. Plots which sample areas which are impractical to log (rainforest, shrubland, sedgeland and woodland with no commercial timber) had a median richness of 49.1 (n=31), similar to that of areas potentially able to be logged. Floristic richness was assessed on a broader scale, equivalent to regional diversity, by comparing the total number of species recorded in all logged plots combined with a mean of several samples of an equivalent number ofplots, taken at random from the group of unlogged plots. A total of 327 species was recorded from logged plots and 303 from equivalent samples of unlogged plots. A mean of sixty four percent ofthe species recorded in the unlogged plots was also recorded in the logged plots. A total of 214 species were recorded from unlogged plots which could potentially be logged, but not from logged plots.

FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 26 NORTHERN REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 Relationships among plots resultmg from the ordmatlOns gIve an indication of impact on overall plant community composition. If logging impact on floristic composItion was major relative to spatial variation and variation due to other factors, logged plots would be expected to be grouped together in a cluster which was discrete from, or overlapped little with, the unlogged plots. Scatterplots derived from the HMDS ordinatIOn are shown m Figure 4. TIus dIagram shows almost complete overlap between logged and unlogged plots, with the former included within the range of variation of the latter It also shows that altitude, and to a less extent, geology, are the factors most strongly related to flonstlc variation, with logging history contributing to a neglIgIble extent. Logged plots cover a smaller range of floristic variation than unlogged plots. This may represent a contractIon in heterogeneity in flonstic composition in logged plots in the community sense, although not in total floristic nchness.

.~ 0 "'"

, ·1 o ·1 o a xis 1 a xis 1

2:!... : ijeD,·······-2, j f... ••.•. .... ".all :: '. 22'l .. \\,~~.... !f 2....·\ •• ' :: ';I •• \ ••1. '. ~. f £''2'" ". 2 2 ... M l 2: 2,.1 "1 f .~ ,. '2' 2 1 . . 0 :... : ,\,-:,\ 2: :' ;": !>,,~ "~" • " , c. , r ",..2'2 2 ", '" :1 .. "" -' 11', ',: . '. -::~:r 1 '. : ;'. 'Iopo '.. ,.'2 ,""..," ••••• : .... 1 ',,( '. '. "L ~":8'::'{.: "iog 1:'3'·':··..··\

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Figure 4. Scatterplot ofhybrid MDS co-ordinates for open forest plots, logging category superimposed. Logging category for each plot is shown as: I = logged; 2 = unlogged, loggable; 3 = unloggable Dashed lines are polygons (convex hulls) enclosing all points for each logging category Arrows are vectors of maximum correlation with environmental variables as described in the tex1, with length drawn proportional to the magnitude ofthe correlation co-efficlent. Environmental variables are defined in the text (Methods, Section 6).

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY, TE TERFIELD MA! AGEMENT AREA.. FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 ORTHERN REGION, EW SOlITH WALES 27 Figure 5 is the two-dimensional ordination from CCA, with ellipses representing twice the standard deviation plotted around centroids for logged, unlogged but loggable, and unloggable plots, and arrows representing several environmental variables as described above under Methods (Section 6). The ellipses are plotted as a guide only, as the data are not multivariate normal and the shape of the ellipse will be exaggerated by outliers. Although the patterns are dissimilar, the inferences to be drawn from the CCA ordination results are similar to those of HMDS in the high degree of overlap, lack of clear separation between logged and unlogged plots, and very low contribution of logging history to floristic variation, relative to several ofthe other environmental factors considered. The relatively much longer arrows suggest that altitude, time since fire and to a lesser extent, geology, are the most important detenninants of £loristic composition among the variables tested. This is consistent with the HMDS result, except that fire history parameters were not included in that analysis. Parameters related to logging history (logging category, logging age and logging intensity) are among the variables which contribute least to floristic variation, also consistent with the HMDS ordination. Due to this small contribution, it is not informative to further examine which individual species are associated with logging vectors from the ordination results.

Topo Wt~po \ ... \ Fage \. \ .,t.. ...\ t

o •

._ :::::: '-'''fuwl ············..··t-og

LOGGED

+ + UNLOGGABLE

Figure 5. CCA ordination ofopen forest plots. Closed hexagons represent logged plots, open hexagons represent unIogged but loggable plots, plus signs represent unIoggable plots. Ellipses are plotted at two standard deviations from the centroid for each logging group. Environmental variables, displayed as arrows, are defined in the text (Methods, Section 6).

FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 28 NORTHERN REGION, NEW SOlJfH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES O. 30 7. FIRE IMPACT

There is a clear relationship between time since last fire (a reasonable surrbgate for fire frequency) and understorey composition. As shown in Figure 5, ofthe variables assessed, time since fire and altitude contribute most to floristic variation of survey plots. Intensity of most recent fire contributes little to floristic variation, suggesting that frequency more strongly influences floristic composition than fire intensity. The plots ofthe grassy and heath floristic groups (TENf3-12) had all been burnt less than 30 years prior to assessment and the vast majority less than five years previously.

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SmITH WALES FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 . NORTHERN REGION, NEW SOUfH WALES 29 r------i

DISCUSSION

1. SIGNIFICANTPLANTSPECIES

The national conservation significance of plant species is assessed using Briggs and Leigh (1988) as a . basic standard, .including recent revisions of status (1. Briggs, pers. comm. November 1994). Other measures of conservation significance are taken from J.B. Williams (pers. comm.), other published records. and data from specimens held at the National Herbarium ofNew South Wales,-Sydney. Based on these aSsessments, species currently considered or likely to be of conservation significance at a regional or national level are listed below. Where appropriate, risk codes are assigned using the criteria of Briggs and Leigh (1988) and shown in parentheses. Except where another source is cited, codes given are those assigned by Briggs and Leigh (1988) or recent unpublished updates. General distributions and habitats for each species are taken from Harden (1991, 1992, 1993) except where another source is cited. Occurrences in reserves are taken from Briggs and Leigh (1988) unless noted otherwise. Records ~thin TMA are from the present survey unless otherwise stated. In addition to species listed below, a considerable number ofadditional species is likely to be ofregional significance. A list ofsuch species is currently being developed (P. Sheringham, NPWS, Graftonpers. comm.). As this list is at a draft stage, it is prematUre to consider management prescriptions for each ofthese. The draft list will assist to allbcate priorities for monitoring purposes and develop future monitoring strategies where required.

Dodonaea megazyga and Mirbelia confertiflora are not included on the list below, as they are no longer considered rare or threatened (1. Briggs, pers. comm.). Species described below are those known, recorded from or likely to occur in TMA. Species of recognized national significance are listed alphabetically first, followed by a separate alphabetical listing of other species of potential national significance, regional significance or geographic interest. In the following discussions, State Forest is abbreviated as SF, Flora Reserve as FR, National Park as NP and records from the NPWS ROTAP database are abbreviated as ROTAP.

NATIONALLY SIGNIFICANT SPECIES

Acacia adunca 3RC- Distribution: New South Wales northern tablelands and adjacent slopes, from Deepwater to the Queensland border. Habitat: Dry sclerophyll forest and shrubland, chiefly on granite outcrops. Occurrence in reserves: Girraween NP (Queensalnd); none in New South Wales. Occurrence in survey area: Not known from TMA, but it may occur on rock outcrops in Boonoo.or Boorook SFs and there are records in the ROTAP database from Boonoo Boonoo Falls area and Liston.

Acaciajloydii 2RC- Distribution: Escarpment range east ofTenterfield; also in Queensland. Habitat: During the present survey it was observed to occur in a range ofsites from low heath woodland on dry sites to tall mesic forest on the eastern edge ofthe plateau. It attains its greatest size in the latter situation, becoming a small tree up to 6 m tall. Occurrence in reserves: Apparently not reserved in New South Wales. Occurrence in survey area: Recorded only from Malara plateau, where it is widespread and often abundant to the extent of being an understorey dominant, in Malara SF, Girard SF and nearby freehold and leasehold land. It is unlikely to occur elsewhere in TMA. Respon~e to disturbance: It was observed to be locally abundant in several recently logged areas and logging is unlikely to be a threat to this species.

FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 30 NORTHERN REGION, NEW SmITH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 Acacia latisepala 3RC- Distribution: Torrington district, Bald Rock NP and granite belt in southern Queensland. Habitat: Heath and dry sclerophyll forest among granite outcrops. Occurrence in reserves: Girraween NP, Bald Rock NP. Occurrence in survey area: Not known from TMA, but may occur on granite outcrops in Boonoo or Boorook SFs. .

Cryptandra lanosiflora 3RCa Distribution: Liverpool Range and high' altitudes on the escarpment from Werrikimbe NP to south Queensland. Habitat: Heath and open forest on exposed rocky sites. Occurrence in reserves: Girraween NP, Gibraltar Range NP, New England NP, Werrikimbe NP. Occurrence in survey area: Not definitely recorded in State Forest, but reported from a location on Malara plateau which may be in SF (lB. Williams, pers. comm.).

Daviesia elliptica 3RC- Distribution: Tablelands of north-east New South Wales and south-east Queensland, north from Oban River. Habitat: Sclerophyll forest on sandy soils derived from granite. Occurrence in reserves: Boonoo Boonoo NP. Occurrence in survey area: Although recorded from only two survey plots, it was noted to be fairly widespread and often locally common in grassy forest on coarse-grained granitic soils in Jenner, Boorook and Boonoo SFs.

Dodonaea hirsuta 3RC- Distribution: Restricted to the Stanthorpe-Torrington and Copmanhurst districts in northern New South Wales and southern Queensland. Habitat: Dry sclerophyll forest and heathland on granite and sandstone. . Occurrence in reserves: It is reserved in Girraween NP and almost certainly occurs in Boonoo Boonoo and B~d Rock NPs. Occurrence in survey area: Recorded only as a small population in a restricted area of shrubland in Boorook SF (plot B00006 and vicinity), but other populations may occur in similar habitats nearby.

Eriostemon myoporoides subsp. epilosus 3RC- Distribution: North-east New South Wales, north from Deepwater, and south-east Queensland. Habitat: Sclerophyll forest, mainly among granite outcrops. Occurrence in reserves: Girraween NP, Boonoo Boonoo NP. Occurrence in survey area: Recorded as small populations on most granitic outcrops in Boorook SF. It may also occur in similar habitats in Boonoo and Girard SFs. Notes: In TMA this species is apparently restricted to shrub communities on rock outcrops.

Eucalyptus dorrigoensis 2KC- Distribution: Upper Macleay River to east ofTenterfield; endemic in New South Wales. Habitat: Grassy or shrubby woodland or forest on moderately to highly fertile soils (Hill 1991). Occurrence in reserves: Boonoo Boonoo NP, Dorrigo NP, Guy Fawkes River NP. Occurrence in survey area: Locally dominant in a few small patches near creeks in Forest Land and Boonoo SFs. The most extensive stand occurs in Boorook SF around plot B00008 on a broad flat adjacent to Boorook Creek. This species reaches its northern limit ofdistribution in TMA. Response to disturbance: Regenerates well after logging, but regular grazing and burning may inhibit long term recruitment. Notes: This species was considered not at risk by Johnson arid Hill (1990). It was included in the ROTAP list only because of concerns over susceptibility to dieback (J. Briggs, pers. comm.). There is little evidence ofdieback ofthis species in populations in State Forest.

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SmITH WALES FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 NORTHERN REGION, NEW SoUTH WALES 31 Eucalyptus dunnii 3RCa Distribution: From near Coffs Harbour to McPherson Range. Habitat: Valleys and lower slopes or on fertile ridges, usually on moderately to highly fertile soils. Occurrence in reserves: Lamington NP, Main Range NP, Border Ranges NP, Mount Clunie FR, Tooloom Scrub FR. Occurrence in survey area: Locally dominant in a few small patches in Gilgurry SF near creeks, and a few isolated trees in Boorook SF. Response to disturbance: Regenerates well after logging, but regular grazing and burning may inhibit long term recruitment.

Eucalyptusfu$iformis 2RC- Distribution: Southern Queensland to Kempsey, coastal districts. Habitat: Locally frequent in wet forest on deeper soils ofhigher fertility. Occurrence in reserves: Lamington NP. Occurrence in survey area: A single ROTAP record from Girard SF. Response to disturbance: Likely to regenerate well after soil disturbance.

Eucalyptus nicholii 3V Distribution: Niangala to Glen Innes; but also recorded during the present survey from Donnybrook SF; endemic in New South Wales. Habitat: Shallow relatively infertile soils on shales or slates (Hill 1991). Occurrence in reserves: Apart from Nicholii FR, known to be reserved only in Oxley-Wild Rivers NP (p. Massey-Reed, formerly District Forester, State Forests, Walcha,pers. comm.). Occurrence in survey area: A small population in Donnybrook SF is the only record for TMA. This represents the northern limit ofdistribution and a minor extension ofpreviously recorded range. Response to disturbance: Likely to regenerate well after soil disturbance,' but regular grazing and burning may inhibit long term recruitment.

Eucalyptus olida 2RCa Distribution: Tiinbarra (Malara) plateau to east ofGlen Innes. Habitat: Dry sc1erophyll forest and woodland on shallow, infertile soil on acid granite. Occurrence in, reserves: It is regarded as adequately conserved in Gibraltar Range NP and was categorized as risk code 3RCa by Johnson and Hill (1990)., Occurrence in survey area: Within the TMA restricted to Malara plateau, Malara and Girard SFs, where common and often locally dominant over fairly extensive areas on coarse-grained sandy soils derived from adamellite. This represents the northern limit ofdistribution ofthis species. Response to disturbance: Prolific seedling regeneration following disturbance. Stands on private property appear to be successfully managed on short-term coppice rotation for oil production.

Eucalyptus scias subsp. apoda 3K (2V-, Johnson and Hill 1990) Di,stribution: Restricted to ranges east ofTenterfield. Habitat: Open forest and woodland on granite-derived soils. Occurrence in reserves: Not known to be reserved. Occurrence in survey area: Locally abundant in small patchy stands «5 ha) on granitic rock outcrops, associated with Leptospermum shrublands, and also fairly widespread in E. campanulata open forest, occurring as isolated individuals. Apparently, all known occurrences are from Boonoo and Girard State Forests. It was 'noted as being "sporadic and uncommon" and "possibly at some risk from forestry activities" by Johnson and Hill (1990). Some populations of E. notabilis, which occurs in similar habitats in the area but not usually in the same stands, appear to have some characteristics suggesting possible intergradation with E. scias, although typical forms of these two species are quite distinct. Response to disturbance: Likely to regenerate well after disturbance.

Eucalyptus scoparia 2VCi Distribution: Wallangarra district (Stanley and Ross 1986). ' Habitat: "Mainly in depressions amongst massive domed granitic outcrops." (Stanley and Ross 1986). Occurrence in reserves: Girraween NP.

FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 32 NORTHERN REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 Occurrence in survey area: Locally common on steep to precipitous rocky slopes along the western boundary ofDonnybrook SF. Response to disturbance: Like most eucalypts, likely to regenerate well from seed in disturbed areas. Notes: TIris species has apparentiy not previously been reported from New South Wales, although it has long been known to occur in Queensland close to the State border.

Eucalyptus tetrapleura 2VCa Distribution: Recorded as restricted to south of Grafton by Hill (1991), but there are ROTAP records from between Casino and Grafton, and from Girard SF. Habitat: Localized, "in wet sclerophyll forest on moderately fertile soil" (Hill 1991), but several records appear to be from dry sclerophyll forest and woodland. Occurrence in reserv~s: Glenugie Peak FR, Wells Crossing FR. Occurrence in survey area: A single ROTAP record from Girard SF. Response to disturbance: Likely to regenerate well after soil disturbance.

Euphrasia orthocheila 3RC- Distribution: Recorded in scattered locations from Sydney to south Queensland and west to Mount Kaputar NP, but considered probably extinct over much ofthis range. Habitat: Moist open situations. Occurrence in reserves: Girraween NP, Mount Kaputar NP. Occurrence in survey area: Not recorded, but possibly occurs in grassy woodland near swamps.

Hibbertia hermanniifolia 3RCa Distribution: Scattered localities from north-east Victoria to Yarrowitch district, mainly in coastal ranges; also recently recorded as disjunct populations east of Glen Innes (Binns 1992) and in Spirabo SF during the present survey. Habitat: Open forest, usually in rocky sites. Occurrence in reserves: In New South Wales it is reserved. in Wadbilliga NP and Bents Basin State Recreation Area. Northern populations are not known to be reserved, although it almost certainly occurs in Werrikimbe or Oxley-Wild Rivers NPs as it is known from similar habitats in adjacent leasehold land (D. Binns unpubl. obs.). Occurrence in survey area: Known only from a small population of fewer than 20 plants on a rock outcrop in Spirabo SF, but probably more widespread in that area in other similar habitats. Response to disturbance: Populations in south-eastern New South Wales are reported to recover quickly following integrated logging (V. Jurskis,pers. comm.). , Notes: TIris record represents a further minor extension of range from the previously recorded northern limit, in Gibraltar Range SF (Binns 1992).

Kunzea bracteolata 3RC- Distribution: North from Glen Innes in New South Wales, also in Queensland. Habitat: Dry sclerophyll forest on granite. Occurrence in reserves: Bald Rock NP, Gibraltar Range NP, Girraween NP; also Guy Fawkes River NP (S. Horton and C. NadolnY,pers. comm.). Occurrence in survey area: Dominant in shrubland on several granitic outcrops on Malara plateau in Girard SF and infrequent in shrubland on rock outcrops in Little Spirabo SF.

Persoonia daphnoides 3RC- Distribution: Restricted to the Stanthorpe-Tenterfield district. Habitat: Dry sclerophyll forest and woodland on granite. Occurrence in reserves: Girraween NP, Boonoo Boonoo N.P. Occurrence in survey area: Locally common in open forest and woodland in Jenner SF, on coarse, sandy soils derived from adamellite. Response to disturbance: It was recorded in recently logged forest. Its prostrate, multistemmed habit would confer a high degree of resilience to .physical damage. While logging in Jenner SF continues at the present low intensity (due to low commercial timber volumes), logging is not perceived as. a threat to this species.

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 NORTHERN REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES 33 Phebaliu.m ambiens 3RC- Distribution: Restricted to granite areas on the tablelands between Backwater and Stanthorpe. Habitat: In heath in crevices ofgranite boulders. Occurrence in reserves: Girraween NP, Bald Rock NP, Crown Mountain FR: Occurrence in survey area: During the present survey, recorded only from Malara Plateau in Girard SF where it occurs in small populations as scattered individuals. on granite outcrops on and near ridge crests. Response to disturbance: Unknown, but rocky habitats would be subject to little disturbance.

Plectranthus suaveolens 3KC- Distribution: Scattered populations from near Bulahdelah to south Queensland. Habitat: Rocky, exposed areas. Occurrence in reserves: Girraween NP, Queen Mary Falls NP: Occurrence in survey area: Restricted to small populations on rock outcrops and recorded only in Girard and Bookookoorara SFs but probably also elsewhere in similar habitats.

Prostl!nthera species B 2RC- (as P. sp. 5) Distribution: Restricted to Boonoo Boonoo-Bald Rock area ofNew South Wales and adjacent areas in· south Queensland. Habitat: In sheltered sites among granite boulders in sclerophyll forest. Occurrence in reserves: Girraween NP, Bald Rock NP, Boonoo Boonoo NP. Occurrence in survey area: Locally common in riparian wet heath and riparian woodland in Boonoo Boonoo and Boorook SFs and at Billyrimba Falls in Forest Land SF. It appears to be restricted to riparian habitats in the TMA.

Pterostylis woollsii 3RCi Distribution: Widespread but scattered, from Victoria to the granite belt in south Queensland, mostly along the ranges and western slopes. Habitat: Among rocks on ridges and slopes and among grass in sclerophyll forest. Occurrence in reserves: Girraween NP, Mount Arthur Range NP. Occurrence in survey area: Recorded only as a small population from steep slopes on metamorphic substrates in Billilimbra SF east of Rocky River, but may also occur on coarse-grained soils on granite.

Pultenaea pycnocephala 3RCa Distribution: Tablelands from southern Queensland to Werrikimbe NP. Habitat: Dry sclerophyll forest to woodland on granite. In State Forests ofTenterfield and Glen Innes Management Areas it appears to occur only on swamp margins. Occurrence in reserves: Recorded from Girraween NP, Gibraltar Range NP and Werrikimbe NP. Occurrence in survey area: Locally common around swamps in Boonoo SF.

Thelionema grande 3RC- Distribution: From Howell in northern New South Wales to far southern Queensland. Habitat: Sandy soils around granite outcrops; also rhyolite in Queensland. Occurrence in reserves: Reserved in Girraween, Mount Barney, Boonoo Boonoo and Gibraltar Range NPs. Occurrence in survey area: Very localized, occurring as small populations (usually <50 individual clumps) on granitic outcrops on Malara ·plateau (Girard SF) and Boonoo SF. It almost invariably grows in crevices in otherwise mostly unvegetated rock slabs, associated with shrub communities.

FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 34 NORTHERN REGION, NEW SmITH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 The following ad~tional species have been recorded nearby and may occur in the TMA. Most are restricted to rock outcrops.

Acacia macnuttiana 2EC Acaciapycnostachya 2E Allocasuarina rupicola 2RC Callistemon jlavovirens 3RC Callitris monticola 3RC- Eucalyptus camphora subsp. relicta 3ECi Homoranthus lunatus 2RC-t

OTHER SPECIES OF SIGNIFICANCE

Acacia betchei (2R, Williams pers. comm.) Small population in Boorook SF.

Bertya cunninghamii This species has not previously been recorded from. the Northern Tablelands subdivision. It normally occurs in Callitris woodland or mallee in the Western Plains, but has been recorded from the Central Western Slopes and Southern Tablelands. The Donnybrook SF population, in shrubland on granitic outcrops, apparently represents a disjunct occurrence in an unusual habitat, but the species is widespread and not considered rare or threatened.

Desmodium gangeticum Not nationally rare and widespread through the tropic~, but apparently rare in New South Wales. It is fairly common at low altitudes in grassy forest on slopes above Rocky River in Girard SF in the east ofTMA.

Eucalyptus williamsiana (3RC, Williams pers. comm.) Small populations were recorded in the southern end of Boonoo SF on coarse-grained granitic soils and in Donnybrook SF. This species is sporadically distributed from southern Queensland to Werrikimbe NP and is sometimes locally common. It was regarded as not threatened by Johnson and Hill (1990).

Grewia latifolia Widespread in Queensland and not nationally rare, but apparently rare in New South Wales. This species is represented by only two New South Wales specimens at the National Herbarium ofNew South Wales, the most recent collected in 1949 and both from the general area between Grafton and Glen Innes. During the present survey it was found to occur in grassy forests at low altitudes in Girard Sf and may have become rare from regular burning of these areas. .

Iphigenia indica Specimens from grassy forest in Girard SF represent the first record of this species for New South Wales. It is widespread but possibly uncommon or usually overlooked in Queensland. It is an inconspicuous lily which does not exceed 30 cm in height and has probably simply been previously overlooked in New South Wales.

Keraudrenia hillii This species appears to be rare in New South Wales, but may be more common in Queensland. It was recorded infrequently on granite outcrops.

Leptospermum petersonii A disjunct occurrence of this normally coastal and eastern tableland escarpment species occurs in Donnybrook SF.

Ophioglossum reticulatum Not regarded as nationally rare, but appears to be rare in New South Wales. There are very few specimens at New South Wales National Herbarium. Recorded at a single locality during the present survey, in dry grassy forest.

Pomaderris andromedifolia This is a very variable species which includes a number of forms of uncertain taxonomic status. The form occurring in Donnybrook SF is atypical, but its taxonomic and conservation status is unclear at this stage.

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUfH WALES FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, FOREST RESOURCES SERlES NO. 30 NORTHERN REGION, NEW SOUfH WALES 35 Schoenus vaginatus Known from few collections in New South Wales, but is locally common on some rock outcrops in Boorook SF.

Tephrosia jilipes This species was not recorded for New South Wales by Harden (1991), but is represented by a single New South Wales specimen at the National Herbarium of New South Wales, collected near the Nymboida River in dry sclerophyll forest. It is widespread in Queensland but appears to be rare in New South Wales. It may be a short-lived early post-fire colonizer. The single record from the present survey represents the second for this species in New South Wales, and was from a recently burnt woodland with numerous patches of bare earth, in plot GILOO 1, Gilgurry SF.

2. CONSERVATION STATUS OFPLANTCOMMUNITIES

It is difficult to assess the conservation status ofplant communities because ofthe ultimately subjective nature ofcommunity definition and its dependence on scale. Attempts to assess conservation status at a national scale are too broad for adequate consideration of regional conservation requirements. Hager and Benson (1994) have summarized conservation status of overstorey associations in north-eastern New South Wales. This provides a reasonable basis for conservation assessment, but there are considerable difficulties due to the lack ofadequate site-specific data, or in some cases, any usable data, for the existing reserve system state-wide. There is also a problem with the very subjective nature ofthe community definitions which cannot be related to a consistent data base. Some associations clearly need more investigation and as currently defined appear to include a range ofspecies assemblages, or do not adequately reflect assemblages as they occur in the field. Despite these problems, Hager and Benson's assessment is used here to identify communities ofpotential conservation significance, since it is the best available option.

In this report, eucalypt forest overstorey commumtles are assessed by comparing plot data and communities resulting from floristic classification with those defined by Hager and Benson (1994). Rainforest communities derived from the floristic classification are assessed from Floyd (1990), the primary source ofHager and Benson's rainforest assessment. There is no adequate basis for assessing conservation status ofthe non-eucalypt ("understorey") component of eucalypt forests, which would be difficult in any case because of the short term dynamics of understorey composition. Shrub communities on rock outcrops and sedgelands and wet heath communities are floristically very distinct from forest understorey communities. They are of restricted extent and should be considered of potential conservation significance, especially since many ofthe significant species in TMA occur only in these communities. In subsequent discussion, overstorey communities defined in this report are prefixed by "TENov" and associations defined by Hager and Benson are prefixed by "EF".

Conservation status of overstorey communities is summarized in Table 1, above. Of the rainforest communities (groups 1-3), TENov 2.1, 2.2, 2.3 and 3.2 are considered at least adequately conserved and in many cases the conservation status is "excellent". TENov 1 is considered adequately reserved by Floyd (1990) but is assigned a status of I (not or poorly conserved) by Hager and Benson. The discrepancy is presumably because the latter have overlooked the dedication of most ofthe occurrence ofthis community in TMA in Coolamangera Flora Reserve. TENov 2.4 is inadequately conserved in the Tenterfield area, although adequately reserved overall in the north zone. The most extensive stands, in Wingfields and Scrub Creeks in the north of Forest Land SF, are regrowth stands following heavy logging early this century (Floyd 1980). The most extensive remaining unlogged stand is in Nunnery Creek in the same general area. The only other known stands in TMA are small areas associated with TENov 2.3 in the vicinity of Mount Richmond, Girard SF. TENov 3.1 and 3.3 are riparian communities occurring as very narrow strips and are not readily related to recognized, more widespread communities.

FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 36 NORTHERN REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 Ofthe eucalypt forests, the extensive community TENov 6.1 E. campanulata is considered adequately conserved (i.e. at least 10% of the total area is reserved) throughout its range. The less extensive TENov 5.1 and 5.2 .

Most other communities are regarded as inadequately or poorly conserved, at least in the North zone. TENov 7 E. obliqua is related to EF475c E. obliqua-E. nobilis, EF475d E. obliqua-brunnea and EF475g E. obliqua-Iaevopinea, all of which are poorly conserved (less than 1%). In the study area, E. nobilis, E. brunnea and E. laevopinea are nonnal1y a minor component of stands dominated by E. obliqua. Stands in which E. nobilis is co-dominant or dominant occur as narrow strips near gullies, but these were not sampled. Plots SPI003 and W16 are representative of EF475d, but were not separated from other E. obliqua-dominated plots by the analysis.

TENov 8 includes stands dominated by E. laevopinea and those in which E. laevopinea and E. brunnea are co-dominant. These are closest to the poorly-conserved EF479a E. laevopinea.

Several distinctive communities appear to relate to poorly conserved associations, although associated species are different and they may represent important variants. TENov 12.1 relates to EF606a E. melanophloia although this species was not clearly dominant in any observed stands. TENov 19 appears to be a variant ofEF420a or EF420b E. dorngoensis-E. saligna, with Angophora subvelutina co-dominant instead of E. saligna. TENov 20 is a variant of EF052c E. amplifolia-Angophora subvelutina-E. tereticornis. A few other small patches in Girard SF and Gilgurry SF are mapped as Forest Type 93 (E. amplifolia) and may also be included in EF052c.

A number of communities appear to only broadly relate to associations defined by Hager and Benson. It is unclear whether these are simply minor variants or whether they should be considered separately. TENov 5.3 is probably a variant ofthe inadequately conserved EF011a E. saligna, although it appears to occur as a distinct community in several areas along the escarpment. It is also of interest in containing the large-fruited form of E. eugenioides. TENov 6.2 is a minor variant of inadequately conserved EF419b E. brunnea-E. campanulata. TENov 13 is of very restricted extent. It may be a minor variant of the very widespread (outside the study area) and adequately-conserved EF145a E. pilularis, but could be of significance because of the disjunct occurrence of this species and association with E. tindaliae.

Several communities are apparently distinct, do not relate to any association recognized by Rager & Benson, and are likely to be of significance. Notable.are TENov18 E. olida and TENov21 E. prava E. scoparia. The former is only known from Malara Plateau and Gibraltar Range NP and to a minor extent in Brother SF (Glen Innes Management Area). The occurrence ofcommunity 21 in Donnybrook SF is the only known location in New South Wales for this community.

Several communities of limited extent in TMA which were noted but not sampled are of interest. All are poorly conserved or not known from reserves. A small area ofE. nova-anglica was noted in Jenner SF. E. banksii-E. andrewsii is common on stony slopes in Donnybrook SF. Small areas dominated by E. moluccana occur in Girard SF, among extensive areas ofcommunities TENov 10.1, 10.2 and 12.2.

3. IMPACTOF LOGGING

The great majority of significant species occur in steep and/or rocky sites which are unlikely to be directly affected by logging. Logging impact on the large number ofspecies not regarded as significant, and impact on communiy composition, are less certain.

Although both logged and unlogged stands were sampled, it was difficult to assess the more subtle details of logging impact, mainly because there are no detailed pre-logging data available, and substantial differences may exist between previously logged and unlogged areas. Present differenc~s in

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, FOREST RESOURCES SERlES NO. 30 NORTHERN REGION, NEW SmITH WALES 37 vegetation may be related more to site factors other than logging history. The flora survey was not able to provide details of logging impact on vegetation at particular sites, because of the absence of pre logging vegetation data at logged sites. It did provide an indication of possible logging impact in the context offloristic variation in vegetation ofunlogged sites. The ordination diagrams ofFigures 4 and 5 suggest that logging'history contributes little to floristic variation relative to other environmental factors, particularly altitude, fire history and geology. Thus it is reasonable to conclude that logging impact on floristic composition is not catastrophic or of major proportion, but since the sample plots cover a relatively wide range of floristic variation, other factors may mask more subtle details of logging impact. A much more intensive survey (by an order ofmagnitude) may improve the sensitivity of the results,. but would still be subject to the confounding effects of other factors. Monitoring by repeated assessment ofpermanent site~, including pre-Iogging assessment, is the most reliable means of determining detailed logging effects. A comprehensive monitoring program is currently being developed by State Forests for north-eastem New South Wales.

In gross terms, at both plot and broader scales, the survey data show that logged areas have a greater number ofplant species than unlogged areas. It is likely that this is largely due to increase in abundance ofcolonizing species, including the 17 species which wen~ significantly more frequent in logged plots, which were rare or absent in unlogged areas.

It is difficult to evaluate logging impact on individual species. None ofthe species which occurred at frequency >5 was significantly more frequent in unlogged plots, suggesting that the more common species are not adversely affected by logging, and this lack of major differences is consistent with the ordination results. Some species appear to increase following logging, as mentioned above. However, the majority of species were recorded at lower frequency. For these species, the sampling intensity is too low to demonstrate whether logging has any impact, and some may be found to be adversely affected when more data become available. There were many species (214) recorded from unlogged but potentially loggable plots which were not recorded from logged plots. To a large extent this is due to the higher sampling intensity in the former (42 compared to 16 plots), but even with equal sampling intensity there are approximately 100 species which appear to be absent from logged plots. This is at least partly a result ofsampling variatiop. but could partly indicate logging impact. It could also reflect other site differences between logged and unlogged areas, a clearly important factor considering the high relative contribution of altitude, time since fire and geology to floristic variation, as determined by ordination results.

Although the survey did not produce any evidence ofmajor shifts in community composition and could not provide unequivocal evidence of individual species being adversely affected by logging, it does not eliminate the possible existence of a suite of less common, but widespread, species which may be adversely affected. The significance ofthis possibility in the context ofthe occurrence of such species in the broader landscape (e.g. in reserves and in areas which will remain unlogged by default) requires further investigation. It is expected that many ofthese more subtle issues relating to logging impact will be resolved in the longer term by monitoring programs currently being planned.

4. IMPACTOFFlRE

The open forests which occur over much ofthe TMA are clearly regularly burnt by low intensity fires. In grassy forests there is a relatively high degree of floristic uniformity in the dominant understorey species, over a large range of sites with varying physical attributes, including different geological substrates, even though a greater range of species occurs less frequently. This suggests that the fire regime may have been a dominant factor in determining understorey floristic composition, and is certainly consistent with the relative importance offire history implied by the ordination results. Forests with heath or sclerophyll shrub understoreys are more variable in floristic composition. These are also burnt regularly, but possibly at lower and/or more variable frequency than areas ofgrassy understorey. The separation between grassy and sclerophyll shrub understoreys is at least partly related to soil differences, the latter tending to occur on coarse-grained soils derived from granites, but the relationship is by no means clearly defined and considerable areas of coarse soils on granite support grassy understoreys.

FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 38 NORTHERN REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 Very frequent burning clearly reduces shrub density and high fire frequency is undoubtedly an important factor in maintaining the structure of grassy forests. Apart from the virtual elimination of shrubs, the impact that a long history ofburning has had on understorey floristics is difficult to discern, since there is no comparable control area available. Some species may have been locally eliminated. Alternatively, species which are intolerant offrequent fire may simply have retreated to a few refuge areas and may have persisted, but at much lower abundance. Although fire frequencies which are currently maintained in dry forests may be similar to those which existed prior to European settlement, at least in some areas, the season ofburning is likely to differ. Low intensity fires in late winter and early spring are currently typical. Burning in these seasons may disadvantage seasonal geophytes which flower and fruit in spring to early summer and remain dormant over most ofthe summer.

5. IMPACTOF GRAZING

Most grassy forests are extensively grazed by domestic and feral stock. Grazing has the potential to cause long term shifts in floristic composition by selectively removing preferred food species. During the present survey, it was not possible to assess the long term impact because ofthe absence ofsuitable ungrazed control areas and interactions with grazing by native herbivores. Most areas appear to be subject to low intensity grazing, but some creeks and gullies had evidently been heavily browsed by both domestic and native herbivores. It is also difficult to separate grazing and fire impact over much ofthe area, because regularly grazed areas tend to be also regularly burnt. Perhaps one of the most serious adverse consequences ofgrazing is that it assists invasion ofnative vegetation by exotic plant species, to the extent that heavily used areas, such as creek flats, may become dominated by exotics to the exclusion ofmany native species.

6. WEEDS

Weed species (naturalized exotics) form a small proportion ofthe overall flora ofthe area. Most are a minor component of the vegetation generally. An exception is Sigesbeckia orientalis which has been previously regarded as native but is currently considered exotic. It is an aggressive colonizer of disturbed sites, sometimes forming dense local populations immediately following low-intensity fire. It is often abundant on heavily disturbed patches in logged areas for the first one to two years following logging, but appears to persist at low population levels in the absence of further disturbance. Some species, notably Hypochoeris radicata, Cirsium vulgare and Conyza albida are very widespread, in both logged and unlogged areas (although recorded more frequently in the former in the present survey), but generally are only a very minor part of the vegetation. Their wide distribution could be partly related to grazing, although all three species have wind-borne seeds which disperse widely and all appear capable ofcolonizing relatively undisturbed areas.

Apart from S. orientalis, significant concentrations of weeds occur only in localised areas that are heavily disturbed and only persist where disturbance is regular (such as heavily grazed areas and roadsides). The greatest numbers of weed species usually occur along the more accessible parts of larger creeks, due to a combination ofgrazing and regular flood scouring. In the TMA, there are some fairly extensive areas in recently dedicated State Forest, which were previously cleared under leasehold tenure, which are dominated by naturalized species, especially grasses. These were excluded from the present survey.

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORAS~VEY,TENTERFIELDMANAGEMENT AREA, FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 NORTHERN REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES 39 RECOMMENDATIONS

1. INTRODUCTION

From a forest management perspective, the major issue in rel~tion to flora conservation is logging, because of the potential commercial impact of modification of logging to meet flora conservation objectives. Logging clearly changes vegetation structure and has some impact on floristic composition. Although the ordination results suggest that logging history is a minor factor in determining floristic composition, relative to other environmental factors, it was not possible to examine more subtle details oflogging impact from survey data. Evidence from the subject survey and other recent surveys suggests that most ofthe more widespread and common species are unaffected, although a few may be reduced in abundance, at least temporarily. However, very little is actually known ofthe response to logging for the vast majority ofplant species, and there is potentially a suite ofless common species which may'be adversely affected. The current lack of detailed knowledge of responses of individual species to disturbance prevents management for particular species or assemblages of species. It is also currently not possible to confidently detennine, for the majority of species, which species are sensitive to logging or other management practices and thus need particular attention. This is especially true for those which are less common and thus likely to be ofgreatest conservation interest, although the small subset of such species of recognised national significance can often be simply accommodated by ensuring known populations are excluded from logging. Refined management for flora conservation will be possible only with much more information on disturbance response ofindividual species. This requires a long-term, well-planned monitoring system.

As a general principle, reservation of representative communities in as little-disturbed state as possible is the major strategy currently practical to ensure maintenance of floristic biodiversity and other flora conservation values. This is considered in more detail below in Section 3. In terms of developing a flora conservation strategy in the context of forest management, the survey results suggest that an approach which recognizes the apparently relatively low contribution of logging history to floristic variation, but which also takes into account lack of knowledge of more subtle or long-term logging impacts, would be appropriate. In the following discussion, proposals for additional reserves are identified by the codes PI to Pl8 and locations are marked in Figure 6.

2. SIGNIFICANT SPECIES

Most significant species are restricted to non-forest (rocky or swampy) habitats which will not be directly affected by logging. Sympathetic fire management is necessary. In most cases this will not require a change from the present practices, but a positive rather than neutral approach would be desirable. As a guiding principle and in the absence ofspecific information on response to disturbance, it is desirable for most significant species that all, or at least a substantial proportion of known populations, be excluded from logging. Proposals for individual species known to occur in TMA are described below.

NATIONALLY SIGNIFICANT SPECIES

Acaciajloydii 2RC- Not currently reserved in New South Wales. During the present survey, it was observed to be widespread and often locally abundant in SFs on Malara plateau, including several recently logged areas. Logging is unlikely to be a threat to this species. Part ofthe population (estimated minimum of2000 mature plants) is included in proposal PI1.

FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 40 NORTHERN REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 Cryptandra lanosiflora 3RCa Ifpresence in SF on Malara Plateau is confinned, the population should be excluded from logging.

Daviesia elliptica 3RC- A substantial proportion ofthe Jenner SF population is included in PI. It occurs mainly in areas oflow commercial value and logging impact on the remainder ofthe population is expected to be low.

Dodonaea hirsuta 3RC- Total known population in SF in the TMA (about 100 plants) within P3A.

Eriostemon myoporoides subsp. epilosus 3RC- Largest population in P3A. Other populations are smaller and restricted to rock outcrops.

Eucalyptus dorrigoensis 2KC- Most extensive known population in TMA included wholly within proposal P3B.

Eucalyptus dunnii The only known unlogged stand is included in a Flora Reserve previously proposed for Gilgurry SF by District staff(P18).

Eucalyptus fusiformis 2RC- The record for Girard SF requires further investigation and the occurrence may require specific reservation.

Eucalyptus nicholii 3V Only known population in the TMA is included wholly within P17.

Eucalyptus olida 2RCa At least 5000 mature individuals are estimated to be included within PIOA and P11. This species is not at risk in SF, but extensive populations in private property are increasingly subject to harvesting for essential oils and coppice management, and it is likely that no mature stands on Malara Plateau will exist outside SF in the near future.

Eucalyptus scias subsp. apoda 2K Several stands are included in reserve proposals P10B and P1I. However, a large proportion of the total population, including the largest individuals, occurs as scattered individuals through unreserved, commercially valuable forest. The scattered nature of these populations means that reservation is a costly and probably unnecessary exercise. Prescriptions to ensure trees of this species are not damaged during logging are recommended.

Eucalyptus scoparia 2VCi The only known population in SF is wholly reserved in P17.

Eucalyptus tetrapleura 2VCa The record from Girard SF requires further investigation, and an area reserved for this species, especially since the occurrence appears to be isolated from populations near Casino and Grafton.

Hibbertia hermanniifolia 3RCa Only known population, offewer than 20 plants, in P15A.

Kunzea bracteolata 3RC- The most extensive known stand is included in proposal P10B. This species will not be affected by logging since it occurs exclusively on rock outcrops in shrub communities.

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 . NORTHERN REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES 41 Persoonia daphnoides 3RC- Known population is included in proposal PI. The species occurs in areas of low commercial timber volume, subject to low intensity logging, and from observations made' during survey, appears to be resilient to logging damage.

Phebalium ambiens 3RC- Known small population included in P11. Exclusive to rocky areas which will not be subject to logging.

Plectranthus suavcolens 3KC- Recorded only as small populations of a few individuals growing on exposed rock. Due to the small size ofthe populations, and the inaccessibility ofthe area to logging, no formal reservatipn is proposed.

Prostanthera species B 2RC- Recorded only in riparian habitats in areas. reserved by management prescription. No further measures considered necessary.

Pterostylis woollsii 3RCi Recorded only from steep slopes in Billilimbra SF, which will not be affected by logging. No formal reservation is proposed, but less frequent spring fire and minimizing grazing during October to January may be beneficial. Some grazing at other times may be useful in decreasing competing vegetation.

Pultenaea pycnocephala 3RCa Known populations in TMA in proposal P4.

Thelionema grande 3RC- Most ofknown population in proposal P10B, with only a few plants elsewhere, on rock outcrops. This species appears to be restricted to crevices in rock outcrops and would not be affected by logging.

In addition to the species recorded from Tenterfield MA listed above, the following nationally significant species have been recorded nearby and may occur in the TMA. Most occur solely or predominantly on rock outcrops and are unlikely to occur in areas affected by logging, but if populations are discovered in SF, formal reservation or other specific prescriptio~ may be appropriate.

Acacia adunca 3RC- Acacia latisepala 3RC- ACflcia macnuttiana 2KC- Acacia pycnostachya 2K Allocasuarina rupicola 2RC- Callistemon jlavovirens 3RC- Callitris monticola 3RC- Eucalyptus caleyi subsp. ovendenii 2V Eucalyptus camphora subsp. relicta 3VC Euphrasia orthocheila 3RC Homoranthus lunatus 2RC-

OTHER SPECIES OF SIGNIFICANCE

Acacia betchei - The only known population in SF is in reserve proposal P3B.

Bertya cunninghamii - The disjunct Donnybrook SF population is wholly included within PI7.

Desmodium gangeticum - Known population in SF within the TMA wholly within PI2.

FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 42 NORTHERN REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 Eucalyptus williamsiana - An extensive population is included within P5.

Grewia latifolia - Only known population in P12.

Iphigenia indica - One population in P12, the other is unreserved. This species was recorded only from grassy forest and woodland with low commercial timber volume. Logging is unlikely to be a threat to this species, but it may benefit from less frequent burning.

Keraudrenia hillii - Known population in proposal P7

Leptospermum petersonii - Westerly occurring population in P17

Mirbelia confertiflora - Extensive stand in P3A. Other stands are restricted to rock outcrops.

Ophioglossum reticulatum - Only known occurrence in P12.

Pomaderris andromedijolia - Only known occurrence in P17.

Schoenus vaginatus - Known population in P3A.

Tephrosia jilipes - Only known population in P6.

3. RESERVATIONOFCOJvfMUNITIES

As described above, appropriate reservation ofrepresentative communities in as little-disturbed state as possible is, as a general principle, a desirable and well accepted precautionary strategy. In practice, the extent of reservation is unavoidably a highly subjective issue. Specifying a 10% minimum reservation rule is a commonly accepted basis for assessing adequacy of reservation and is used by Hager and Benson (1994) as previously described. However, there is no convincing evidence that it is either sufficient or necessary. In particular, it may not be appropriate in the context of State Forests where logged areas remain forested and have considerable flora conservation value in their own right, and where logging impact on floristic composition appears to be minor relative to the influence of other environmental factors.

Accepting the current assessments ofreservation status by Floyd (1990) and Hager and Benson (1994), and following from the discussion above under Section 2 of the Discussion, a series of additional reserves is proposed for the TMA. The basic strategy used was to ignore adequately reserved communities, reserve a minimum of 5% ofthe total estimated area ofextensive communities subject to minimal logging impact, and reserve a minimum of 10% of the total area of those commercially important communities which although widespread, have been assessed as inadequately reserved or which appear to not readily relate to Hager and Benson associations. A much larger proportion was reserved for communities ofrestricted extent in the TMA. Apart from the difficulties described above, a practical problem with basing the strategy on areal targets for TMA is lack of detailed knowledge of the total extent ofeach community, which has been roughly estimated by subjectively extrapolating plot data to similar mapped Forest Types (where they exist) and similar habitats. For each community, reserves were subjectively selected to represent the least-disturbed state of that community. In most cases, it was possible to select unlogged stands, but for some communities (e.g. the extensive TENov 10.2), most stands have been extensively logged, although sometimes at low intensity, and it was necessary to accept some degree of previous logging. These strategies, in conjunction with the substantial areas which will remain unlogged by default (low volumes of commercial timber, inaccessibility, etc.) should contribute substantially to maintenance offlora conservation values.

The proposed flora conservation strategy clearly represents only one ofmany flora conservation options for the area. It could be regarded as a moderately precautionary option in the context ofthe extent of likely logging impact on floristic composition as described above, but considering that response to logging ofthe relatively many infrequent species, and more subtle or long-term impacts, are unknown.

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 NORTHERN REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES 43 Ultimately, it is not possible to base reservation decisions on purely biological considerations, and a socially acceptable solution will be necessary.

Comments on individual communities are given below. Proposals are shown in Figure 6. For non commercial vegetation types, reservation by management prescription (pMP) is considered appropriate in most cases because it clearly identifies the flora conservation value and the management intent. More secure reservation, such as gazettal as flora reserve, is an alternative option which may be desirable for social reasons or ifchanges in management are likely. Estimates ofreserve percentages are subjective and only approximate because communities defined by floristic analyses are not mapped for the area and estimated distribution is based on mapped forest type and habitat from topographic maps.

Ofthe overstorey communities defined above, the following are considered adequately reserved (by Hager and Benson (1994) or Floyd (1990), as appropriate) and do not require further reservation in the TMA:

1,2.1,2.2,2.3,3.2,4.1,4.2,4.3,5.1,5.2,6.1,9, 10.1, 14, 17.1, 17.2

Rainforest communities TENov 3.1 and 3.3 occur wholly within riparian zones excluded from logging by management prescription. They represent minor variants of more widespread assemblages, are of very limited extent and no specific reservatioJ]. strategy is proposed. The fairly extensive forests in which E. tereticomis is prominent, which were not sampled, appear to belong to EF050f E. tereticomis-E. propinqua-E. eugenioides or perhaps some to EF050a E. tereticomis. The former is adequately reserved, the latter is considereq. inadequately reserved although it is reasonably well represented in reserves, with at least 5% ofthe total extent reserved. It is worthy ofattention because of very extensive past clearing. The remaining communities are listed below, grouped into reservation status categories, with comments on extent of each community in reserve proposals. This is either descriptive or is a rough "eyeball" estimate from maps, as described above. Where estimates oftotal extent are given, they are derived from estimates for broad forest type groups listed in the 1983 Management Plan. Because each broad forest type includes several TENov communities, these estimates are very approximate.

1. Clearly inadequately reserved (less than 1%, or not reserved, at least in the northern part of their New South Wales range).

7 Total extent probably does not exceed 3500 ha, the vast majority in the Spirabo group of forests. A total of about 500 ha, including stands dominated by E. nobilis, would be reserved in P14, P15A and P15B. 8 Probably about 2500 ha in total, equally distributed in Boonoo and Spirabo forest groups. A total of about 80 ha in P4 and P5; some in P14 and PI5B, but requires further reservation in Forest Land-Spirabo area, following completion of API Forest Type mapping. 12.1 Total known occurrence in P12 16 Approx. 50 ha in P5, some in P4; this may be <5%, but this community has low commercial value and logging impact is minor. 19 Over 90% of the total known occurrence in P3B; also thought to occur in Forest Land Spirabo area, ifconfirmed, some should be reserved in that area.

2 Communities which appear to be variants ofpoorly reserved associations.

20 Approx. 50% ofknown occurrence in P8; areas mapped as Forest Type 93 in Gilgurry SF may be worth reserving but were not inspected.

FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 44 NORTHERN REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 3 Communities which appear to have no close Hager and Benson analogue.

11 Known occurrence m P6, occurrence elsewhere difficult to predIct. 18 Approx. 60 ha PIOA, 100 ha P 11, total extent uncertain, reserve proposals probably include>10%; logging impact minor but stands on private land are harvested for essential oils. 21 Total known occurrence in P17.

4. Inadequately reserved, otherwise significant, or msufficient data on reservatIon status.

2.4 Best known stand in P 13. 5.3 Some included in P2; this community is apparently of restricted extent and the proposal probably represents at least 10%. 6.2 Approx. 100 ha in P4, 15-20 ha in P2; total extent unknown but reserve proposal probably includes>10%. 10.1,10.2 These communities, along with TENov 12.2 and a few other less extensive communities, are included in mapped Forest Types 62, 70, 74 and 65 (in part). Total area ofthese types combined is about 14000 ha, with perhaps 2000 ha in EF050f mentioned above. These communities often occur as a complex mosaic and are not readily related to individual map units, so it is difficult to estimate the extent of each, either in total or in reserve proposals. A total ofabout 1200 ha ofthese and related communities would be reserved in P6A, P6B, P7, P8 and P12. This is expected to represent about 10% of the total combined area of 10.1 and 10.2, as well as covering the range of variation in these and related communities, including any that were not sampled. 13 Total known occurrence in P9. 15 >50 ha in P 17; this is probably >5%, but the total extent is unknown and much is non- commercial.

5. Not sampled, but likely analogous Hager and Benson association poorly reserved or of conservation significance.

EF013a E. dunnii Inadequately reserved (2, LTIO), and stands in Gilgurry SF represent the western-most occurrence. The only known unlogged patch is proposed for reservation (PI8). EF050a E. tereticornis Inadequately reserved (2, LT5-LTl0). Sample in P6B. EF710a-e (containing E. moluccana) Poorly reserved (1, LTI). Substantial proportion in P7 and P8, but probably other small, unmapped stands also exist. EF507c E. andrewsii-E. banksii Reservation status unknown. >50 ha in P 17 EF517a-e (containing E. nova-anglica) Poorly reserved (1, LTl). Total known extent in PI.

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFlELD MANAGEMENT AREA, FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 ORTHERN REGIO , EW SOUTH WALES 45 ro WarwlcA

t tr;;

')- .. ';-<0

Bookookoo

IISTON W

STANTHORPE

~ I Jenner~ ~ Sta:e\, \Pl Queensland Forest I '1 ..J j

r '.~ . t.~~ (, ~ ." ."D~n~~' ,) ,.I State F~~)-=~

>0'" ~... ~~ ...... --..- ... " .. ' ~ ~/

P1SB-/' \ ... '.' /~ rf" . . , " C.' •• "• ~,: ) .... '1' ;~ ( ~ • le ../ Scale 1500 ()()() ..,-- Q" •• o '0 '5 20 25 km

Figure 6. Location of proposed reserves for flora conservation (P I-P18) , Tenterfield Management Area.

FLORA SURVEY. TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, STATE FORESTS OF EW SOtJTH WALES 46 NORTHERN REGION. NEW SOlITH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO 30 4. SUMlvfARY OF RESERVE PROPOSALS

Locations ofproposed reserves are shown in Figure 6 and major attributes .are listed below. These are suggested as eventual Flora Reserves, except for P9 and PIOB ·for which appropriate PMP classification would be adequate. These are additional to the existing Coolamangera Flora Reserve, Dingo Creek Flora Reserve, White Beech Flora Reserve and Powerful Owl Forest Preserve.

PI All known occurrences of stands containing E. nova-anglica (analagous to poorly reserved EF517 group); swamp community TENus 18; rare plant Persoonia daphnoides.

P2 Communities TENov 4.2, TENov 5.3 and TENov 6.2; occurrences of escarpment form of E. eugenioides; variants ofTENov 10.1.

P3A Extensive shrubland complex, inc!. TENus 13; significant species Dodonaea hirsuta, Eriostemon myoporoides subsp. epilosus, Mirbelia confertiflora and Schoenus vaginatus.

P3B Community TENov 19; swamp complex TENus 22; significant species Acacia betchei.

P4 Extensive swamp complex including TENus 20,TENov 6.2, TENov 8 and TENov 16; rare species Pultenaea pycnocephala.

P5 Communities TENov 8 and TENov 16.

P6A,B Communities TENov 10.1 and TENov 11; EF 050a,f.

P7 Community TENov 10:2; EF 71Oa-e.

P8 Communities TENov 10.1, TENov 20 and stands mapped as E. moluccana (EF 71Oa-e, not inspected). .

P9 Community TENov 13

P10A Community TENov 18

P10B Shrubland complex including TENus 16, and significant species Eucalyptus scias subsp. apoda, Kunzea bracteolata and Thelionema grande.

PH Communities TENov 4.3 (a well-developed example), and TENov 18; significant speCIes Eucalyptus scias subsp. apoda, Phebalium ambiens and Acaciafloydii.

P12 Communities TENov 10.1, TENov 10.2, TENov 12.1 and TENov 12.2; significant species Desmodium gangeticum, Grewia latifolia and Iphigenia indica; good stands of Casuarina cunninghamiana and Callistemon viminalis (inspected but not sampled) along river, but infested with Macfadyena unguis-cati.

P13 Community TENov 2.4

P14 Community TENov 7 plus excellent stands dominated by E. nobilis; some TENov 8; highest known rainforest occurrence in New South Wales.

P15A Extensive areas of TENov 7, shrubland TENus 14; significant species Cassinia species C and Hibbertia hermanniifolia.

P15B Shrubland complex plus small areas ofTENov 7 and TENov 8 (inspected but not sampled).

P16 Swamp / woodland complex with community TENov 17.2 and TENus 14.

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 . NORTHERN REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES 47 P17 Communities TENov 15, TENov 21 and EF 507c; shrubland-woodland complex containing interesting communities not quantitatively sampled; significant species Bertya cunninghamii, Eucalyptus nicholii, Eucalyptus scoparia and possibly significant form of Pomaderris andromedifolia.

P18 E. dunnii (not sampled).

5. FIRE AND GRAZING MANAGEMENT

Much ofthe area apparently has been regularly burnt and grazed for at least a century, and the present structural and floristic characteristics ofthe vegetation at least partly reflect this history. Provided there is no major change in the burning and grazing regime, no major change in vegetation would be expected in future.

The long history of fire and grazing has probably caused significant long term shifts in floristic composition and some species may have been disadvantaged to the point that they are now locally rare or extinct. Grewia latifolia may be one example. Some ofthe changes may be essentially permanent and it would be difficult to justify large scale exclusion ofgrazing without some evidence that positive benefits will acrue to flora conservation. Meanwhile, however, exclusion of grazing by domestic herbivores should be considered for at least some ofthe proposed reserves, especially in grassy forest. In particular, there should be exclusion ofdomestic grazing in areas ofhigh conservation value.

More positive fire management is desirable, which recognizes the flora conservation values and particular requirements of reserved areas. In practice, it is currently difficult to suggest specific guidelines because details of species responses to fire are generally lacking. The register of fire responses for plant species (Gill and Bradstock 1992) is a good basis for developing specific strategies, but the database is currently not sufficiently well-developed to ensure a high probability of meeting practical management objectiv~s. Data from monitoring programs planned in State Forests for the near future will contribute to achievement of this goal. Meanwhile, broad strategies are appropriate. Because frequent fire clearly changes vegetation structure and probably floristics, the main requirement is for greater variability offire frequency in dry forests, so that at least some patches remain unburnt for 10-15 years or more. This is a precautionary strategy to cover a range ofpossibilities and compensate for current lack of detailed information. It is most easily achieved by nominating core, less frequently burnt.areas, protected by frequent burning in surrounding forests. It should still be possible to achieve fire control objectives. For example, some core areas ofabout 30-100 ha could be maintained at lower fire frequency with protection by frequently-burnt perimeter buffers. The core areas should preferably be chosen from areas already reserved for flora conservation purposes, or otherwise specifically designated as special emphasis flora conservation by management prescription. Fire management will depend on co-operation with grazing lessees, who carry out most of the deliberate burning in grassy forests in the area.

6. WEEDS

Eventual reforestation of cleared areas in recently dedicated forest, especially Gilgurry and Girard extensions, would have positive flora conservation benefits as well as the obvious benefit to timber production. Some weed control, particularly ofMacfadyena unguis-cati along Rocky River, is higWy desirable. It would need to be a community-subsidized effort in conjunction with adjacent landholders and is probably most realistically considered a long term goal.

FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 48 NORTHERN REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I am very grateful to Traecey Brassil for assistance with field work and data analysis. I thank staff of the fonner Tenterfield District and glen Innes Regional Forestry Offices, especially Michael Coombe and Gary King, for their help. I also thank staff of the National Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, especially Gwen Harden, Ken Hill and Theresa James, for access to that collection and assistance with enquiries.

REFERENCES

Belbin, L. (1988). PATN Pattern Analysis Package Reference Manual. CSIRO Division of Wildlife and Rangelands Research. 289 pp.

Binns, D.L. (1992). Flora Survey, Glen Innes Management Area, Northern Region. For. Comm. N.s. W. For. Res. Ser. No. 23. 97 pp.

Briggs, lD. and Leigh, lH. (1988). Rare or Threatened'Australian Pl~ts. Aust. Nat. Parks Wild/. Serv. Special Publication No. 14. 278 pp.

Dargie, T.C.D. (1984). On the integrated interpretation of indirect site ordinations: a case study using semi-arid vegetation in southeastern Spain. Vegetatio 55: 37-55.

Faith, D.P., Minchll, P.R. and Belbin, L. (1987). Compositional dissimilarity as a robust measure of ecological distance: A theoretical model and computer simulations. Vegetatio 69: 57-68.

Floyd, AG. (1980). Rainforests west of the Timbarra River. Unpublished file report, Forestry Commission ofNew South Wales. .

Floyd, AG. (1990). Australian Rainforests in New South Wales. Volume 2. Surrey Beatty and Sons Pty Ltd. Sydney. 180 pp.

Forestry Commission of New South Wales (1983). Management Plan for Tenterfield Management Area. For. Comm. N.S.W. 133 pp.

Forestry Commission ofNew South Wales (1989). Forest Types in New South Wales. For. Comm. N.S. W. Research Note No. 17. 95 pp.

Gill, AM. and Bradstock, R.A (1992). A national register for the fire responses of plant species. Cunninghamia 2: 653-660.

Green, P.E., Cannone, Jf., FJ., Smith, S.M. (1989). Multidimensional Scaling: Concepts and Applications. Allyn and Bacon. 407 pp.

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 . NORTHERN REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES 49 Hager, Te. and Benson, J.S. (1994). Review ofthe conservation status of forest plant communities in north-eastern New South Wales. Final Report to the Australian Heritage Commission. 86 pp.

Harden, G.J. (00.) (1990). Flora ofNew South Wales. Volume 1. New South Wales University Press. Sydney. 717 pp.

Harden, G.J. (00.) (1991). Flora ofNew South Wales. Volume 2. New South Wales University Press. Sydney. 574 pp.

Harden, G.J. (ed.) (1992). Flora ofNew South Wales. Volume 3. New South Wales University Press. Sydney. 601 pp.

Harden, G.J. (ed.) (1993). Flora ofNew South Wales. Volume 4. New South Wales University Press. Sydney. 775 pp.

Moore,-D.M: and Floyd, A.G. (1994). A description ofthe flora and an assessment of impacts of the proposed forestry operations in the Grafton Forest Management Area. Austeco and State Forests ofNew South Wales. 79 pp.

Hill, K. (1991) Eucalyptus. In Flora of New South Wales. Volume 1. G. Harden (ed.) pp. 76-142. New South Wales University Press. 574 pp.

Johnson, L.A.S. and Hill, K. (1990) New taxa and combinations in Eucalyptus and Angophora (Myrtaceae). Telopea 4: 37-108.

Stanley, TD. and Ross, E.M. (1983). Flora of South-eastern Queensland. Vol. 1. Qld. Dept. Primary Industries, Brisbane. 545 pp.

Stanley, TD. and Ross, E.M. (1986). Flora of South-eastern Queensland. Vol. 2. Qld. Dept. Primary Industries, Brisbane. 545 pp.

Stanley, TD. and Ross, E.M. (1989). Flora of South-eastern Queensland. Vol. 3. Qld. Dept. Primary Industries, Brisbane. 532 pp. ter Braak, C.J.F. (1986). Canonical correspondence analysis: a new eigenvector technique for multivariate direct gradient analysis. Ecology 67: 1167-1179. ter Braak, C.J.F. (1987). The analysis of vegetation-environment relationships by canonical correspondence analysis. Vegetatio 69: 69-77.

FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 50 NORTHERN REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 APPENDIX 1

OCCURRENCE OF VASCULAR PLANT SPECIES BYBROAD FLORISTIC GROUP AND LOGGING CATEGORY

Species are listed alphabetically by family within classes, and nomenclature follows the National Herbarium ofNew South Wales. Frequency ofoccurrence is shown for each species, as a percentage of the total number ofplots in each broad floristic group (indicated beneath the heading). There is an overall total of 89 plots. Floristic groups are derived from classification ofall species as indicated below and described in the text.

species not recorded in that group. + species recorded in that group but not in a survey plot • naturalized species H specimen from TMA retained at State Forests herbarium, Research Division, West Pennant Hills C specimen from TMA in State Forests herbarium, Northern Research, Coffs Harbour

Broad F10nstic Group: (refer to text) RF=Rainforest (fENov 1-3/TENf19-20) WS=Escarpment Wet Sclerophyll Forest (fENov 4•.5.8/ f 16-18.20) MT=Mcsic Tablelands Forest (fENf1-2) GF=Grassy Forest (fENfJ-7) TH=Tablelands Heath Forest (fENf8-12) DS=Dry Sbrubland (fENf13-1.5) WH=Wet Heath, Sedgeland (fENf21-24)

Logging category: Ll=logged 10yr Ul=unlogged,loggable U2=unlogged,unloggable (steep. non-commercial or non-forest)

State Forests are listed as: B=Billi1imbra, D=Donnybrook, F=Forest Land, G=Girard, I=Gilgurry. J=Jenner. K=Bookookoonra, L=Little Spirabo. M=Malara, N=Boonoo. R=BoorooIc, S=Spirabo.

Broad floristic group Logging category Tot. RFWSMT GF m DSWH L1 I.J Ul U2 State 1req. 9 7 25 21 12 4 5 7 9 42 31 Forests

Class FlLlCOPSIDA ADIANTACEAE Adiantlmt ae/mop/cum 10 22 41 4 15 22 10 13 DFGIKR Adiantumjormoswn 7 22 71 14 11 5 10 Gll

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOlITH WALES FLORA SURVEY. TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 NORTHERN REGION. NEW SOlITH WALES 51 Broad florlstkgroup Logging ~ategol'Y Tot. RF WS MT GF TB DSWH Lt 1.1 Ul 111 State freq. 9 7 25 27 12 4 5 7 9 42 31 Forest.

Ifixxlia coudata Vat. C

FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, STATE FORESTS OF NEW SmITH WALES 52 NORTHERN REGION, NEW SmITH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 Broad Oorbtic &roup LoulDg category Tot. RF WS MT GF TH DSWH L1 L2 Ut U2 State freq. 9 7 2S 27 12 4 S 7 9 42 31 Forests

SINOPTERIDACEAE Chei/anthu disttms H 4 7 8 25 13 DIR Chei/antJres sieberi subsp. siebm 11 33 . 50 . 22 10 16 Gll,MR Pellaeafa/cola vac. fa/ca/a 5 11 43 4 14 11 2 6 GKNR Pellaeafa/eata vac. nana "5 33 29 16 GKLMR

Class CYCADOPSIDA ZAMlACEAE Macrozamiq pauli-guilielmi subsp. plurltrervio 8 2 D

Class CONIFEROPSIDA ARAUCARIACEAE ATflJlcaria amnmghamii 1 11 3 0 CUPRESSAC:EAE Cal/itn's mdlicherl + + + D

Class MAGNOUOPSIDA •MAGNOLDDAE ACANTIIACEAE Bnlnoniella Qustralis H 14 14 48 44 14 13 GINR Pseuaeranthemu", variabile 9 11 43 4 15 14 22 7 10 GKNR ALANGIACEAE Alangium villosum subsp. polyosmoides 4 33 14 14 10 FOIK AMARANTHACEAE Deeringia amarantJroides 1 11 3 K Deeringia arborescen.J H 1 11 3 0 Ny.f.J4nthes difJUsa 1 11 3 K ANACARDIACEAE Euroschinusla/cota var. fa/calq 5 71 14 11 5 3 GKR ANNONACEAE Rauwenhoffia leichhardtii H 2 22 6 GI APJACEAE ActinotusheliMthi H + + + + R Cmtella asiaticD 5 4 7 4() 5 10 FOJR Daucus glochidiotus 1 11 3 K Hydrocotyte geraniifoiia 2 4 25 2 3 FL Hydrocotyle laxifolia 23 14 60 26 71 56 31 BFODKMRS Hydrocoty/e pedicello,JQ + F HyJrocotylepeduncularls 3 14 40 11 6 OJR Hydrocotyle tripartita 2 14 4 14 3 0 Platysace ericoides 8 IS 33 14 11 12 3 DGKMN Trachymme mcisa subsp. mew H 15 33 17 100 14 11 10 29 DGULMNR APOCYNACEAE Alstonia constricta H + + + 0 Alyxia ruscifolia 1 25 3 FL Panonsia brownii H 4 22 4 25 11 10 FL ParSOlfSia fulva H I 11 3 G Parsonsia induplicata HI 11 3 FKL Par.sonsia Ianceolata H I 8 3 D Parsonsia straminea 10 33 51 8 4 14 11 10 13 GKMN Parsonsia velutina 4 22 29 14 10 IKR Parsonsia species C 1 11 3 G Tabemaemontana pandacaqu; 2 29 5 G

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY. TENTEIlFlELD MANAGEMENT AREA, FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 NORTHERN REGION, NEW SOtrrn WALES S3 Broad Doristic group Logging Cltegory Tot RF WS MT GF TB DSWH L1 UUl U2 State freq. 9 7 25 27 12 4 S 7 9 42 31 ForestJ

ARALIACEAE. ~phalaralia etphalobotrys 8 22 14 16 4 14 10 10 FGLMNS Pdyscias eJ~ans 7 12 57 4 29 11 S 6 GIK P~I(U ;,a'!tlbuc/foJia 21 64 11 8 25 71 11 29 10 BDFGKLNRS ASCLEMADACEAE y,mneIM pleiadenium 1 11 3 G Hdy(t tnWrIili.1 subsp. aJlStrolis 1 4 3 I ManaeniIJ jtavescem 5 22 43 14 11 2 6 GIK MDr:stkniIr t'O.1oota 4 44 13 FGI Jyl()p/w.ra panieulata H 11 11 29 16 15 29 22 11 6 BGIKNRS .As'rERACEAE ~umixta 1 4 2 K "BUlm.Jl'llosa 6 22 7 10 Gl B~microcarpa H 11 g 33 29 33 11 3 FOUKNR ..B~ scapl'gero H 3 4 40 . 10 FGJ Bro.chycome stuarlii H 3 4 25 20 11 6 LMR ·Bmchycom, tenuiscapa vat. prtbescens H + + + B Bractet:miha bracteatltm 5 12 4 8 11 10 DFKLMN 1Jrocuantha sp. afT. braeteatum H 1 20 3 J Ca/<>ti;r dmte.x H 2 17 6 DJ CasJinia lJI4inquefaria H 4 4 25 14 1 6 DJ QwinJq/OHgift>l1a C + F Ca.ssinia~eS C H 1 25 3 L CentiJHfd4 minima 1 20 3 F ,. Cmira~rum J1Il1Ictatum subsp. australianum H 3 11 11 2 3 GI Chrysocephalum apicuJatum 3 7 20 2 6 Ou Cltrywcephalum sp. nov. aft'. ambip.um H + + + B ,. CJniWlt wlgarr 12- 14 20 19 8 71 33 7 3 DFGIKS ·C~albida 14 29 28 15 20 71 2Z 10 10 FGlKMNRS

.CNJ]N1diaWlrlabJIts H 6 A 12 4 40 10 6 FJ -:eTet:htites wzlerianijoJia 3 11 1 6 I Glou~ tamtens;.f 1 4 2 GI • Gnaplralium ca1viceps 1 4 14 K • GtlDphDlitim c()(p'Ctatum 1 4 14 G .. GrJQphalnmt gymnocephalum 10 20 15 20 57 12 7 3 FDKMRS GMphafl"UI7I inl'Oilicratum 2- 17 2 3 D Helicnrystlm elatum 7 . 20 8 25 12 6 DFlN Htlic1frysum scorpioidu 14 24 15 25 20 29 11 24 3 BDFGJKLN - Hypochoeris radicata 31 . 14 64 37 17 40 100 44 38 13 DFGlJKMNRS lAgen.iftra stipitata 41 14 60 78 33 71 78 60 13 BDFGDKLMNRS Microuris JanceoJata H 1 20 3 J Oltanacmte.fcens H + + + D Olearia covenyi H 2 g S NS Olearla tlliptfca 1 8 3 D OlewiaDpposil1folia 2 8 5 FL OltoJ1'a 1r1mOofissima H + + + D Olearia rosmarinifolia H + + + D Ozotha'PUft/S bidwillii 1 11 3 K Ozothamnus diosmifo1ius 2 4 4 29 FJ OztJthamm/$ <>bovotus 1 4 3 G Ozothamnu.J rujescens 1 4 2 S Picri$ angustijolla g 20 11 14 2Z 12 FGNS Podolepis neglecta H 6 12 11 14 OKNRS Rhodanthtl anthemoides H 1 20 3 J Senecio amygdalifolius 3 12 11 5. FNS

FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 54 NORTHERN REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 Broad Ooristlc group LouiDg category Tot. RF WS MT GF TH DSWB Lt U ut ID St.te freq. 9 7 25 27 12 4 5 7 9 42 31 Forats

Senecio bipinnatisectus H 3 14 + 17 14 6 DK Senecio biserratu.$ 3 12 14 11 2 FS Senecio diaschide~ 6 22 + 44 5 GI Senecio lautu.$ subsp, lanceolatus 1 4 2 F Senecio species E H 29 76 30 17 71 22 52 BDFOJKLNRS • Sigesbeckia'orientalis H 24 11 71 20 48 43 n 24 13 FGIICNRS • Sonchus olemceus I 4 3 I Vernonia cinerea vac. cinerea H 17 14 20 70 17 43 67 33 13 DFGDKMNR Vernonia cinerea vac, lanata 1 4 II G Vittadinia Jissecta vac. dissecta 1 4 3 I VittDdiniahispiJuta vac. hispidulaH + + + B Vittadlniatenltifo/io + + + D Wedelia 3piltmlnoides H 2 7 5 or Youngia japonica 1 4 2 F ATHEROSPERMATACEAE Doryphora mssafras 7 67 14 23 FGLM BAUERACEAE Bauera rubioUlu 20 3 R BIGNONIACEAE • Mocfadyerra unguis-cati H + + G Pandorea pandorana 11 56 51 4 4 14 22 5 19 FGKLM BORAGINACEAE Austroe)moglossum latifoUum 1 14 14 FK Cynoglossum austmle 2 . 17 6 D Ehretia acuminata 2 11 14 14 3 FK BRASSlCACEAE Carrfamine pauciiuga 1 11 3 K CAMPANULACEAE Wahlenbergia luteola 5 16 4 11 FNR Wah/enbergia stricta H 8 16 IS 14 14 3 FGIJKLR CAPRIFOLlACEAE Sambucus Qustmlasica H 14 14 LK Sambucus gaudichaudiana 11 3 K CARYOPHYLLACEAE Stellan'a j1(lcci(/a 14 2 . G CASUARINACEAE AlJocasuarlna littoralis 17 12 37 17 25 20 29 11 2.6 10 DFGJK.MNR Allocosuarllta torulO.fQ 13 14 4 41 . 56 11 3 GIR CELASTRACEAE Canine austratis 1 14 14 K CelaslnLf austmlis 1 11 3 FG Celastrus sub~picatus 8 33 51 4 29 11 2 13 GIKR Denhamia celastroides 10 33 57 12 29 5 19 FGKLMNRS Maytenus bilocularis 2 4 8 11 3 DG Maytenus silvestris 31 43 56 37 15 25 43 n 43 10 BDFGIKLNRS CHENOPODIACEAE Chenopodium pumilio H 2 4 4 2 3 IR Einadia trigono.J subsp, tn'gonos H + + + D cm.oANTHACEAE Chloanthu parviflora + + + LR CLUSIACEAE Hypericum gramineuln 19 16 48 8 20 57 33 21 10 DFGJKMRS Hypericum japonicum 10 20 7 60 29 II 10 to BFGINRS CONVOLVULACEAE Convolvulus erubescens 1 4 2 G Dichondra repens 26 11 57 32 37 17 20 43 56 31 16 DFGIKRS Ipomoea plebeia H + + + G

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SmITH WALES FLORA SURVEY. TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA. FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 NORTIiERN REGION. NEW SOUTH WALES 55 Broad l10ristkgroup Logging category Tot RPWS MT GF TH DSWH Lt 12 Ut ID Sbte .. freq. 9 7 2S 1.7 t2 4 5 1 9 42 31 Forest.

CRASSUlACEAE CrruMo steberiQlla 4 4 4 g 25 2 10 Dn. CUC'tJRBlTACEAE Sie,o.r cnutralis 2 11 14 14 3 K ZltJtMria-cunnlnghamfi 9 31 57 7 14 22 7 10 GIK. CUNONlACEAE Aphtmqpiltalum rulnosum 1 n 3 KL Ca1dctllVio paniCll{osa 6 44 14 4 14 · 16 FGM Ca/licoma ,umltlfll/ia 4 14 12 7 3 FGLM Qn:rtopelalum apetalum 4 ~~ 4 .2 10 FON Schizomeria ovata 9 56 14 12 14 n 2 19 FGM »ILJ:..EN1AC£AE Hihbe~ tJeicuwris M + N Hibbmia&pertI 13 14 40 4 8 43 n 21 BFOLNS HibbmUJ df!1'ftat4 5 . 20 14 n 7 BFGLS Hibbeifta hermanniifolia + + + L Hibbertia obtusifolia 15 8 30 42 14 Il 29 3 t>roJKLMNR Hibbertia n'pano 2 4 8 6 G H;b~rtiiJ scanderu 31 71 80 19 . 25 71 44 48 6 BFGKLMNRS Hibberlta aricea H 1 25 3 R DROSERACEAE [ho,uN mmculata H 5 11 25 20 11 5 6 FGMR 'DrosurzbiMIa C 2 40 6 NR. , Droserapeltata C + + + N Drr;uera spatlllata 3 4 40 10 GJN EBENACEAE "' .. DicMpyt'W ausJralis 13 56100 4 29 11 5 26 FGIKMR Diospytm pentammJ 4 44 13 GI ELA:EOCARPACEAE ArisloteJia austra/asica 2 22 6 Ft Elatlocarpu.$ oboWltus. :l 22 14 10 .IKR El4eocarpus reticulatus 14 14 24 IS 25 43 11 19 6 FOKLMNR SIOt»t«t·woollsti 3 33 · 10 FG . 'EPAClUDACEA! Acl'()friclae aggregaia H 12 8 22 25 20 14 11 19 6 BGKMNR B~dapJutoide$ 2 8 25 6 00 Epocris microphyJla C 3 4 40 10 GNR Epacrl.t obtusifol10 2 40 · 6 NR. 1Rcopogonjuniperimls 1 4 2 . G Levcopogon /anceollliJLs 37 . 76 41 50 25 71 56 57 10 BDFGOKLMNRS UwcopogM me/aleucoides 2 8 25 6 G Lncopogon microphyllus 1 25 3 R Lncopogon lletHmglicus 4 75 20 13 GR Me1ich1'fl$ PTOCJJmbens. 8 19 25 12 10 FGLMN Melichrru wceolatus g 7 33 50 14 7 13 DOKR Mbnotoca scoparia 13 19 67 21 13 DFGLN trocltOCtJ1pa laurimi 25 . 86 48 26 57 44 33 10 BFGKMNRS ESCALLONIACEAE Anoplerus macleayanus 2 11 14 6 GM Polyo;rma camninghamti 6 56 14 19 FGM QMi111inia sieberi 3 33 10 FOL QMintinia l'erdonii 1 n 3 G EUPHORBIACEAE Amperea xiphoctQt/a 10 19 42 14 11 14 6 GKMN Baloghia inophylla 4 44- 13 GIK BertytJ ~m";nghamii H + + + D Brtynia oblOhgifobo 11 43 12 19 14 33 12 6 GIR ClaQX)lJon au.rtrale 7 22 71 14 2 16 GlKMR

FLORA SURVEY. TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOlTfH WALES 56 NORTHERN REGION, NEW SOlTfH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 Broad floristic group Logging category Tot. RF WS MT GF TU DSWH L1 U Ul U2 State freq. 9 7 25 27 12 4 5 7 9 42 31 Forests

Cleistanthus cunninghamii 1 11 3 G Croton verreauxii + G Drypetes austra/a.sica I 11 3 G Glochidion /erdinandi 2 14 4 11 3 G Mallotus philippensis 1 11 3 G Omalanthus populifo/ius 2 29 2 3 GR Phyl/anlhus gunnii H 2 14 4 11 3 G Plry/lanthus simi/ts 3 11 8 11 2 3 FKR Phy/lanthus virgatus H 4 15 7 3 GIR Porantheramicrophylla 22 28 41 33 29 33 33 10 DFGKLMNRS EUPOMATIACEAE Eupomatia Iaurina 6 71 4 14 11 2 10 GKMNR FABACEAE-CAESALPINIOIDEAE • Chamaecrista mimosoides 3 11 5 3 G • Senna xfloribunda I 4 2 G FABACEAE-FABOIDEAE Aotus subglauca vat. subglauca H 3 II 2 6 FGN Austrosteenisla blackii I 11 3 G BO.Jsiaea buxi/olia I 8 3 D Bossiaea neo-anglica 4 4 7 8 5 6 FMN' Bossiaea obcordata H 2 4 4 2 3 FN BO.Jsiaea prostrata I 4 2 G BO.Jsiaea scortechinii H 2 7 2 3 FG Crotalaria montana H 5 19 5 10 GI Daviesia e/liptica H 2 7 2 3 JNR Daviesia genistifolia I 8 3 D Daviesia lati/olia 4 33 10 DL Daviesia nova-anglica H 4 7 8 20 2 10 GMN' Daviesia ulicifolia 1 4 2 G Derris invo/uta 2 11 14 14 3 II< Desmodium hrachypodum 13 4 44 56 17 3 GIR Desmodium gangeticum H 1 4 3 G Desmodium rhytidophyllum 17 4 59 14 56 19 10 GIKN Desmodium ?uncinatum H I 4 3 G Desmodium varians 44 29 88 70 8 86 67 67 13 BDFGtJKI..MNRS Dillwynla phylicoldes 6 1l 25 11 2 13 GMN' Dil/wynia sieberi H 2 8 20 6 DR Glycine clandestina H 41 29 92 41 42 100 33 67 10 BDFGIJKLMNRS Glycine cyrtoloba H I 4 3 I Glycine tabacina H 14 14 48 56 17 6 GIR G/ycim tomentella H 1 4 3 G Gomph%bium /atifolium I 8 3 M Goodia lotifolia 2 8 5 as Hardenbergia vio/acea 30 40 56 42 43 67 48 3 BDFGIll

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOlTfH WALES FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFlELD MANAGEMENT AREA, FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 ORTHERN REGION, NEW SOlTfH WALES 57 Broad tloristlc group Logging category Tot. RF WS MT GF m DSWH Lt L2 Ut ID State rreq. 9 7 25 27 12 4 5 7 9 42 31 Forests

Prdtenaea flexilis H + + + F Pultenaea polifolia C + + + N pulJenaeapycnocephala 1 20 3 N Pu/tenaea retusa C 2 4 20 2 3 LNR Prdtmaea vil/osa 2 8 20 6 GR Swainsona brochycarpo H 1 4 2 F Swainsona galegifolia H 7 8 19 22 12 GlNR Tephrosia jilipes H 1 4 3 I • Trifolium repens 1 20 3 R Zomia djctiocarpo 4 15 7 3 GIR. FABACEAE·MIMOSOIDEAE Acaciabetchei C + FR Acqcia binervata 3 14 4 4 14 .22 G Acacia brawnii H 1 4 3 G Acacia cheelii H 2 17 6 D AcaciaconC14rrens 1 4 2 G Acacia diphylla H 1 4 2 G Acaciafalcifonnis 17 44 11 25 29 33 26 3 BFGKMNRS Acaciafimbriato H 3 25 2 6 D Acaciafloribunda H 7 14 8 4 17 20 10 10 DFGNR Acaciafloydii 1 8 3 G Acacia implexa C 1 4 11 FILS Acaciairrorato 21 57 36 19 17 20 57 33 31 3 BDFGDKNR Acaciamaident; H 17 11 43 16 33 14 56 21 6 FGIKR Acacia melanoxylon 12 29 16 19 25 14 19 10 FGKLMNRS Acacia myrlifolia 1 8 2 N Acacia neriifolia H 2 17 6 D Acacia obtusifolia 5 8 17 25 7 6 FGL Acacia stricto C + F Acacia suaveolens 1 25 3 G Acacia ulicifolia 8 4 4 33 25 20 11 10 10 OOLMNR Acacia venulosa 3 75 10 OR 'Pararchidendron pruinosum 2 22 6 GI FLA,COURTIACEAE fJerberidopsi! beckleri 3 22 14 10 FM Scolopia braunii 1 11 3 I GERANlACEAE GerQ1lium homeanum H 4 14 4 4 20 29 2 3 GKR Geronium neglectum 1 20 3 J Geranium poJentilloides 23 11 64 19 8 43 56 33 3 BDFGIKLNS Geranium solanden' VBl, solanderi H 4 16 10 KNR Geranium spp, 5 29 8 4 14 11 5 3 FGlR Pelargonium australe 1 8 3 D PefargoniJlm tnodonmr H 1 4 3 I GESNERIACEAE rnldia austrolis 1 11 3 FL GOODENIACEAE .Dampiem pUYpurea H 1 8 3 D Damp/era stne/a 5 4 25 25 5 ]0 GLM Goodenia bellidifolia H 16 30 42 25 40 14 11 17 23 DFGKLMNR Goodenta glabra H 1 4 3 I Goodenia hederacea subsp, hederacea H 10 4 19 33 11 14 ]0 DFGlN Goodenia rotundifolia H 4 33 5 6 D Scaevola albida 2 Jl 4 2 3 BK Velleia ?parvisepta, H I 25 3 G

FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 58 ORTHERN REGION, NEW SOlJfH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO 30 Broad noristic group Logging category Tot. RF WS MT GF TH DSWH Lt U Ut U2 State freq. 9 7 25 27 12 4 5 7 9 42 31 Forests

HALORAGACEAE Gonocarpus humilis 15 48 7 8 14 33 26 FGKLMRS Gonocarpus micranthus subsp.micnanthus 7 4 25 100 2 i9 FJNR Gonocarpus tetragynus H2O 4 56 17 40 29 11 31 13 DFGJKMN Gonocarpus teucrioides 21 44 19 25 25 20 43 11 31 13 BDFGLMNRS HaJoragis heterophylla 5 7 8 40 29 10 DJKR Myriophyl/um crispatum 1 20 3 R ICACINACEAE Citronella moore.i 4 33 14 13 FGIM Pennanlia cunhinghamii 4 33 14 13 GM LAMIACEAE Ajuga austra}is 2 7 . 22 I Mentha diemenica 6 16 7 14 22 7 FGRS Plectranthus graveolens 3 14 4 25 2 6 NR Plectrantnus parviflorus 20 11 57 28 22 8 2S 29 44 21 16 DFGIKLR Plectnanthus suaveolens H I 4 11 GKM Prostanthera species B H 1 20 3 FNR Prostanthera hivea Vat. nivea + + + D Prunella vulgaris 2 4 10 2 3 FR Seutel/aria humilis 2 11 4 . 11 3 GK Teucrium corymbosum H 1 14 14 K Westringia glabra 1 8 3 D LAURACEAE Beilschmiedia elliptica I 11 3 G Ca.ssytha glabella 4 17 25 20 2 10 GNR Cinnamomum oliveri + + F Cinnamomum virens 6 33 14 8 14 I1 13 FGM Cryptocarya erythraxylon 2 11 14 2 3 G Cryptocarya foveolata 4 44 13 FGL Cryptocarya glaucescens + + G Cryptocarya micrOneura 5 71 14 11 5 3 GKR Cryptocarya obovata 6 44 29 11 2 13 FGI Cryptocarya rigida 1 4 2 B Endiandra muelleri subsp. muelleri 1 11 3 GI Endiandra sieberi 2 11 14 6 FGM Litsearelicutata 4 33 4 2 10 FG Neolitsea australiensis 5 33 29 14 2 10 GIK Neolitsea dealbata 8 33 57 4 14 22 5 10 FGIK LENTIBULARlACEAE Utricularia dicbotoma H 20 3 J LINACEAE Unum marginale H 8 3 DK LOBELIACEAE Isotoma anethifolia H + + + R Isotoma axillaris + + + DL Isotomafluvialilis subsp. borealis H 1 20 3 R Lobelia gibbosa 1 4 2 N Lobelia gracilis 1 25 3 R Lobelia trigonocaulis 3 12 14 5 FGL Pratia purpurascens 52 11 43 76 81 50 20 86 89 71 26 BDFGIJKLMNRS LOGANIACEAE Logania albiflora 1 14 3 G Logania pusilla 1 4 2 G

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 NORTHERN REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES 59 Broad lloristic group Logging category Tot RF WS MT GF TH DSWH Lt 1.2 U1 ID State freq. 9 7 25 27 12 4 5 7 9 42 31 Forests

LORANTBACEAE Amyema congener subsp. congener 1 4 2 K Amyema pendulum subsp. pendulum 3 12 14 5 GNS Dendrophthoe vitellina 1 4 2 K ~llen'na ce1astroides 3 11 22 2 GI MuellerifUI eucalyptoides 1 4 2 R M'.ALVAcEAE Hibiscussplendens M + G • SiJa rhombifolia H 1 4 2 R Sidq, ~#bspjeata .:. H 2 7 2 3 G .: :;,'.:. MELlACEAE Dysoxylumfraserianum 9 33 71 4 14 22 S 13 FGlIecies C (aff. diosmifolia) 5 4 80 2 13 FJNR Bae.ckea virgata H 2 14 4 2 3 G CaJ1istemon citrinus "2 4 20 6 GR Callistemon aff. montanus H 2 50 6 GR Cal/istemon pityoides 2 40 6 FT Callistemon sa/ignus 1 14 11 G Calytrix tetragona 3 50 20 10 R

FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIElD MANAGEMENT AREA, STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOtJrH WALES 60 NORTHERN REGION, NEW SOtJrH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 Broad noristic group Logging category Tot RF WS MT GF TH DSWH Lt U Ul U2 State ffeCl' 9 7 25 27 12 4 S 7 9 42 31 Forests

Eucalyptus acaciiformi! 3 11 2 6 FGN Eucalyptus acmenoides 1 14 11 G Eucalyptu! amplifoliD subsp. sessilijIora 1 4 2 G Eucalyptus andrewsii 3 25 7 D Eucalyptus banksii 2 17 6 D Eucalyptus biturbinata 1 4 2 R Eucalyptus bridgesiana 3 4 17 14 2 3 DJ Eucalyptus bnmnea 25 14 64 19 17 20 86 22 38 3 BDFOJKLNRS Eucalyptus caleyi subsp. caleyi H + + + L Eucalyptus ca/ig;nosa 5 7 25 10 3 DFK Eucalyptus cameronii 11 24 11 17 29 11 19 FGLMNS Evcalyptus campanulata 37 14 88 30 42 20 86 33 60 la BFOJKLMNRS Eucalyptus camea H 9 33 44 7 6 GI Eucalyptus crebra 2 7 6 I Eucalyptus Jalrympleana subsp. heptantha C 1 4 2 F Eucalyptus dorrigoensis 1 4 2 R Eucalyptus dunnii + + + + IR Eucalyptus eugenioides 15 29 16 33 14 22 24 6 GIR Eucalyptusfastigata + + F Eucalyptusfibrosa 2 7 5 G Eucalyptusfusiformis + G Eucalyptus gummifera 1 8 2 GM Eucalyptus intermedia 10 . 14 4 30 33 12 la GIR Eucalyptus laevopinea 8 14 28 57 la FKLS Eucalyptus maculata 6 14 19 22 7 3 GI Eucalyptus melanophloia 1 4 3 G Eucalyptus melliodora 4 33 5 6 D Eucalyptus microcorys 12 29 4 33 14 56 14 GIN Eucalyptus moluccana 1 4 2 G Eucalyptus nicholii 1 8 3 D Eucalyptus nobilfs H 3 12 11 5 F Eucalyptus notabilis H 1 25 3 BR Eucalyptus nova-anglica 1 20 3 J Eucalyptus obliqua 16 64 43 22 26 BFLNS Eucalyptus oUda 2 17 2 3 GM Eucalyptus onades H 1 8 3 FGM Eucalyptus ]XJ14cijIora 1 20 3 J Eucalyptus pilularis 1 4 2 G Eucalyptus prava H 2 17 6 D Eucalyptus propinqua 7 26 44 7 GI Eucalyptus radiata subsp. sejuncta 5 15 8 14 7 3 FJN Eucalyptus resinifera 2 29 11 3 G Eucalyptus saligna 10 43 16 11 14 22 14 3 FGIMR Eucalyptus scias subsp. apoda H 4 11 25 11 5 3 GKMN Eucalyptus scoparia 1 8 3 D Eucalyptus siderophloia C 3 11 33 GI Eucalyptus sideroxylon + + + D Eucalyptus subtilior H 7 4 50 7 13 DFGN Eucalyptus tereticomis 2 7 2 3 G Eucalyptus tetrapleura + G Eucalyptus tindaliae H 1 4 2 GI Eucalyptus wil/iamsiana H 2 17 5 OOMN Kunzea bracteolata H 1 25 3 GLS Kunzea ericoides H 1 25 3 L Kunzea obovata H 1 . 25 3 R Kunzea opposita H + + + L

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFlELD MANAGEMENT AREA, FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 NORTHERN REGION, NEW SOlITH WALES 61 Broad floristk group Logging category Tot RF WS MT GF TB DSWH L1 U Ut U2 State freq. 9 7 25 27 12 4 5 7 9 42 31 Forests

uptospermum arachnoides 5 7 60 2 13 FGJN uptospermum ~arium C 3 4 40 2 6 FJ .Leptospermum microcarpum H 2 50 6 DILR LeptospeTmllm minutifolium H 3 4 8 20 11 6 DFM uptospermum novae-angliae H 4 100 13 o.LR Leptospermum petersonii H 2 14 8 6 DG .Leptospermumpolygalifolium sub!lp. montanum H 5 14 4 8 25 20 11 13 OOLMR uptospermum trinervillm 7 4 33 25 20 7 13 o.MNR Lophostemon confertus 15 100 8 22 14 44 14 13 o.IKMNR Mela/euca altemifolia H 1 4 2 G Melaleuca Jecora H + + + 0 Micl"QI'ffYrlUs sessilis H 1 25 3 R Rhodamnia rubescens 5 11 43 4 14 22 6 FGKM Syzygium (lustrole 7 33 57 11 2 16 Fo.IR Syzygium crebn'nerve H 2 22 6 0 NYCTAGINACEAE Boerltavia dominii H 4 3 OLEACEAE NotelJua linearis H 2 4 8 2 3 DF Noielaea longifolia 4 14 4 4 8 5 6 GIN Notelaea microcarpa vac. mierocarpa H 2 4 8 2 3 DG NotelJua microcarpa var. vellltinella H + + + D Notelaea ovata H 1 4 3 NR Notelaea venosa 8 22 14 16 25 14 11 5 13 FGLMNS Olea paniculata 1 11 3 1 ONAGlUCEAE Epilobium billardieranum Sllbsp. hydrophilum H 2 40 6 JR Epilobium billardierianum subsp. cinereum 1 4 11 F Epilobium hirtigerum H 1 20 3 J OXALIDACEAE Oxalis chnoodes H 14 11 14 8 33 8 29 67 9 6 DFGIJKR Oxalis rruJicosa H 1 14 14 K PASSIFLORACEAE • Passiflora edulis 2 11 14 2 3 OK PEPEROMIACEAE Peperomia leptostachya 3 22 4 10 OIK Pepuomia tetrophylla 3 11 29 . 10 o.KMR PBYTOLACCACEAE ,. Phytolaccaoctandra 2 14 4 29 o.K PIPERACEAE Piper novae-hollandiae 3 33 10 GI PlTIOSPORACEAE BillQrtJ,'era procumbens 2 7 2 3 FG Billardiera scandens 33 . 52 44 58 25 57 33 52 13 BDFOUKLMNS Bllrsar1a longisepala vac. longisepala H + + + 0. Citriobatus pauciflorw 11 78 43 4 29 11 . 26 FGIKM Hymenosporum flavum 2 11 14 6 o.K Pittosporum ~olutum 8 11 43 12 4 14 33 5 6 FGKRS Piltosporum undulatum 6 29 8 7 10 6 GKNR PLANTACINACEAE Plantago debilis 15 29 24 19 17 29 67 14 3 DFGlKRS

FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIELD MANAGEME T AREA, STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 62 ORTHERN REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO, 30 Broad florhtic group Logeing category Tot. RF WS MT GF 111 DS WH Lt L2 Ul U2 State freq. 9 7 25 27 12 4 5 7 9 42 31 Forests POLYGALACEAE Comuperma de[oliatum H I 20 3 N Comesperma en'cinum 5 11 17 5 to ON Comesperma sphaerocarpwn H 2 7 6 GN Polygalajaponica 6 8 15 22 IO GINR • Polygala paniculata H 2 7 5 0 POLYGONACEAE Muehlen~clda gracillima H I 14 14 K Muehlenbeckia rhyticarya I 8 3 D Persican'a hydropiper + + + 0 Persican'a strigosa H I 20 3 R Rume.x browni; I 11 3 K PROTEACEAE Banksia cunninghamii subsp. A C 7 42 40 10 IO OLMNR Banksia integn'folia 14 14 16 30 20 29 11 19 10 FOJI

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOtITH WALES FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIElD MANAGEMENT AREA, FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 NORTHERN REGION, NEW SOtITH WALES 63 Broad Oorlstic group Logging categoty Tot RF WS MT GF 111 DS WH Lt 1.2 Ut U2 State freq. 9 7 25 27 12 4 5 7 9 42 31 Forests

Galium ci/iore 7 24 4 11 14 FGS Galilim mjgT'Cl1U H 5 14 8 7 14 11 5 3 lKNR Ga/ium propinquum 7 28 Il 14 FLS Galitun spp. 6 14 8 25 14 11 7 3 DFGS Hodglcimonia ovatijIora H 1 11 3 G Ixora heckleri H 1 11 3 G MoriJrda jasminoidu 18 89 100 8 4 29 22 7 35 FGIKMNR Opercularia aspera 12 8 37 56 17 FGINR Opercularia diphyI/a H 3 11 14 5 GJ .Operrularia hispida 15 12 26 42 14 11 19 16 DFGIKMNR Pont4X wnbellala 12 26 42 14 11 14 13 ooKLMN Psycholrio daphnoides H 2 22 6 GK P$)'Chotria loniceroides C 13 44 71 12 4 29 22 10 16 FGIKNRS • RJChardia hruSiliensis H 2 7 6 GI Spermacoce bmchystema H 3 11 2 6 Gl RUTACEAE Acronychia oblongifolia 2 29 14 11 GK Acronychia pubescens 1 11 3 G Boronia algida I 8 3 G Boronia anemonijolia H 2 50 6 GL Borolfia mkrophyI/a H 2 4 8 2 3 ON Boronia po/ygalijolia H 5 7 8 40 2 13 DGJN Correa rrjIexa VaT. rejIexa 2 17 6 DF Erio.Jtemon myoporoides subsp. epilosus H 2 50 6 R Flindersia XQl/thoxy/a + + + 0 Melicope micrococca 1 14 14 K Phsbaliwn ambien.f + + + G PhebaIium squamulosum subsp. squamulosum H + + + R Sarcome/icope simp/icifo/ia 1 11 3 I Zieria arborescens H 1 25 3 L Ziena fraseri subsp. B H 1 8 3 D Zieria smithii 5 29 8 4 43 2 3 BFOK SANTALACEAE Choretrum candolJei H 3 25 5 3 GMN Exocarpos cupressijormis 3 7 8 14 2 3 DJN Exocarpus strictus I 4 2 N SAPINDACEAE Alectryon sub'cinl!reus 5 33 29 2 13 OIKR Diploglottis australis 6 44 29 11 2 13 GI Dodonaea hirsuta H 2 50 6 R Dodonaea megazyga + + + F Dodonaea triquetra 1 14 3 0 Dodonaea visco.sa vac. viscosa 3 7 8 11 6 001 E/attaJtachys xyfocorpa H 2 22 6 GI Guioo .semiglauca 3 22 14 2 6 GIK Harpullia pendula H 1 11 3 G Sarcopteryx stipata H 1 11 3 G SAPOTACEAE Planchonella australis 2 22 6 GI SCROPHULARIACEAE J)erwentia arcuata 1 4 2 F GmtJola peruviana 2 4 20 2 3 FR Gratiolapedunculata + + + D

FLORA SURVEY. TENTERFlELD MANAGEME T AREA. STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOlTfH WALES 64 NORTHERN REGIO , NEW SOlTfH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERlES NO. 30 Broad noristic: group Logging category Tot. RF WS MY GF m DSWH Lt L2 Ul ID State freq. 9 7 25 27 12 4 5 7 9 42 31 Forests

Veronica calycina 1 4 2 F Veronica plebeia 14 20 33 29 56 14 3 FGINRS Veronica species C 2 8 5 FL SOLANACEAE Nicoliana debneyi subsp. debneyi H + + + K Solanum aviculare 3 14 4 4 29 11 GK Solanum brownii 1 4 2 I Solanum densevestihlm 11 43 16 15 29 44 12 BGIKR Solanum elegans H 3 25 2 6 D Solanum opaeum 5 11 29 7 14 11 2 6 GIK Solanum prinophylIum 1 4 14 G Solanum punge.tium 3 29 4 29 11 GK Solanum semiannatum H 1 4 2 I Solanum sp. ail cinereum H 1 4 14 G Solanum stelligerum 4 11 11 7 3 GIK STACKHOUSIACEAE Srackhousia viminea H 8 22 17 29 10 6 DFGIKN STERCULIACEAE Brachychilon aeeri/o/ius 2 22 6 G Brachychiton discolor 1 11 3 K Braehychilon populneus 3 25 2 6 D Keralldrenia hilIii + + + GR STYLIDIACEAE Sry/idium debile var. panieulatum H 2 40 6 JR Sty/idium graminijo/ium 23 8 44 58 40 29 11 33 19 DFGIKLMNR Srylidium larici/olillm 1 8 3 GLM SURlANACEAE Guilfoyliamoo05rylis 2 22 6 Gl SYMPLOCACEAE Symplocos IJrwaitesii 14 14 K THYMELAEACEAE Pimelea eurviflora vat. gracilis H + + DK Pimelea linifolia subsp. linijolia 8 7 25 50 20 5 19 GIMNR Pimelea neo-anglica H 7 14 12 25 29 11 5 6 DFGK Wikstroemia indica H 2 29 2 3 GR TILIACEAE Grewia latifolia H 4 3 G TREMANDRACEAE Tetratheca IhymifoIia 3 4 8 25 11 6 GM TRIMENIACEAE Trimenia moorei 4 22 8 5 6 FLN ULMACEAE Aphananlhe phillippinensis 1 11 3 G Cellis panieulala 1 11 3 G Trema aspera 5 14 8 4 8 14 33 3 DFG URTICACEAE Dendrocnide ucelsa 3 33 10 GI Dendrocnide pholinophylla 1 11 3 G Parielaria debilis H 1 11 3 K Urtica incisa 1 14 14 K VERBENACEAE ClerodendTllm tomentosum 5 11 57 14 11 5 3 GIK GmeUna leichhardlii 1 14 2 G • IAntana camara 5 11 15 11 2 10 Gl • Verbena bonariensis 2 4 20 6 GR

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY. TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 NORTHERN REGION. NEW SOlITH WALES 65 Broad floristic group Logging category Tot RP WS MT GF m DSWH Lt L2 Ut U2 State freq. 9 7 25 27 12 4 S 7 9 42 31 Forests

VIOLACEAE HybantJuu monopeta/IU 11 19 42 25 14 17 10 FGJKLMNR HybanthlU stellarioides 14 14 4 44 44 14 13 GIR Viola beiomcijolia 38 68 63 25 20 71 78 52 13 BDFGDKMNRS Viola caleyana 2 4 20 2 3 FR Viokt hedemcea 31 11 57 88 15 71 44 48 6 BFGIKLMNRS V1TA.~ Ozymtia clematidea 8 11 29 4 15 22 10 6 GIR Coymtia eurynema 6 i2 57 14 11 5 6 GK CisSfU: antaretica 11 44 86 4 29 11 5 19 GIKR Cisnuhypoglauca 24 67 86 36 11 57 33 21 26 BFGlKMNS Ci;QfU opaca 1 4 3 I T~trtutigmti .niten.s 6 22 43 4 14 5 10 GIR WINTERACEAE Ta.mtmf/tia insipida 7 56 14 4 2 19 FGLMN ra.rmannia snpitata H 7 . 24 25 14 11 10 3 FLS

Class MAGNOUOPSIDA - LILIIDAE AN'DIERICACEAE ArtItropodium milleflorum H 15 . 14 32 19 8 14 56 17 6 DFGIKLMR Dichopogonfimbrlatus H 1 20 3 J Laxmmmia gracilis 4 75 20 13 GR TJrysanOUiS tuberasus H 15 8 37 25 14 11 26 6 DGKMNR Tricoryne e/anor H 5 . 15 8 7 6 DFNR ARAC'EAE Alocasiabrisbanenm 2 29 11 2 G Gymnostachys anceps C 11 57 24 4 14 22 12 10 FGKMRS Typhonium brown;; H 1 11 3 K AREC,ACEAE An:hOhlOpJwenix cunninghamiana 3 11 29 2 6 GIR Lm03padixmonostachya 8 56 29 4 14 2 19 FGIM ASTEUACEAE ConJyline petiolaris 10 44 57 8 29 11 2 19 FGIKMR Cordy/ine "p. atI stricto 1 11 3 G BLANDFORDJACEAE Btondfordia grandiflora 20 3 F CENTROLEPIDACEAE Corlro/episfasciculan's 1 20 3 R COLCHICACEAE 1phig~nia indica H 2 7 2 3 G COMMELINACEAE Aneilema Qcuminatum 3 43 5 3 G Aneilnnabiflorum 1 14 3 R CottmIelina cyanea 7 11 4 19 11 7 10 GIKR Mun/annia graminea H 2 4 20 2 3 GR P-O/lia cmpota 2 n 14 11 3 Gl CVPERACEAE BaumeamuJa H 1 20 3 F Bawnea pJanijolia H 1 20 3 R &U1W4spp. H 5 80 13 FJN BJA/bostylis densa H 4 7 25 20 11 2 6 GIMR. C4ra apPre$SQ 4 8 25 20 5 6 FLNR Cartx breviculmis 29 52 59 57 89 36 6 FGUKLMNRS Ca~brunnea H 1 11 3 K Caru aeclinata 5 11 43 4 29 5 3 GKS ~~gaudic/Jaudiana Z 40 6 1R Carex ilnitrsa 1 8 3 D Caru lobolepis l- 8 5 FL

FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOlITH WALES 66 NORTHERN REGION, NEW sourn WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 Broad floristic group Logging category Tot. RF WS MT GF TH DSWH Lt U ut U2 State freq. 9 7 25 27 12 4 5 7 9 42 31 Forests

Carex longebrachiata 5 29 8 4 14 11 5 3 FG Caustis flexuosa 1 4 3 G Cyperus cyperaides H 1 4 3 G Cyperus enervfs H 1 II 3 K Cyperus flaccidus H 1 11 3 K Cyperus/ulvus H 2 7 0 I Cyperus gracilis H 1 4 3 I Cyperus laevis H 9 4 30 33 10 6 GIR Cyperus leiocaulon H 1 4 3 I Cyperus :sphatroideus 2 40 6 JR Cyperus tetraphylIus. 4 II 43 5 6 GKR Eleocharis dietncniana H 1 20 3 R Eleochariilsphacelata 1 20 3 JR Fimbristylfs ciltnam011letorum H 1 4 2 G Fimbn'iltylis dichotoma 4 11 2(} 2 10 IR Fimbnstylis nutaJlS H 1 20 3 R Oahnia aspera 11 14 4 15 42 29 . 10 16 DGKN Gahnia melanocarpa 8 29 24 43 22 7 BFGKS Gahnia sieberiana 4 12 2S 7 3 FLN Gymnoschoenus. sphaerocephalus 1 20 3 N Lepidospenna elati14$ 1 25 3 G Lepidospenna laterale 41 43 56 48 67 50 20 43 56 57 29 BOFGIKLMNRS Lepidospenna lfmicola 4 4 6G 2 l() FJN Lepidospenna lineare 1 25 3 R Lepidospe.nna·1ortuosum 5 11 8 20 5 10 ON Lepidospenna viscidum 1 25 3 R Ptiloth,u deusta 3 4 8 20 10 DG:N RltynchosporabrawnU H 3 60 10 JR Scnoenus apogon H 4 4 60 14 10 JKR Schoenus melanostachys 5 4 7 25 20 11 2 10 GLMNR Schoenus vagr'natus H 1 25 3 R Scirptls polystachyus 1 20 3 R Scleria mackaviensis R 5 4 15 5 10 GIR Uncinia nemoralis + + + F DIOSCOREACEAE Dioscorea transver,1lX 10 33 86 4 14 11 7 16 GIKR HAEMODORACEAE Haemodorum planifolium 7 19 17 11 10 6 GMN HYPOXIDACEAE Hypoxis hygrametrica 9 26 40 14 22 10 6 FGKR lRIDACEAE Libertia paniculata 2 8 14 2 FS Patersonia/ragilis 1 . 20 3 N Patersonia glabrata 14 4 22 50 25 14 11 19 13 FGKLMN PatersQnia sen'cea H 5 7 17 20 2 13 DFGN JUNCACEAE Juncus alexandri subsp. melanolxui.r H 1 4 2 F Juncus homalocaulis 1 20 3 J Juncus prismatocarpu.r 2 40 6 JR Juncussp. 1 4 2 G Juneussubsecundus 2 17 2 3 D JUNCAGINACEAE Triglochin procera 20 3 R LOMANDRACEAE Lomandra con/erti/olia subsp. pallida H 6 15 17 12 3 DON Lomandra elongata H 3 7 8 11 6 GMN

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 NORTHERN REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES 67 Broad l10ristk group Logging category Tot RP WS MT GF m DSWH Lt U Ut U2 State freq. 9 7 2S 27 12 4 5 7 9 42 31 Forests:

lA;Hnandrafilifonnis H 28 16 56 75 67 40 16 DFOlKLMNR Lomandra hystrix 2 14 4 2 3 FG l..Qmaridra longifolia H 41 43 80 33 33 100 20 43 44 57 32 BDFGtnMNRS Loinandra multif10ra 13 4 22 50· Il 19 13 DFGlMN Lqmandra spiCQta 11 89 43 11 + 32 FGIKLMR OacmDACEAE Acianthus exsmus 6 4 19 56 2 GIM BUlOOphyllum eJi$Qf1. 1 11 3 G JJul1Jophyllum eXI"guum 1 11 3 G . Bulbophyllum .thepheYdii 1 11 3 K Calcfdenia pleta 1 4 2 G Cil.lanthe triplicata 1 14 2 G cizJ.eIp,amajor 2 17 2 3 GL ..... '. dJlqglottJ;r trilabra 1 4 2 S ChJ1b"glottis spp. 15 48 II 29 33 24 BFGll..RS .Cpfjlxuflmbriatus 1 4 2 G CiyJitostylis .!Ubulata 3 17 25 2 6 GM CYmbfdium madidum 1 4 14 G Cy",bldium .ruave 2 7 22 GI Dendrobiumaemulum 2 29 2 3 G 10 FGK ;:;:;: PiMrohium faitfaxii 3 33 . I5eiiiifOtJium gracilicaule 3 29 4 14 6 GIMR Dendrobium king/anum 3 14 4 25 2 6 GNR D,{idrobium mortii 1 14 11 G Dmdrobiumpugionifonne 6 56 14 . 19 FGLM Dendrobium tarberi 5 11 29 4 4 2 13 GIKNR .Dipodium spp. 7 20 7 11 14 FNRS Eriochilus cucullatus 2 7 11 3 GM Genoplesiumfimbriatum H + + + R GenopJesiUltt sag/ttiferom H 1 20 3 N Liparis rejlexa 1 4 2 N Lypermrthus suaveoJens 2 7 5 G Papil/ilabium beekleri 1 11 3 K .:PfMtorhiza tridentata 2 29 11 3 G >Ptifi]}(yiisaeCIITVO 2 8 5 LS ..... Pfefiistylis nutans 4 14 4 7 22 5 G .. Pi"erostylis obtusa 3 11 22 2 or PterpstyUspedunculata .. 1 11 3 K ." P~rostYlis woollsii .+ +. .+ B .RJ,iy,errniza divitijlora 1 4 14 G1 'Sarcochillls eeciliae 1 11 3 K ." sJrl:ochiJus falcatus 5 22 29 4 14 13 GLMR Sarrix:hilus hillii 1 n 3 K Sarcochi/JJ$ o/ivaceus 1 11 3 I ··S~franthes sinensis 1 20 3 J PHII;ESIACEAE Eii$tTtphus latifolius 44 29 92 59 17 25 86 100 67 3 BDFGIJKLMNRS PmtYnRACEAE PbUydrum Januginosum 2 40 6 JR PllORMIACEAE DiQllella CQerolea 59 11 71 88 74 67 75 86 100 76 39 BOFGUKLMNRS Dianilla longifolia C 9 26 17 14 33 5 10 OOUR Dla/feJJa revoluta 1 4 3 N Dianello revoluta var. vinosa H 2 17 5 D Dianella tasmanica 5 16 2S 10 3 Ft Stypandra glauea 1 25 3 R

FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOtrrH WALES 68 NORTHERN REGION, NEW SOtrrH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 Broad florhtic group Logging category Tot. RF WS MY GF 111 DSWH U L2 Ul ID State freq. 9 7 25 27 12 4 5 7 9 42 31 Forests

Thelionema caespitosum H 4 4 60 2 10 FNR Thelionema grrmde H 2 4 25 6 GI POACEAE Agrostis avenacea var. avenacea 2 8 20 2 3 DR Agrostis species A (aff. 'hiemaJis') H 1 20 3 J AlIoteropsi,f semiaJata H 1 4 2 R Amphipogon strictllS var. strictllS H 2 25 20 6 NR Anstida benthamii H 3 7 8 2 6 001 Aristida ca/yeino H 2 4 8 2 3 GM Aristidajeriehoensis var. subspinulifera 2 50 · 6 R Aristida l'agans. H 4 15 7 3 GI • Axonopusoffmis H 8 19 60 10 13 FGlNR Bothriochloa decipiens H 1 4 · 3 I CapilIipediumparvif/orum H 2 7 · 2 3 GI Capillipedium spieigenun H 1 4 3 G Cenchrus calicuJatJLf 4 15 5 6 GI ChionochJoa palIida 6 7 33 11 7 6 DLMN Cymbopogon refractllS 14 48 8 44 14 13 oolR Danthonia longifolia H 3 4 . 8 25 2- 6 DNR Danthonia pilosa vac. pilosa 3 4 17 7 DFGM Danthonio raeemosa vac. obtU3llto H 1 8 3 D Danthonia racemo.fa var. racemosa H 4 4 11 14 7 KR Danthonia setacea H 3 7 20 2 6 FG Danthonia tenuior H 9 4 19 25 · 22 12 6 DFGI Deyeuxio acuminata H 1 8 2 M Deyeu:da gunniana 2 40 6 FJ Deyeuxia parviseta H 10 16 19 8 14 22 14 3 DFGKLMN Deyeuxia reflexo H 1 20 3 R Dichonthium sericeum H 2 7 6 GI Dichelachne mierantha H 18 12 41 33 14 33 29 6 DFGIJI

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOtJrH WALES FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 NORTHERN REGION, NEW SOtJrH WALES 69 Broad Ooristic group Logging category Tot. RPWS MT GF m DSWl{ Lt 12 Ut ID Stlte freq. , 7 2S 1.7 11. 4 S 7 , 42 31 Forestl

Oplismen1t$ aemul1t$ 15 11 8 44 , 56 17 10 OIKR Oplismetlus imbecil/us 13 71 32 29 22 19 3 BFOKNRS Panicum effusum H 4 15 2 10 GI PmtiCW1i lachnophyl/unt H 1 4 3 0 P{l11icum simile H 8 22 25 20 14 11 10 6 OUKR. 1< Paspalidium distans H 1 4 3 0 Paspalidium gracile H 1 g 3 D * Paspalum dl1atatum 3 7 20 2 6 OR Paspalum distichum H 1 20 3 R Poa ?cosfiniana 2 4 20 6 OJ Poa labillaroieri 23 11 57 32 37 29 78 31 3 FOIKR Poa ..sieberlanavar. sieberiana H 29 64 30 33 25 51 22 48 10 BDFKLMNRS Sacciolepis indica H 1 20 3 J ...• Sttanapumila 3 7 20 2 6 OJ Sorghum leiocladum 16 20 37 20 14 44 24 3 FOUKNR Stipa densiflora H 3 25 10 D Sfipa pubt!3cens H 1 8 2 N Stipa ramosissima 1 11 3 K Stipa rudis su~. nervosa H 3 4 17 5 3 DMN Stipa rudis subsp. rudtJ H 2 7 2 3 FO Stipa setacea H 3 25 5 3 DN Themeda austraUs H 39 24 93 33 25 60 29 78 50 29 DFGDKLMNR Urochloafoliosa H 3 7 20 10 GIR RESTIONACEAE Empodisma minfLf 2 40 6 FN upyrodiaanarthria H 4 7 40 2 10 FGJ Lepyrodia scario..sa H 1 40 6 NR Restfofimbriatus 2 4 20 2 3 F Restio stenocoleus C 3 60 . 10 JNR RIPOGONACEAE Ripogontim brevifolium H 4 22 28 2 9 GKR Ripogonum elseyanum 1 14 14 K SMlLACACEAE Geitonoplesium cymosum 17 22 86 8 22 8 14 11 14 29 BDFGIKMR SmiJax australis 28 22100 40 19 25 2S 43 33 38 19 DFOIKLMNR XANTIJOlUUIOEACEAE XtmthorrlJQe(l glauca subsp. glauca 10 •. 14 28 17 29 . 17 3 BFOS Xanthorrhoeo johnsonit H 8 30 11 10 GN Xanthorrnoeo ?tatifolia subsp. taufolia H 3 17 25 2 6 ON Xanthormoea $PP. 3 25 2 6 001 XYRIDACEAE Xyri..s complanata H 1 20 3 J Xyris opercuJata H 2 40 6 NR ZINGmERACEAE Alpinia caerulea 2 11 14 2 3 0

FLORA SURVEY. TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOlITH WALES 70 NORTHERN REGION. NEW SOlITH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 APPENDIX 2

BfUEF DESCRIPTIONS OF FLORISTIC COMMUNITIES

Floristic communities are derived from classification of plot data for all species, using the technique described on pages 6-7. Communities described below are defined at the 0.8 level of dissimilarity (24 class level). Where a floristic community includes several understorey communities, the floristic composition of each combination is listed separately. Listed species are those which occur in at least 50% ofplots in the group (frequency, fr, >=0.5), with a mean cover code (mc) ofat least one.

TENf 1 Eucalyptus campanulata-Calochlaena dubia Notes: The single most widespread community recorded, occurring over all geological substrates and topographic positions, and over a wide range of altitudes but mainly above 900 m (580-1480, median=1030 m). The majority of plots occur on moderately exposed to moderately sheltered slopes and have been burnt fairly frequently (at an interval of3-10 years). Floristic richness: 34-84, median=49.5.

TENus 1 (plots BILOOl, BIL002, B00004, B00005, FOR002, FOR003, SPI003, SPI005, W05, W09, W12, W13, W14, W15, W16, W17, W28, W29, W33, W34, W36)

Species fr mc Species fr mc Viola hederacea 0.95 1.86 Senecio species E (aff. apargiaejolius) 0.71 0.95 Glycine clandestina 0.95 1.62 Polyscias sambucifolia 0.71 0.76 Eustrephus latifolius 0.95 1.33 Eucalyptus brunnea 0.67 1.67 Dianella caerulea 0.9 1.57 lmperata cylindrica var. major 0.67 1.19 Calochlaena dubia 0.86 3.19 Lagenifera stipitata 0.67 1 Eucalyptus campanulata 0.86 2.33 Viola betonicifolia 0.62 1.05 Pteridium esculentum 0.86 1.76 Rubus parvifolius 0.62 0.9 Desmodium varians 0.86 1.62 Billardiera scandens 0.62 0.67 Leucopogon lanceolatus 0.86 1 Hydrocotyle laxifolia 0.57 1 Blechnum cartilagineum 0.81 1.76 Cyathea australis 0.57 0.9 Hibbertia scandens 0.81 1.52 Hypochoeris radicata 0.57 0.62 Microlaena stipoides var. stipoides 0.81 1.43 Carex breviculmis 0.52 0.81 Lomandra longifolia 0.81 1.29 Maytenus silvestris 0.52 0.67 Pratia purpurascens 0.76 1.38 Lepidosperma laterale 0.52 0.62 Geranium potentilloides 0.76 1.19 Chiloglottis trilabra 0.52' 0.57 Eucalyptus obliqua 0.71 1.95 Galium binifolium 0.52 0.52 Poa sieberiana var. sieberiana 0.71 1.9 Acaciajalciformis 0.48 1.1

TENus 2 (plots B00002, W18, W24)

Species fr me Species fr me Sorghum leiocladum 1 4 Gonocarpus humilis 0.67 1.33 Eucalyptus campanulata 1 3.33 Hydrocotyle laxifolia 0.67 1.33 Arthropodium milleflorum 1 2 lmperata cylindrica var. major 0.67 1.33 Desmodium varians 1 2 Opercularia hispida 0.67 1.33 Dianella caerulea 1 2 Polygala japonica 0.67 1.33 Eustrephus latifolius 1 2 Acacia irrorata 0.67 1 Geranium solanderi var. solanderi 1 2 Carex breviculmis 0.67 1 Hardenbergia violacea 1 2 Dichondra repens 0.67 1 Microlaena stipoides var. stipoides 1 2 Kennedia rubicunda 0.67 1 Pteridium esculentum 1 2 Lomandra longifolia 0.67 1

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 NORTHERN REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES 71 Rubus parvifolius 1 2 Oplismenus aemulus 0.67 1 Vernonia cinerea var. cinerea 1 2 Plectranthus parviflorus 0.67 1 Viola betonicifolia 1 2 Acacia maidenii 0.67 0.67 Hibbertia scandens 1 1.67 Clematis aristata 0.67 0.67 Themeda australis 1 1.67 Dichelachne micrantha 0.67 0.67 Lepidosperma laterale 1 1.33 Galium migrans 0.67 0.67 Maytenus silvestris 1 1.33 Podolepis neglecta 0.67 0.67 Senecio sp. E (aff. apargiaejolius) 1 1.33 Pratia purpurascens 0.67 0.67 Hypochoeris radicata 1 1 Ranunculus lappaceus 0.67 0.67 Lomandrafiliformis 1 1 Smilax australis 0.67 0.67 Poa labillardieri 0.67 2.33 Solanum densevestitum 0.67 0.67 Eucalyptus eugenioides 0.67 2 Trochocarpa laurina 0.67 0.67 Glycine clandestina 0.67 1.33 Wahlenbergia stricta 0.67 0.67

TENf 2 Acaciafloribunda-Blechnum nudum (TENus 5) (plot PSOl) Recorded as a single riparian site. Floristic richness: 68

Species fr me Species fr me Acaciafloribunda 1 3 Deyeuxia parviseta 1 2 Blechnum nudum 1 3 Dichelachne rara 1 2 Callicoma serratifolia 1 3 Dichondra repens 1 2 Entolasia marginata 1 3 Eucalyptus campanulata 1 2 Eucalyptus brunnea 1 3 Eucalyptus obliqua 1 2 Lomandra hystrix 1 3 Glycine clandestina 1 2 Adiantum aethiopicum 1 2 Gratiola peruviana 1 2 Allocasuarina littoralis 1 2 Hydrocotyle laxifolia 1 2 Arthropodium milleflorum 1 2 Microlaena stipoides var. stipoides 1 2 Banksia integrifolia 1 2 Oplismenus imbecillus 1 2 Blechnum minus 1 2 Poa labillardieri 1 2 Carex appressa 1 2 Pratia purpurascens 1 2 Carex longebrachiata 1 2 Pteridium esculentum 1 2 Cyathea australis 1 2 Viola hederacea 1 2 Desmodium varians 1 2

TENf3 Imperata cylindrica-Themeda australis Open forest with mostly dense grassy ground cover and sparse or no shrubs, occurring extensively at low to moderate altitudes (range 240 m-760 m, median 580 m). Floristic richness: 52-77, median=60.5

TENus 2 (plots B00008, GIR004, GIR007, GIROIO, GIR013, GIRO 15, W26, W27, W31, W32)

Species fr me Species fr me Imperata cylindrica var. major 1 2.89 Digitaria parviflora 0.78 1.11 Oplismenus aemulus 1 2.33 Oxalis chnoodes 0.78 1 Pratia purpurascens 1 2.33 Veronica plebeia 0.78 0.78 Themeda australis 1 2.33 Eucalyptus eugenioides 0.67 1.67 Glycine tabacina 1 2.22 Sorghum leiocladum 0.67 1.67 Microlaena stipoic!es var. stipoides 1 2.22 Dichondra repens 0.67 1.44 Desmodium brachypodum 1 1.56 Eucalyptus microcorys 0.67 1.33 Allocasuarina torulosa 0.89 2 Opercularia aspera 0.67 1.33 Desmodium varians 0.89 2 Hardenbergia violacea 0.67 1 Vernonia cinerea var. cinerea 0.89 1.56 Lagenifera stipitata 0.67 0.89

FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 72 NORTHERN REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 Carex breviculmis 0.89 1.44 Lomandrafiliformis 0.67 0.78 Hybanthus stellarioides 0.89 1.33 Eucalyptus propinqua 0.56 1.

TENus 3 (plot W31)

Species fr mc Species fr mc Themeda australis 1 4 Dichondra repens 1 2 Allocasuarina torulosa 1 3 Digitaria parviflora 1 2 Desmodium rhytidophyllum 1 3 Eucaryptusinrermedia 1 2 Entolasia marginata 1 3 Eustrephus latifolius 1 2 Eucalyptus carnea 1 3 Glycine tabacina 1 2 Eucalyptus microcorys 1 3 Hardenbergia violacea 1 2 Eucalyptus propinqua 1 3 Hybanthus stellarioides 1 2 Brunoniella australis 1 2 Lomandra conftrtifolia subsp. pallida 1 2 Carex breviculmis 1 2 Microlaena stipoides var. stipoides 1 2 Centratherum punctatum Oplismenus aemulus 1 2 subsp. australianum 1 2 Pratia purpurascens 1 2 Cymbopogon re/ractus 1 2 Scleria mackaviensis 1 2 Desmodium brachypodum 1 2 Vernonia cinerea var. cinerea 1 2 Desmodium varians 1 2 Viola betonicifolia 1 2 Dianella caerulea 1 2

TENf 4 Themeda australis-Pteridium esculentum Open forest with sparse shrub stratum and dense grassy ground cover, occurring almost exclusively on coarse-grained sandy' soils derived from high-quartz granitic substrates, mainly at higher altitudes (median 970 m) but occasionally down to 300 m. Over 80% ofplots were estimated as being burnt less than 5 years prior to survey, and this community is possibly maintained by frequent low-intensity fire. Floristic richness: 40-73, median=57

TENus 3 (plots BOOOIO, BOOOll, GIL002, GIR014, W07, W19, W20, W21, W23, W25, W35)

Species fr mc Species fr mc Themeda australis 1 3.82 Banksia integrifolia 0.64 1.18 Pteridium esculentum 0.91 1.91 Desmodium varians 0.64 1.18 Microlaena stipoides var. stipoides 0.91 1.64 Glycine clandestina 0.64 1.18 Gonocarpus tetragynus 0.91 1.36 Vernonia cinerea var. cinerea 0.64 0.91 Lagenifera stipitata 0.91 1.27 Thysanotus tuberosus 0.64 0.82 Imperata cylindrica var. major 0.82 1.82 Eustrephus latifolius 0.64 0.73 Viola betonicifolia 0.82 1.64 Billardiera scandens 0.64 0.64 Dianella caerulea 0.82 1.55 Oxylobium ilicifolium 0.55 1.18 Entolasia stricta 0.82 1.55 Hypericum gramineum 0.55 0.91, Pratia purpurascens 0.82 1.45 Carex breviculmis 0.55 0.82 Stylidium graminifolium 0.82 1.36 Hypochoeris radicata 0.55 0.82 Leucopogon lanceolatus 0.82 1.27 Patersonia glabrata 0.55 0.82

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 NORTHERN REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES 73 Allocasuarina littoralis 0.73 1.55 Poa sieberiana var. sieberiana 0.55 0.82 Hardenbergia violacea 0.73 1.36 Pomax umbellata 0.55 0.73 Poranthera microphylla 0.73 1.36 Dichelachne micrantha 0.55 0.64 Lepidosperma laterale 0.73 0.82 Persoonia cornifolia 0.55 0.64 Eucalyptus campanulata 0.64 2.09

TENus 14 (plot FOR004)

Species fr me Species fr me Ptilothrix deusta 1 4 Goodenia bellidifolia 1 2 Themeda australis 1 4 Goodenia hederacea subsp. hederacea 1 2 Leptospermum arachnoides 1 3 Haemodorum planifolium 1 2 Aristida calycina 1 2 Hakea dactyloides 1 2 Boronia microphylla 1 2 Lepidosperma tortuosum 1 2 Dampiera stricta 1 2 Lepyrodia anarthria 1 2 Drosera spathulata 1 2 Lindsaea linearis 1 2 Entolasia stricta 1 2 Persoonia tenuifolia 1 2 Epacris microphylla 1 2 Petrophile 'canescens 1 2 Eucalyptus acaciiformis 1 2 Stylidium graminifolium 1 2 Gonocarpus tetragynus 1 2 Xanthorrhoea johnsonii 1 2

TENf5 E. earnea-Themeda australis Grassy open forest occurring in steep, rocky, exposed sites. Floristic richness: 42-58

TENus 3 (plot GIR006, GIROll)

Species fr me Species fr me Eucalyptus carnea 1 3 Digitaria parviflora 1 1.5 Eucalyptusfibrosa 1 3 Drosera auriculata 1 1.5 Themeda australis 1 3 Gonocarpus tetragynus 1 1.5 Eucalyptus maculata 1 2.5 Lagenifera stipitata 1 1.5 Hypoxis hygrometrica 1 2.5 Lomandrafiliformis 1 1.5 Brunoniella australis 1 2 Opercularia diphylla 1 1.5 Danthonia tenuior 1 2 Wahlenbergia stricta 1 1.5 Desmodium"rhytidophyllum I 2 Cymbopogon refractus 1 I Entolasia stricta 1 2 Dianella caerulea 1 1 Glycine c/andestina 1 2 Hypericum gramineum 1 1 Goodenia bellidifolia 1 2 Persoonia sericea 1 1 Lepidosperma laterale 1 2 Sigesbeckia orientalis 1 1 Microlaena stipoides var. stipoides 1 2 Stylidium graminifolium 1 1 Panicum simile 1 2 Vernonia cinerea var. cinerea 1 I Polygala paniculata 1 2 Allocasuarina littoralis 0.5 1.5 Trachymene incisa subsp. incisa 1 2 Aristida vagans 0.5 1.5 Xanthorrhoea johnsonii 1 2 Eremochloa bimaculata 0.5 1.5 Cheilanthes sieberi 1 1.5

TENus 18 (plot GILOO 1)

Species fr me Species fr me Eucalyptus carnea 1 3 Lophostemon confertus 1 2 Alphitonia excelsa 1 2 Oplismenus aemulus 1 2 Aristida benthamii 1 2 Panicum ejJusum 1 2 Commelina cyanea 1 2 Sc/eria mackaviensis 1 2

FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOurH WALES 74 NORTHERN REGION, NEW SOurH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 Cyperusfulvus 1 2 Sigesbeckia orientalis 1 2 Digitaria parviflora 1 2 Solanum opacum 1 2 Entolasia stricta 1 2 Spermacoce brachystema 1 2 Eucalyptus crebra 1 2 Thelionema grande 1 2 Glycine tabacina 1 2 Vernonia cinerea var. cinerea 1 2 Lomandra longifolia 1 2

TENf6 E. acaciiformis-Stipa rudis ssp. rudis (TENus 13) (plot FOR004) . Grassy woodland recorded only as a small area along a lower slope in undulating topography in Forest Land SF. It shares many species in common with wet heath/sedgeland communities and in some respects is intermediate between the broad grassy and sedgeland groups. Floristic richness: 57

Species fr mc Species fr mc Eucalyptus acaciiformis 1 4 Entolasia stricta 1 2 Stipa rudis subsp. rudis 1 4 Eucalyptus radiata subsp. sejuncta 1 2 Eucalyptus dalrympleana subsp. heptantha 1 3 Gonocarpus tetragynus 1 2 Leptospermum arachnoides 1 3 Goodenia bellidifolia 1 2 Poa sieberiana var. sieberiana 1 3 Hovea linearis 1 2 Aotus subglauca var. subglauca 1 2 Hypoxis hygrometrica 1 2 Axonopus affinis 1 2 Hypochoeris radicata 1 2 Baeckea species C (aff. diosmifolia) 1 2 Lagenifera stipitata 1 2 Banksia integrifolia 1 2 Lepyrodia anarthria 1 2 Bossiaea scortechinii 1 2 Microlaena stipoides var. stipoides 1 2 Brachycome microcarpa 1 2 Opercularia hispida 1 2 Carex breviculmis 1 2 Pratia purpurascens 1 2 Craspedia variabilis 1 2 Restio fimbriatus 1 2 Dichelachne rara 1 2 Themeda australis 1 2 Echinopogon caespitosus 1 2

TENf7 Acacia irrorata-Carex longebrachiata (TENus 4) (plot GIR008) Open forest with scattered emergent eucalypts and a dense subcanopy stratum, occurring in swampy, riparian areas. Floristic richness: 48

Species fr me Species fr me Acacia irrorata 1 4 Clematis aristata 1 2 Carex longebrachiata 1 4 Dichondra repens 1 2 Melaleuca alternifolia 1 4 Entolasia marginata 1 2 Eucalyptus amplifolia 1 3 Gahnia aspera 1 2 Eucalyptus propinqua 1 3 Imperata cylindrica var. major 1 2 Oplismenus aemulus 1 3 Lomandra longifolia 1 2 Viola hederacea 1 3 Microlaena stipoides var. stipoides 1 2 Angophora subvelutina 1 2 Pratia purpurascens 1 2 Brunoniella australis 1 2

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 NORTHERN REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES 75 TENf8 Entolasia stricta-Petrophile canescens (TENus 6) (plots B00003, GIR002, GIR005, GIRO 17, W22-3) Open forest or woodland with low sclerophyll shrub and graminoid understorey, often with taller shrubs of Leptospermum trinervium, the latter sometimes forming dense thickets. This community was recorded exclusively on coarse-grained, high-quartz, granitic soils at higher altitudes (1020-1100 m). It occurs on similar sites to TENf4, although at slightly higher altitudes. The relative occurrence ofthese two communities may be related to fire history, TENf 4 being more frequently burnt, but all survey plots ofTENf8 were estimated as being burnt within the previous five years. Floristic richness: 36-44, median=40

Species fr mc Species fr me Entolasia stricta 1 2 Billardiera scandens 0.8 0.8 Petrophile canescens 1 1.8 Platysace ericoides 0.6 1.6 Lepidosperma laterale 1 1.6 Stylidium graminifolium 0.6 1.2 Patersonia glabrata 1 1.6 Acaciafalciformis 0.6 1 Amperea xiphoclada 1 1.4 Acrotriche aggregata 0.6 1 Dianella caerulea 1 lA Persoonia oleoides 0.6 1 Lomatia silaifolia 1 1.4 Acacia ulicifolia 0.6 0.8 Monotoca scoparia var. scoparia 1 1.4 Choretrum candollei 0.6 0.8 Pteridium esculentum 1 1.4 Dillwynia phylicoides 0.6 0.8 Eucalyptus campanulata 0.8 1.8 Leucopogon lanceolatus 0.6 0.8 Leptospermum trinervium 0.8 1.8 Lomandrajiliformis 0.6 0.8 Oxylobium ilicifolium 0.8 1.6 Microlaena stipoides var. stipoides 0.6 0.8 Hakea florulenta 0.8 lA Pimelea linifolia subsp. linifolia 0.6 0.8 Banksia cunninghamii subsp. A 0.8 1 Elaeocarpus reticulatus 0.6 0.6 Hybanthus monopetalus 0.8 1

TENf9 Chionochloa pallida-Daviesia latifolia (TENus 7) (plots DONOOI, SPI004) Open forest with mixed low shrub and grassy ground cover, extensive on ridges and slopes ill Donnybrook SF, but otherwise recorded only from a small area on an exposed ridge in Spirabo SF. Floristic richness: 33,45

Species fr me Species fr me Chionochloa pallida 1 3.5 Themeda australis 1 1.5 Daviesia latifolia 1 3.5 Hardenbergia violacea 1 1 Hibbertia obtusifolia 1 2 Helichrysum scorpioides 1 1 Lomandrajiliformis 1 2 Leucopogon lanceolatus var. lanceolatus 1 1 Pteridium esculentum 1 2 Poa sieberiana var. sieberiana 1 1 Billardiera scandens 1 1.5 Eucalyptus andrewsii 0.5 2 Lomatia silaifolia 1 1.5 Eucalyptus campanulata 0.5 2 Monotoca scoparia var. scoparia 1 1.5 Acacia obtusifolia 0.5 1.5 Poranthera microphylla 1 1.5 Eucalyptus cameronii 0.5 1.5 Stylidium graminifolium 1 1.5

TENf10 Eucalyptus caliginosa-Poa sieberiana (TENus 8) (plots DON002, DON005) Open forest with grassy ground cover and scattered shrubs, fairly extensive on lower slopes ill Donnybrook SF but not recorded elsewhere. Floristic richness: 57,60

Species fr me Species fr me Poa sieberiana 1 3.5 Melichrus urceolatus 1 1.5 Eucalyptus caliginosa 1 3 Pimelea neo-anglica 1 1.5

FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 76 NORTHERN REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES Np. 30 Danthonia tenuior 1 2.5 Solanum elegans 1 1.5 Eucalyptus melliodora 1 2.5 Brachychiton populneus 1 1 Goodenia rotundifolia 1 2.5 Cassinia quinquefaria 1 I Entolasia stricta 1 2 Dichondra repens 1 1 Lepidosperma laterale 1 2 Echinopogon caespitosus 1 1 Microlaena stipoides var. stipoides 1 2 Galium migrans 1 1 Pratia purpurascens 1 2 Maytenus silvestris 1 I Dichelachne micrantha 1 1.5 Vernonia cinerea var. cinerea 1 1 Gahnia aspera 1 1.5 Acacia irrorata 0.5 1.5 Glycine c/andestina 1 1.5 Eucalyptus banksii 0.5 1.5 Hibbertia obtusifolia 1 1.5 Eucalyptus subtilior 0.5 1.5 Lomandra multiflora 1 1.5 Stipa setacea 0.5 1.5

TENf 11 Eucalyptus bridgesiana-Chionochloa pallida Open forest or woodland restricted to minor depressions in undulating topography in Donnybrook SF Floristic richness: 26,52

TENus 8 (plot·DON003)

Species fr me Species fr me Acaciaflmbriata 1 3 Gahnia aspera 1 2 Chionochloa pal/ida 1 3 Gnaphalium involucratum 1 2 Danthonia tenuior 1 3 Goodenia hederacea subsp. hederacea .1 2 Eucalyptus bridgesiana 1 3 Haloragis heterophyl/a 1 2 Eucalyptus subtilior 1 3 Juncus subsecundus 1 2 Goodenia bellidifolia 1 3 Lagenifera stipitata 1 2 Lomandraflliformis 1 3 Lomandra longifolia 1 2 Aristida benthamii 1 2 Microlaena stipoides var. stipoides 1 2 Carex inversa 1 2 Opercularia hispida 1 2 Di//wyniajuniperina 1 2 Poa sieberiana 1 2 Echinopogon ovatus 1 2 Pratia purpurascens 1 2 Eucalyptus melliodora 1 2 Ptilothrix deusta 1 2

TENus 9 (plot DON006)

Species fr me Species fr me Eucalyptus andrewsii 1 3 Gahnia aspera 1 2 Eucalyptus bridgesiana 1 3 Goodenia bellidifolia 1 2 Eucalyptus melliodora 1 2 Pratia purpurascens 1 2 Eucalyptus subtilior 1 2 Stipa setacea 1 2

TENf 12 Eucalyptus scoparia-Calotis dentex (TENus 10) (plot DONOO4) Low woodland restricted to precipitous stony slopes along the western boundary ofDonnybrook SF. Floristic richness: 45

Species fr me Species fr me Acacia cheelii 1 3 Eucalyptus banksii 1 2 Calotis dentex 1 3 Eucalyptus subtilior 1 2 Eucalyptus prava 1 3 Lomandra longifolia 1 2 Eucalyptus scoparia 1 3 Muehlenbeckia rhyticarya 1 2 Acacia neriifolia 1 2 Pimelea neo-anglica 1 2 Danthonia longifolia 1 2 Solanum elegans 1 2 Entolasia stricta 1 2

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 NORTHERN REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES 77 ------

Communities TENf 13-15 have been described under broad group E, Dry Shrubland, in the text.

TENf13 Leptospermum microcarpum-L novae-angliae (TENus 16) (plots B00006, B00009) Floristic richness: 30-32

Species fr me Species fr me Leptospermum microcarpum I 3.5 Acacia venulosa 1 1 Leptospermum novae-angliae 1 3.5 Dodonaea hirsuta 1 I Calytrix tetragona 1 2.5 Eriostemon myoporoides subsp. epilosus 1 I Entolasia stricta 1 2 Lomandra longifolia I 1 Laxmannia gracilis 1 2 Trachymene incisa subsp. incisa 1 1 Leucopogon neo-anglicus 1 2 Lepidosperma lineare 0.5 1.5 Aristidajerichoensis var. subspinulifera 1 1.5 Schoenus vaginatus 0.5 1.5 Melichrus urceolatus 1 1.5

TENf 14 Kunzea ericoides-Leptospermum novae-angliae (TENus 17) (plot SPIOO 1) Floristic richness: 40

Species fr me Species fr me Kunzea ericoides 1 4 Lomandra longifolia 1 2 Boronia anemonifolia 1 3 Notelaea venosa 1 2 Leptospermum novae-angliae 1 3 Parsonsia brownii 1 2 Cassinia species C I 2 Pyrrosia rupestris I 2 Lomatiafraseri 1 2

TENf15 Kunzea bracteolata (TENus 19) (plot GIR004) Floristic richness: 31

Species fr me Species fr me Kunzea bracteolata 1 4 Lepidosperma elatius 1 2 Acacia suaveolens 1 2 Leptospermum trinervium I 2 Entolasia stricta 1 2 Lomandra longifolia 1 2 Eucalyptus scias subsp. apoda 1 2 Schoenus melanostachys 1 2 Laxmannia gracilis 1 2 Trachymene incisa subsp. incisa 1 2

TENf16 Backhousia myrtifolia-Lomandra hystrix Low forest occurring only as narrow riparian strips along rocky creeks in Girard SF and at low altitudes in Boorook SF. Floristic richness: 62-66

TENus 5 (plot GIR012) Species fr me Species fr me Backhousia myrtifolia 1 4 Doodia caudata var. caudata 1 2 Lomandra hystrix 1 3 Entolasia marginata 1 2 Lophostemon confertus 1 3 Glochidion ferdinandi 1 2 Microlaena stipoides var. stipoides 1 3 Morinda jasminoides I 2 Oplismenus imbecillus 1 3 Notelaea longifolia I 2 Syzygium australe 1 3 Pittosporum undulatum I 2 Acaciafloribunda 1 2 Pseuderanthemum variabile 1 2

FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 78 NORTHERN REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 Adiantum hispidulum 1 2 Pyrrosia rupestris 1 2 Brunoniella australis 1 2 Trochocarpa laurina 1 2 Carex longebrachiata 1 2 Viola hederacea 1 2 Cissus antarctica 1 2

TENus 20 (plot BOOOO1) Species fr me Species fr me SyzygiiJm australe 1 4 Dendrobium tarberi 1 2 Tetrastigma nitens 1 4 Denhamia celastroides 1 2 Alectryon subcinereus 1 3 Diospyros australis 1 2 Doodia aspera 1 3 Dioscorea transversa 1 2 Ficus coronata 1 3 Euroschinusfalcata var. falcata 1 2 Lophostemon confertus 1 3 Geitonoplesium cymosum 1 2 .(l.diantum formosum 1 2 Lastreopsis decomposita 1 2 Adiantum hispidulum 1 2 Parsonsia velutina 1 2 Aneilema biflorum I 2 Pellaeafalcata var. nana 1 2 Asplenium australasicum 1 2 Pittosporum undulatum 1 2 Celastrus subspicatus 1 2 Pyrrosia rupestris 1 2 Claoxylon australe 1 2 Rapanea howittiana 1 2 Dendrobium graci/icaule 1 2 Ripogonum brevijolium 1 2

TENf17 Cissus antarctica-Doodia aspera (TENus 21) (plots W03, W04, W06) Tall open forest with mesophytic tall shrub understorey, restricted to low-quartz volcanic substrates near Mount Richmond in Girard SF. Floristic richness: 70-84

Species fr me Species fr me Cissus antarctica 1 2.67 Calochlaena dubia 0.67 1.67 Doodia aspera 1 2.67 Eucalyptus microcorys 0.67 1.67 Neolitsea dealbata 1 2.67 Celastrus subspicatus 0.67 1.33 Acacia irrorata 1 2.33 Eucalyptus saligna 0.67 1.33 Adiantumformosum 1 2.33 Eustrephus latijolius 0.67 1.33 Lophostemon confertus 1 2.33 Marsdenia flavescens 0.67 1.33 Cissus hypoglauca 1 2 Tetrastigma nitens 0.67 1.33 Crypto.carya microneura 1 2 Aneilema acuminatum 0.67 1 Oplismenus imbeci//us 1 2 Cyperus tetraphyllus 0.67 I Psychotria loniceroides 1 2 Dysoxylum rufum 0.67 1 Acacia maidenii 1 1.67 Hypolepis glandulijera 0.67 1 Euroschinusfalcata var. falcata 1 1.67 Plectranthus parviflorus 0.67 1 Morindajasminoides 1 1.67 Alocasia brisbanensis 0.67 0.67 Zehneria cunninghamii 1 1.67 Breynia oblongijolia 0.67 0.67 Cayratia eurynema 1 1.33 Carex declinata 0.67 0.67 Diospyros australis 1 1.33 Cayratia c/ematidea 0.67 0.67 Hibbertia scandens 1 1.33 Cryptocarya obovata 0.67 0.67 Lomandra longijolia 1 1.33 Dichondra repens 0.67 0.67 Parsonsia straminea 1 1.33 Diploglottis australis 0.67 0.67 Sigesbeckia orientalis 1 1.33 Ervatamia angustisepala 0.67 0.67 Synoum glandulosum 1 1.33 Geitonoplesium cymosum 0.67 0.67 Trochocarpa laurina 1 1.33 lmperata cylindrica var. major 0.67 0.67 Clerodendrum tomentosum 1 1 Maytenus silvestris 0.67 0.67 Dianella caerulea 1 1 Microlaena stipoides var. stipoides 0.67 0.67 Dioscorea transversa 1 1 Pandorea pandorana 0.67 0.67 Dysoxylum fraserianum 1 1 Plalycerium bijurcatum 0.67 0.67 Poa labi//ardieri 1 1 Rubus rosijolius 0.67 0.67 Polyscias elegans 1 1 Solanum densevestitum -0.67 0.67

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 NORTHERN REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES 79 Smi/ax australis 1 1 Syzygium australe 0.67- 0.67 Eucalyptus eugenioides 0.67 2 Viola hederacea 0.67 0.67

TENf 18 Daphnandra species A-Sigesbeckia orientalis (us 22) (plotWll) A single plot in a recently heavily logged area in Bookookoorara SF. The disparate floristic composition may be at least partly due to logging. Floristic richness: 91

Species fr mc Species fr me Daphnandra sp.A 1 4 Galium migrans 1 2 Sigesbeckia orientalis 1 4 Geitonoplesium cymosum 1 2 Austrocynoglossum latifolium 1 3 Geranium homeanum 1 2 Clematis glycinoides 1 3 Glycine clandestina 1 2 Opliimenus imbecillus 1. 3 Hibbertia scandens 1 2 Solanum aviculare 1 3 Microlaena stipoides var. stipoides 1 2 Teucrium corymbosum 1 3 Morindajasminoides 1 2 Acronychia oblongifolia 1 2 Muehlenbeckia gracillima 1 2 Adiantumformosum 1 2 Myoporum betcheanum 1 2 Cayratia eurynema 1 2 Neolitsea dealbata 1 2 Cirsium vulgare 1 2 Oxalis radicosa 1 2 Cissus antarctica 1 2 Pimelea neo-anglica 1 2 Clematis aristata 1 2 Plectranthus parviflorus 1 2 Conyza albida 1 2 Poa labillardieri 1 2 Derris involuta 1 2 Pratia purpurascens 1 2 Desmodium varians 1 2 Rhodamnia rubescens 1 2 Dichondra repens 1 2 Smi/ax australis 1 2 Diospyros australis 1 2 Solanum opacum 1 2 Dioscorea transversa 1 2 Synoum glandulosum 1 2 Doodia aspera 1 2 Vernonia cinerea var. cinerea 1 2 Entolasia marginata 1 2 Viola hederacea 1 2 Eucalyptus laevopinea 1 2 Zehneria cunninghamii 1 2

TENf 19 Baloghia inophylla-Cissus antarctica (TENus 23) (plots B00012, GIL003, GIR009) A rainforest community occurring on low-quartz volcanic or sedimentary substrates, mostly in riparian areas at low to moderate altitudes (480-710 m). Floristic richness: 57-96

Species fr me Species fr me Baloghia inophylla 1 4 Elaeocarpusobovatus 0.67 1 Cissus antarctica 1 2.67 Elattostachys xylocarpa 0.67 1 Streblus brunonianus 1 2.33 Embelia australiana 0.67 1 Alectryon subcinereus 1 1.33 Guilfoylia monostylis 0.67 1 Asplenium austra/asicum 1 1.33 Lomandra spicata 0.67 1 Diospyros australis 1 1.33 Marsdenia jlavescens 0.67 1 Lastreopsis decomposita 1 1.33 Neolitsea australiensis 0.67 1 Morindajasminoides 1 1.33 Parsonsia velutina 0.67 1 Zehneria cunninghamii 1 1.33 Pellaeafalcata var. nana 0.67 1 Dioscorea transversa 1 1 Planchonella australis 0.67 1 Dendrocnide excelsa 0.67 2 Smi/ax australis 0.67 1 Adiantumformosum 0.67 1.67 Stephania japonica var. disc%r 0.67 1 Doodia aspera 0.67 1.67 Syzygium australe 0.67 1 Rauwenhoffia leichhardtii 0.67 1.67 Clematis aristata 0.67 0.67 Tetrastigma nitens 0.67 1.67 Cordyline petiolaris 0.67 0.67

FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 80 NORTHERN REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 Adiantum ae,thiopicum 0.67 1.33 Cryptocarya obovata 0.67 0.67 Arthropteris tenel/a 0.67 1.33 Diploglottis australis 0.67 0.67 Diospyros pentamera 0.67 1.33 Ficus coronata 0.67 0.67 Lastreopsis munita 0.67 1.33 Guioa semiglauca 0.67 0.67 Malaisia scandens 0.67 1.33 Legnephora moorei 0.67 0.67 Asplenium attenuatum 0.67 1 Pararchidendron pruinosum 0.67 0.67 Celastrus subspicatus 0.67 1 Peperomia leptostachya 0.67 0.67 Citriobatus pauciflorus 0.67 1 Platycerium superbum 0.67 0.67 Clao?C)llon australe 0.67 1 Polyscias elegans 0.67 0.67 Daphnandra sp.A 0.67 1 Psychotria daphnoides 0.67 0.67 Dysoxylum rufum 0.67 1 Psychotria loniceroides 0.67 0.67

TENf20 Doryphora.sassafras-Lomandra spicata (us 24) (plots GIROOl, GIR003, SPI002, WOl-l, W02-2, W08-1, WI0-3) This is the most extensive rainforest community in the area, occurring in sheltered sites on a range of substrates at higher altitudes (860-1270, median 1010 m), mainly in the Forest Land-Spirabo group of forests and Girard SF. It occasionally occurs with eucalypt overstorey. Floristic richness: 22-65, median=42

Species fr me Species fr me Doryphora sassafras 1 3 Linospadix monostachya 0.71 1.86 Lomandra spicata 1 2 Pandorea pandorana 0.71 1.14 Acmena smithii 1 1.14 Cryptocarya foveolata 0.57 1.57 Orites excelsa 0.86 2.71 Lastreopsis microsora 0.57 1.43 Polyosma cunninghamii 0.86 2.29 Pyrrosia rupestris 0.57 1.14 Cissus hypoglauca 0.86 2 Lastreopsis decomposita 0.57 1 Morinda jasminoides 0.86 1.86 Pyrrosia conjluens 0.57 1 Schizomeria ovata 0.86 1.86 Cyathea australis 0.57 0.71 Tasmannia insipida 0.86 1.43 Dictymia brownii 0.57 0.71 Citriobatus pauciflorus 0.86 1.29 Cinnamomum virens 0.57 0.57 Dendrobium pugioniforme 0.86 1.14 Ceratopetalum apetalum 0.43 1.86 Microsorum scandens 0.86 1 Sloanea wool/sii 0.43 1.57 Caldcluvia paniculosa 0.71 1.86

Communities TENf 21-24 have been described under broad group G in the text.

TENf21 Axonopis affinis-Fimbristylis nutans (TENus 25) Plot B00007 Floristic richness: 41

Species fr me Species fr me Axonopus affinis 1 4 Hydrocotyle peduncularis 1 2 Fimbristylis nutans 1 4 Hypochoeris radicata 1 2 Centel/a asiatica 1 3 Isotoma fluviatilis subsp. borealis 1 2 Cyperus sphaeroideus 1 3 Myriophyl/um crispatum 1 2 Eleocharis dietrichiana 1 3 Paspalum dUatatum 1 2 Hypericum japonicum 1 3 Persicaria strigosa 1 2 Paspalum distichum 1 3 Ranunculus inundatus 1 2 Carex gaudichaudiana 1 2 Rhynchospora brownii 1 2 Dichelachne rara 1 2 Stylidium debUe var. paniculatum 1 2 Eleocharis sphacelata 1 2 Trifolium repens 1 2 Eragrostis benthamii 1 2 Urochloa foliosa 1 2 Gratiola peruviana 1 2 Viola caleyana 1 2 Haloragis heterophyl/a 1 2

STATE FORESTS OF NEW soum WALES FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIELDMANAGEMENT AREA, FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 NORTHERN REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES 81 TENf22 Lepyrodia anarthria-Leptospermum gregarium

Plot FOROO I (TENus 11) Floristic richness: 29

Species fr me Species fr mc Baeckea speeies C (aff. diosmifolia) 1 4 Deyeuxia gunniana 1 2 Lepyrodia anarthria 1 4 Dichondra repens 1 2 Restio fimbriatus 1 3 Empodisma minus 1 2 Axonopus affinis 1 2 Gonocarpus micranthus 1 2 Baumeanuda 1 2 Hypoxis hygrometrica 1 2 Baumeasp. 1 2 Leptospermum gregarium 1 2 Brachycome scapigera 1 2 Leptospermum minutifolium 1 2 Callistemon pityoides 1 2 Stylidium graminifolium 1 2 Danthonia setacea 1 2 Thelionema caespitosum 1 2

Plot JENOOI (TENus I2} Floristic richness: 58

Speeies fr mc Species fr me Baumeasp. 1 4 Gonocarpus tetragynus 1 2 Carex gaudichaudiana 1 3 Hakea microcarpa 1 2 Leptospermum gregarium 1 3 Haloragis heterophylla 1 2 Lepyrodia anarthria 1 3 Chrysocephalum apiculatum 1 2 Restio stenocoleus 1 3 Helichrysum scorpioides 1 2 Baeckea speeies C (aff. diosmifolia) 1 2 Hemarthria uncinata 1 2 Brachycome scapigera 1 2 Hydrocotyle peduncularis 1 2 Bulbostylis densa 1 2 Hypericum japonicum 1 2 Callistemon pityoides 1 2 lsachne globosa 1 2 Centella asiatica 1 2 Lepidosperma limicola 1 2 Craspedia variabilis 1 2 Poa ?costiniana 1 2 Cyperussp. 1 2 Ranunculus lappaceus 1 2 Deyeuxia gunniana 1 2 Rhodanthe anthemoides 1 2 Drosera spatulata 1 2 Rhynchospora brownii 1 2 Epilobium billardieranum Sacciolepis indica 1 2 subsp. hydrophilum 1 2 Schoenus apogon 1 2 Epilobium hirtigerum 1 2 Spiranthes sinensis 1 2 Geranium neglectum 1 2 Themeda australis 1 2 Gonocarpus micranthus 1 2

TENf23 Leptospermum polygalifolium-Gleichenia dicarpa (TENus 15) Floristic richness: 50

Species fr me Species fr me Gleichenia dicarpa 1 4 Eucalyptus brunnea 1 2 Leptospermum polygalifolium Gonocarpus micranthus 1 2 subsp. montanum 1 4 Gonocarpus teucrioides 1 2 Acaciafloribunda 1 3 Leptospermum trinervium. 1 2 Lepyrodia scariosa 1 3 Lomandralongifolia 1 2 Schoenus melanostachys 1 3 Pomaderris argyrophylla 1 2 Allocasuarina littoralis 1 2 Prostanthera species B 1 2 Baeckea sp. C (aff. diosmifolia) 1 2 Pultenaea villosa 1 2 Bauera rubioides var.rubioides 1 2 Restio stenocoleus 1 2 Baumea planifolia 1 2 Rhynchospora brownii 1 2 Callistemon citrinus 1 2 Schoenus apogon 1 2

FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 82 NORTHERN REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 Cassytha glabella 1 2 Scirpus polystachyus 2 Entolasia. stricta. 1 2 Xyris operculata 2 Epacris obtusifolia 1 2

TENf24 Ptilothrix deusta-Lepidosperma limicola (TENus 14) Floristic richness: 39

Species fr me Species fr me Ptilothrix deusta 1 4 Empodisma minus 1 2 Axonopus affinis 1 3 Entolasia stricta 1 2 Gonocarpus micranthus 1 3 Epacris microphylla 1 2 Gymnoschoenus sphaerocephalus 1 3 Epacris obtusifolia 1 2 Lepidosperma limicola 1 3 Goodenia bellidifolia 1 2 Xyris operculata 1 3 Grevillea acanthifolia var. stenomera 1 2 Baeckea species C (aff. diosmifolia) 1 2 Patersoniafragilis 1 2 Boronia polygalifolia 1 2 Pimelea linifolia subsp. linifolia 1 2 Comesperma defoliatum 1 2 Selaginella uliginosa 1 2 Drosera spathulata 1 2 Thelionema caespitosum 1 2

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 NORTHERN REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES 83 APPENDIX 3

SUMMARY OFMAJOR SITE FEATURES OFFLORA SURVEYPLOTS

Date is given as YYYYMMDD. SF is State Forest, coded as: D=Donnybrook, F=Forest Land, G=Girard, I=Gilgurry, J=Jenner, K=Bookookoorara, L=Little Spirabo, M=Malara, N=Boonoo, R=Boorook, S=Spirabo. Altitude (Alt) is in metres, aspect (Asp) and slope (SI) in degrees. Top is topographic position, coded as 1=summit; 2=crest; 3=saddle; 4=upper slope; 5=midslope; 6=lower slope; 7=simple slope; 8=flat; 9=alluvial; 10=minor gully; l1=creek; 12=swamp or closed depression. Geol is geology, coded as BV=basic volcanic; HQG=high quartz granitic; HQM=high quartz metamorphic; LQG=low quartz granitic; LQS=low quartz sedimentary; LQV=low quartz volcanic. Fire and logging histories are field estimates, coded as: frrst digit - intensity (1 low to 3 high); digits 2-3 = age in years; digits 4-5 = accuracy; blank = fire history indetermiilate, or unlogged, respectively, TENovand TENfare overstorey and floristic communities respectively, as described in the text.

Plot Date Map AMGE. AMGN SF Aft Asp SI Top Geol Fire Log. TENovTENf

BIL001 19920121 9339 420750 6765480 F 1020 30 1 7 HQM 20100 6.1 1 BIL002 19920121 9339 421200 6765980 F 1030 155 5 10 HQM 20702 6.1 1 BOOO01 19920114 9340 421330 6812780 R 660 45 11 10 HQG 12510 4.2 16 BOOO02 19920114 9340 421050 6812750 R 790 110 19 5 HQG 10301 5.3 1 BOOO03 19920115 9340 415800 6796700 N 1060 250 7 4 HQG 20201 6.1 8 BOOO04 19920115 9340 415300 6796530 N 930 170 26 5 HQG 20803 4.1 1 BOOO05 19920115 9340 415930 6797980 N 1070 200 15 10 HQG 20201 7 1 BOOO06 19920116 9340 422000 6809380 R 820 135 10 5 HQG 10000 13 BOOO07 19920116 9340 423780 6808380 R 590 0 0 12 HQG 21 BOOO08 19920116 9340 423580 6808180 R 610 0 1 8 HQG 20502 19 3 BOOO09 19920117 9340 419850 6810680 R 970 50 4 4 HQG 13 BOO010 19920117 9340 415950 6800330 N 1040 270 1 7 HQG 20201 17.1 4 BOOO11 19920117 9340 416280 6799380 N 1080 0 2 7 HQG 20301 6.1 4 BOOO12 19920310 9340 419150 6829630 K 710 70 38 6 LQG 3.3 19 DON001 19910419 9240 383900 6796200 D 1160 65 5 5 HQG 20200 15 9 DON002 19910419 9240 382900 6794450 D 1060 270 1 6 HQG 20200 14 4 DON003 19910419 9240 382000 6793550 D 1040 160 0 8 HQG 21005 16 11 DON004 19910420 9240 381750 6795750 D 1020 355 30 4 HQG 20200 21 12 DON005 19910420 9240 381950 6794100 D 1040 300 4 5 HQG 20200 16 10 DON006 19910420 9240 380950 6793450 D 1080 180 0 10 HQG 15 11 FOR001 19920118 9339 405300 6750430 F 1210 0 0 12 LQV 22 FOR002 19920118 9339 403880 6749730 F 1480 5 16 4 LQV 10503 7 1 FOR003 19920118 9339 407880 6754030 F 1170 330 2 5 HQG 10201 15010 6.1 1 FOR004 19920118 9339 409450 6753550 F 1060 315 1 7 HQG 10503 17 .2 6 GIL001 19920311 9340 435800 6816500 I 590 30 30 4 HQG 20100 5 GIL002 19920311 9340 436200 6816850 I 320 20 25 6 HQG 10100 11 4 GIL003 19920311 9340 434000 6819480 I 580 110 5 10 BV 3.1 19 GIL004 19920311 9340 434750 6819150 I 520 160 14 5 BV 10100 5.3 3 GIR001 19920313 9339 432380 6782180 M 860 180 20 5 HQG 4.3 20 GIR002 19920313 9339 433250 6782250 M 1020 315 20 4 HQG 20301 9 8 GIR003 19920314 9339 431550 6786950 G 1050 95 12 6 HQG 2.1 20 GIR004 19920314 9339 432200 6787580 G 1060 130 15 4 HQG 29900 15 GIR005 19920314 9339 430280 6786950 G 1090 360 1 7 HQG 20301 18 8 GIR006 19920315 9340 432430 6808880 G 490 280 5 5 BV 20100 10.2 5 GIR007 19920316 9339 448350 6793750 G 240 340 19 5 BV 10201 12.1 3 GIR008 19920316 9340 440250 6801950 G 490 0 0 9 BV 20803 20 7 GIR009 19920318 9340 441530 6819430 G 480 320 2 10 LQS 3.2 19 GIR010 19920318 9340 441180 6818050 G 450 140 10 6 LQS 20301 11503 10.1 3 GIR011 19920319 9340 435780 6802150 G 650 280 11 4 BV 20100 10.2 5 GIR012 19920319 9340 435770 6802630 G 550 25 0 11 BV 4.1 16 GIR013 19920319 9340 430030 6800200 G 760 90 5 5 LQS 20100 23010 10.1 3 GIR014 19920319 9340 427250 6794950 G 790 105 16 4 HQG 10100 13 4 GIR015 19920319 9340 429380 6797330 G 720 245 3 5 LQG 20100 22005 5.3 3 GIR016 19920313 9339 430550 6784010 G 990 160 3 12 HQG 20201 24 GIR017 19920313 9339 427600 6781330 M 1040 180 1 7 HQG 20100 18 8 JEN001 19920310 9340 408750 6815130 J 960 0 0 12 HQG 19900 22 PSOl-6 19920119 9339 416230 6762130 F 1040 25 0 11 LQS 21505 6.2 2 PS04 19920116 9340 420200 6801050 R 870 95 1 11 HQG 23 PS05 19920117 9340 417330 6801750 N 1020 0 0 12 HQG 24 SPI001 19920119 9339 413630 6753980 L 1450 0 15 1 BV 14 SPI002 19920119 9339 413180 6753530 L 1270 100 13 5 BV 1 20 SPI003 19920119 9339 41338b 6752650 L 1160 120 4 7 BV 20301 7 1 SPI004 19920119 9339 413200 6751630 L 1280 350 8 2 BV 20402 6.1 9 SPI005 19920119 9339 413480 6751130 L 1220 150 5 5 BV 20301 7 1

FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOtITH WALES 84 NORTHERN REGION, NEW SOUrH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 Plot Date Map AMGE AMGN SF Alt asp SI Top Geol Fire Log. TENovTENf

WOl-3 19920315 9340 433700 6796400 G 960 35 8 5 BV 13010 2.2 20 W02-2 19920318 9340 434650 6795630 G 900 40 4 5 BV 2.3 20 W03-2 19920317 9340 433930 6794850 G 640 65 20 5 LQG 21505 5.3 17 W04-3 19920315 9340 433030 6794730 G 660 130 20 5 LQG 51505 5.1 17 W05-1 19920317 9340 431630 6796180 G 870 290 10 4 LQG 21505 30100 6.1 1 W06-3 19920317 9340 430980 6797250 G 750 360 11 5 LQG 32505 4.1 17 W07-3 19920317 9340 432480 6794830 G 530 195 12 2 LQG 10201 5.2 4 W08-1 19920118 9339 414750 6759950 F 1010 190 1 7 LQS 2.1 20 W09-3 19920118 9339 414650 6759600 F 1000 105 1 7 LQS 20602 6.1 1 WI0-3 19920119 9339 413750 6774020 F 1060 145 10 6 LQG 00000 35010 2.4 20 W11-3 19920310 9340 418150 6829030 K 900 25 2 5 LQG 21505 30301 8 18 W12-3 19920118 9339 415650 6777500 F 970 65 8 4 LQG 20401 31301 6.1 1 W13-3 19920122 9339 418230 6757630 S 1010 10 3 5 LQS 20200 30200 6.1 1 W14-3 19920122 9339 4p030 6753650 S n30 140 4 5 LQS 20602 6.1 1 W15-3 19920122 9339 418230 6754900 S 1120 55 4 5 LQS 20602 8 1 W16-3 19920118 9339 411000 6756010 F 1180 210 8 6 LQV 21003 14010 7 1 W17-3 19920122 9339 417250 6756900 S 1150 300 16 10 LQS 6.1 1 W18-3 19920114 9340 420480 6814130 R 920 240 1 7 HQG 20301 6.1 4 W19"'"3 19920114 9340 41970{) 6812380 R 930 360 3 4 HQG 20301 6.1 4 W20-2 19920314 9339 427250 6787100 G 1030 70 5 5 HQG 20201 21703 6.1 4 W21-3 19920117 9340 419300 6811050 R 960 330 2 7 HQG 11005 10200 6.1 4 W22-3 19920115 9340 416400 6798280 N 1100 30 0 7 HQG 20201 16 8 W23-2 19920115 9340 4192.00 6800100 N 1010 80 15 7 HQG 20201 6.1 4 W24-1 19920114 9340 420050 681325,0 R 580 300 4 4 HQG 20301 8 1 W25-3 19920310 9339 408580 681563'0 J .' 980 0 1 7 HQG 20702 10201 14 4 W26-3 19920312 9339 429380 6810430 I 680 60 10 4 LQS 20201 23010 10.1 3 W27-3 19920312 9340 430050 6811650 I 680 350 5 5 LQS 20201 23010 10.1 3 W28-3 19920118 9339 415080 6776580 F 1030 115 5 5 LQV 21003 7 1 W29-3 19920118 9339 414880 6774750 F 1050 155 4 5 LQV 20502 8 1 W31-3 19920316 9340 446500 6792950 G 550 360 3 5 BV 20100 12005 10.1 3 W32-1 19920300 9339 447050 6793180 G 440 290 7 6 BV 10201 12.2 3 W33-3 19920114 9340 420230 6812600 R 910 100 5 5 HQG 20301 6.2 1 W34-3 19920300 9339 427880 6787930 G 980 240 5 5 HQG 20803 11703 6.1 1 W35-3 19920115 9340 420350 6800050 N 910 65 20 5 HQG 10201 5.2 4 W36-3 19920122 9339 419250 6752880 S 1080 145 5 6 LQS 21002 30100 7 1

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 NORTHERN REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES 85 APPENDIX 4

TWO-WAY TABLE OFSPECIES BYPLOTS, OFDATA USED FOR ORDINATIONANALYSES

Plots are read vertically. Numbers in the table are cover codes as described in the text.

PLOT BBBBBBBBBFFFGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGPSSSWV~~~WWWWWW~~~~~~~~ IIOOOOOOOOOOIIIIIIIIIIIIIIISPPPOOOOOOllllllll12222222222333333 LLOOOOOOORRRLLRRRRRRRRRRRRROIII3456791234567890123456789123456 0000000000000000000000000001000------ 00000001100000000~001111111-0002313333333333333332133333333333 SPECIES 1223458012342412567801234576345

Acacia binervata 2 32 Acacia falciformis 23 1 2 2 32 2121 3 14 2 2 Acacia floribunda 1 2 3 1 3 Acacia irrorata 1 1 332 4 2233231 222 3 3 Acacia maidenii 1 11 1 11 12121 1 13 11 Acacia melanoxylon 1 1 1 1 12 2 1 1 1 Acacia obtusifolia 3 231 Acacia ulicifolia 2 1 1 1 1 Acianthus spp. 11 2 2 1 2 2 Acrotriche aggregata 1 2 2 1 12111 11 Adiantum aethiopicum 2 12 11 2 1 Adiantum formosum 33 1 2 Adiantum hispidulum 1 1 2 Allocasuarina 1ittoralis 32 21 3 12 322 1 2 12 Allocasuarina torulosa 3 2 3121 2 2 1 22 33 Alphitonia excelsa 1 1 11 Amperea xiphoclada 1 2 11 2 11221 Amyema p'endulum 1 1 1 Aneilema acuminatum 1 21 Angophora subvelutina 3 3 2 22 2 1 Aristida vagans 3 11 Arthropodium milleflorum 2 1 2 12 2 1 2 1 2 221 Asperula conferta 1 11 Axonopus affinis 1 22 1 1 Banksia cunninghamii 1 1 1 1 2 Banksia integrifolia 22 12 3 21 2 122 2 2 Bidens pilosa 1 11 11 Billardiera scandens 11 11 111 1 11 11 1 111 1 12 1 11 11 1 1 11 1 1 Blechnum cartilagineum 31 124 2 2 3 31 11 2311 11 32 4212 B1echnum nudum 2 32 1 22 1 Bossiaea neo-anglica 22 2 1 Botrychium australe 1 1 1 2 Brachycome microcarpa 12 12 221 2 1 2 1 Bracteantha bracteatum 2 1 1 1 1 Breynia oblongifolla 1 1 111 1 111 Brunoniella australis 11 222222 1 22 21 Callicoma serratifolia 2 31 1 Ca10chlaena dubia 36 234 1 1 2 1414234 2 35545 4 2 3 5323 Carex breviculmis 1 222 1 2 2 112 1 11 2 211 22 22121222 2 1 Carex declinata 11 1 1 Carex longebrachiata 2 2 1 1 Cayratia clematidea 1 1 1 1 1 1 Cayratia eurynema 11 2 2 Celastrus subspicatus 2 12 1 Cenchrus caliculatus 1 11 Centella asiatica 2 1 1 Centratherum punctatum subsp. australianum 1 1 2 Cephalaralia cephalobotrys 2 2 1 1 1 1 Chamaecrista mimosoides 1 11 Cheilanthes sieberi subsp. sieberi 1 11 2 1 1 11 Chiloglottis spp. 21 1 1 1 11 1 1 121 11 11 Chionoch1oa pallida 3 4 2 Choretrum candollei 1 2 1 Cinnamomum virens 1 1 1 Cirsium vulgare 11 1 211 1 1 1 1 Cissus antarctica 2 3213 2 Cissus hypoglauca 1 1 2 1 1 2222 11 12 1 1 21 1

FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 86 NORTHERN REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 PLOT BBBBBBBBBFFFGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGPSSSWWWW~~~~~~MWWW~~~~~ IIOOOOOOOOOOIIIIIIIIIIIIIIISPPPOOOOOOll11111112222222222333333 LLOOOOOOORRRLLRRRRRRRRRRRRROIII3456791234567890123456789123456 0000000000000000000000000001000------ 000000011000000000001111111-0002313333333333333332133333333333 SPECIES 1223458012342412567801234576345

Citriobatus pauciflorus 2 11 1 Claoxylon australe 1 1 1 1 Clematis aristata 11 1 1 21 1 1 12 1 2 2 21 1 1 2 Clematis glycinoides 1 3 2 Clerodendrum tomentosum 11 1 1 Comesperma ericinum 11 2 1 Commelina cyanea 2 2 21 1 Conyza albida 1 1 1 1 2 211 11 1 1 1 Cordyline petiolaris 1 2 1 1 1 Craspedia variabilis 212 1 Crotalaria montana 2 1 1 1 Cryptocarya microneura 32 1 1 Cyathea australis 1 2 2 22 21 1 1 241 11 Cymbopogon refractus 2 2 12 31 22 23 23 Cyperus laevis 2 2 1 1 12 11 Dampiera stricta 2 2 1 Danthonia pi10sa 2 1 1 21 2 1 Danthonia tenuior 1 2 2 22 2 Davallia pyxidata 1 11 1 1 1 Denhamia celastroides 1 1 1 11 1 Desmodium brachypodum 2 1 1 2 2 111 2 22 22 Desmodium rhytidophyllum 3 22 22 111 1 3 1 22 32 2 Desmodium varians 2 2 1 2 22122 21 322 21 2 11 2 222222221 2 222323222222 Deyeuxia parviseta 1 1 11 2 1 12 1 Dianella caerulea 222121 22 2 2 121 2112211 1 1111 2 222222222222212122211221 Dianella longifolia 1 1 1 111 1 Dianella tasmanica 1 2 2 1 Dichelachne micrantha 1 1 12 12 1 11 111 1 1 Dichelachne rara 112 21 1 1 1 1 1 1 Dichondra repens 1 2 1 22 12 2 2 11 223 11 2 2 22 23 Dictymia brownii 1 1 1 Digitaria parviflora 2 1 22121 1 1 11 22 Dillwynia phylicoides 2 12 1 1 Dioscorea transversa 1 1 11 1 2' Diospyros australis 2 1 1112 2 Dipodium spp. 1 1 , 1 11 1 1 Doodia aspera 22 11 1 1 3213 21 22 3 22 2 Drosera auriculata 1 2 1 Dysoxylum fraserianum 11 1 1 1 Echinopogon caespitosus 2 2 11 32 2 212 12 Echinopogon ovatus 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 11 1 Elaeocarpus reticulatus 121 11 1 1 1 1121 1 1 Entolasia marginata 2 2 22 22 1 3 11 2 11 1 11 32 Entolasia stricta 1 222 22 22 222 2 2 1 11 22222 2 Eragrostis benthamii 1 12 2 Eremophila debilis 1 1 1 11 Eupomatia laurina 1 2 1 1 1 Euroschinus falcata 22 1 1 Eustrephus latifolius 122 12 1 2 11 111 1 12 12 1 2121222111 1222221222111 Ficus coronata 1 1 1 Galium spp. 1 2 1 Gahnia aspera 1 2 1 1 1 1 Gahnia melanocarpa 1 1 11 1 22 1 Gahnia sieberiana 1 1 3 Galium binifolium 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1111 Galium ciliare 1 1 1 1 21 1 Galium migrans 1 1 1 1 21 1111 1 1 Geitonoplesium cymosum 1 1 111 11 1 11 2 1 Geranium homeanum 2 2 2 Geranium potentilloides 1 2 2 1 11 2 12 2 211 221121 11 21 11 2 Geranium solanderi 2 1 2 2 Glycine clandestina 11 111 22 2 2 2 22 21 1 222212222122 222 2 2 2222 Glycine tabacina 3 2 213 2 2 1 2 22 22 Gnaphalium gymnocephalum 1 1 1 1 12 11 1 Gonocarpus tetragynus 22 22 1 2 2 1 1 121 1 1 1 2 Gonocarpus teucrioides 22 22 122 1 1 1112 1 11 1222222 1 332 13 222 Goodenia bellidifolia 2 2 12 2 1 1 1 22 Goodenia hederacea subsp. hederacea 33 2 1 3 1 Gymnostachys anceps 1 1 11 11 1 11 1 'Haemodorum planifolium 2 2 ill 1

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUfH WALES FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO, 30 NORTHERN REGION, NEW SOUfH WALES 87 PLOT BBBBBBBBBFFFGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGPSSSWW~~~~~~~~WWWW~~~qw IIOOOOOOOOOOIIIIIIIIIIIIIIISPPP0000001111111112222222222333333 LLOOOOOOORRRLLRRRRRRRRRRRRROIII3456791234567890123456789123456 0000000000000000000000000001000------ 000000011000000000001111111-0002313333333333333332133333333333 SPECIES 1223458012342412567801234576345

Hakea florulenta 12 1 2 1 2 Hardenbergia violacea 122 2 1 122 1 21 2 122 1 22222 121 22 Hedycarya angustifolia 1 1 1 Helichrysum elatum 11 1 ~" 1 Helichrysum scorpioides 1 22 1 1 2 2 111 1 Hlbbertia aspera 11 1 1 11 2 11 1 1 f 1 Hibbertia dentata 1 2 1 1 1 Hibbertia obtusifolia 112 2 2 11 1 11 11 Hibbertia scandens 221 12 1 2 221111222123 221 12 22 2212 Hovea linearis 11 22 1 1 Hybanthus monopetalus 1 1 1 1 21 2 1 1 1 Hybanthus stellarioides 2 1 11 211 11 2 2 22 Hydrocotyle laxifolia 1 1 2 2 2 213 21 2 1 21 122 112 2 Hypericum gramineum 1 12 21 2 21 21 2112 2 2 Hypericum japonicum 1 1 1 1 11 1 Hypochoeris radicata 1 2 112 121 1 11211 111112 12 11 11 Hypolepis glandulifera 2 1 3 Hypoxis hygrometrica 2 3 12 1 1 1 Imperata cylindrica 212 4 2 3 3 421 133 111 22 2221 22212 3 243 2 31232 Indigofera australis 2 1 11 1 Kennedia rubicunda 211 1 2 1 1 1 3 1 2 2 121 2 1 Lagenifera stipitata 212 111 12 2 1111221 2 11 1221 2 212 1 1 211 1 222 Lantana camara. 2 1 1 1 Lepidosperma laterale 1 22 1211 1 112 211 2 122 111 1 211111211 1 1 11 Lepidosperma tortuosum 11 1 Leptospermum trinervium 3 13 2 2 Leucopogon lanceolatus 12 1 1211 2 11 1111 2 112111 22112 1 111 1121 Lindsaea 1inearis 1 1 11 Linospadix monostachya 1 1 Lobelia trigonocaulis 11 1 Lomandra confertifolia subsp. pa11ida 1 22 21 Lomandra elongata 1 1 1 Lomandra filiformis 12 112 112 1 2 11 1 11 2 1 2 1 12 1 1 Lomandra longifolia 1 11 4211 1 21 11 421 111 11212 11 2 1 1211 Lomandra multiflora 11 1 1 1 1 1 Lomatia silaifolia 1 2 1 21 2 11 1 11111 1111 11 Marsdenia flavescens 3 1 1 Maytenus silvestris 112 1 1 11 1 1111 21 211 1 1 1212 111 Melichrus procumbens 11 1 111 1 Mentha diemenica 1 21 1 1 1 Microlaena stipoides var. stipoides 2 21 122 22222 1222223412 22 2 12112222 12 222222222222221221 Monotoca scoparia 2 22 1 12 1 2 12 Morinda jasminoides 2 2 1212 2 1 Muel1erina celastroides 1 1 1 Neolitsea dealbata 43 1 2 1 Note1aea 1ongifolia 11 2 Notelaea venosa 1 1 1 1 1 Opercularia aspera 1 12 222 1 2 22 3 1 Opercularia diphylla 2 1 2 Opercularia hispida 21 2 12 2112 Oplismenus aemulus 2 2 2 233 3 2 1 22 23 Oplismenus imbecillus 1 1 3 2 2222 3 1 21 2 Oxalis chnoodes 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 112 2 Oxylobium ilicifolium 1 2 3 22 2 32122 2 Pandorea pandorana 2 1 11 1 2 Panicum effusum 2 2 1 Panicum simile 2 1 2 3 1 2 Parsonsia straminea 1 2 1 1211 Patersonia glabrata 1 22 2 22 1 2 11122 Patersonia sericea 2 1 1 Pellaea falcata var. falcata 1 1 1 Persoonia cornifolia 1 11 1 1 112 1 Persoonia oleoides 11 22 111'1 1 1 1

FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 88 NORTHERN REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 PLOT BBBBBBBBBFFFGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGPSSS:WW~WW~~~~~~~WW~~~~ IIOOOOOOOOOOIIIIIIIIIIIIIIISPPP0000001111111112222222222333333 LLOOOOOOORRRLLRRRRRRRRRRRRROIII3456791234567890123456789123456 0000000000000000000000000001000------ 000000011000000000001111111-0002313333333333333332133333333333 SPECIES 1223458012342412567801234576345

Persoonia sericea 1 1 Persoonia tenuifo1ia 1 12 21 Petrophi1e canescens 2 1 12 2 21 Phyl1anthus virgatus 1 1 11 Picris angustifo1ia 1 11 1 1 211 Pime1ea linifolia 1 2 Pimelea neo-angli6a 1 21 1 Pittosporum revolutum 1 111 11 Pittosporum undulatum 1 2 1 1 Plantago debilis 1 1 1 11 11 11 1111 Platycerium bifurcatum 1 1 1 1 11 1 Platysace ericoides 2 3 2 2223 Plectranthus parviflorus 1 21 11 1 1 121 21 2 1 11 1 Poa labillardieri 3 2 12 112 2 11111 2 1 4 2323 3 3 Poa sieberiana 21 211433 213 3 3333333221 1 23 Podolepis neglecta 2 11 1 1 1 Polygala japonica 2 1 2 12 1 Polyscias elegans 1111 1 Polyscias sambucifolia 11 1 1 1 12 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 11 1 1 Pomax umbellata 1 1 1 1 2 111 2 2 Poranthera microphylla 222 1 11 1 1 1 11222 2 221 Pratia purpurascens 21 1222 2212 2223 1322 21 1 222222 2212221112232222 2 2 Pseuderanthemum variabile 112 11 11 Psychotria loniceroides 2123 1 1 1 1 pteridium esculentum 2122 312131 2 21 23122221 1 12134221222231323 122 2 223 Pterostylis nutans 1 1 1 1 Pterostylis obtusa 1 1 1 Pyrrosia rupestris 2 2 2 1 1 Ranunculus lappaceus 1 1 1 2 11 1 11 1 Rapanea.howittiana 1 2 1 11 1 11 11 11 Rapanea variabilis 1 1 1 Rhodamnia rubescens 1 4 2 1 Rubus parvifolius 1 2 112 1 222 1 1 2221122 221222 1 1 Rubus rosifolius 1 111 11 1 Sarcopetalum harveyanum 1 1 1 Schizaea bifida 1 1 1 Schizomeria ovata 4 1 11 Schoenus melanostachys 1 1 1 Scleria mackaviensis 1 2 2 2 Senecio amygdalifolius 2 1 2 Senecio biserratus 1 1 1 Senecio diaschides 211 1 111 121 11 1 1 12211 22 1 1111112 1 112 Sigesbeckia orientalis 1 12 1 2112 2 . 1122 4 121111 11 Smilax australis 1 21 11 1 1 11111111 2 2 11111 1 Solanum aviculare 1 1 3 Solanum densevestitum 1 1 2 112 121 1 1 Solanum opacum 1 1 2 Solanum pungetium 21 1 Solanum stelligerum 1 11 Sorghum leiocladum 2 3 1 2 2 2· 4 4333 3 32 Stackhousia viminea 1 1 11 1 1 Stephania japonica var. discolor 1 1 1 1 Stylidium graminifolium 22 1 21 112 2 221122 2 2 Swainsona galegifolia 1 2 1 2 121 Synoum glandulosum 1 3 1 2111 2 1 1 Syzygium australe 3 1 1 Tasmannia stipitata 11 1 2 2 2 Tetrastigma nitens 311 Themeda australis 2 344 2242 22 24 143 2 5 2 1243242432 43 34 Thysanotus tuberosus 1 22 21 1 21111 1 11 Trachymene incisa 11 2 2 2 2 2 Trema aspera 1 11 1 Tricoryne elatior 121 1 Trochocarpa laurina 11 1 1 21 1 121121 2 1 231 1 1 2231

STATE FORESTS OFNEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 NORTHERN REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES 89 PLOT BBBBBBBBBFFFGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGPSSS:WWWWWWWW~~~~~~~~WWWWWW IIOOOOOOOOOOIIIIIIIIIIIIIIISPPP0000001111111112222222222333333 LLOOOOOOORRRLLRRRRRRRRRRRRROIII3456791234567890123456789123456 0000000000000000000000000001000------ 000000011000000000001111111-0002313333333333333332133333333333 SPECIES 1223458012342412567801234576345

Ty1ophora paniculata 1 1 1 11 11 1 ~ Vernonia cinerea 2 L 1 12 II 21 1 2 1 22 2212 2222 22 1 11 1 Veronica plebeia 1 11 1 1 1 1 , 1 121 Viola betonicifolia 2 2 2 22 2 2 1 221 .L 22 1211222222 22212 22 221 Viola hederacea 22 22 "" 1 3 -" 1 2112 22222222 1 2 22 21 2 Wahlenbergia luteola 1 2 2 1 Wahlenbergia $tricta 1 1 1 '. 1 2 11 Xanthorrhoea glauca 1 3 _.L' , 1 1 43 2 Xanthorrhoea johnsonii 2 11 11 3 11 ~~ Zehneria cunninghamii 1 1 LL 1 ;: Zieria smithii 1 11 2 Zornia dyctiocarpa ;: -" 1

FLORA SURVEY, TENTERFIELD MANAGEMENT AREA, STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 90 NORTHERN REGION, NEW SmITH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 30 The Research Division produces publications in Technical Paper, Research Paper and Forest Resources Series.

Copies and further information are available from:

Publications Officer Research Division State Forests ofNSW NSW PO Box 100 Beecroft NSW 2119

Tel. (02) 872 0111 Fax. (02) 871 6941