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In the Aftermath of Xenophobia: a Critical Discourse Analysis 2014

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In the Aftermath of Xenophobia: a Critical Discourse Analysis 2014 In the aftermath of xenophobia: a critical discourse analysis 2014 In the aftermath of xenophobia: a critical discourse analysis Christina Aletta Els Submitted in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree D.Phil. Linguistics in the Faculty of Humanities, Department of English at the University of the Free State Supervisor: Dr M. Kriel Co-Supervisor: Prof A.J. Weideman In the aftermath of xenophobia: a critical discourse analysis 2014 July 2014 “We are the scatterlings of Africa Both you and I We are on the road to Phelamanga Beneath a copper sky And we are scatterlings of Africa ...who made us, here and why? (Lyrics from Johnny Cleggs’s album Scatterlings of Africa.) The limits of my language are the limits of my world (Die grenzen meiner sprache sind die grenzen meiner welt). (Ludwig Wittgenstein, 1922). ii In the aftermath of xenophobia: a critical discourse analysis 2014 DECLARATION I, Christina Aletta Els, declare that the thesis that I herewith submit for the Doctorate D.Phil. Linguistics at the University of the Free State, is my own independent work and that I have not previously submitted it for a qualification at another institution of higher education. I furthermore cede copyright of the thesis in favour of the University of the Free State. iii In the aftermath of xenophobia: a critical discourse analysis 2014 ABSTRACT While evidence confirms that print media in South Africa has contributed to the development of a xenophobic environment (McDonald and Jacobs, 2005:306; Danso and McDonald, 2001:124), particularly in the manner in which the media has stigmatised non-nationals, this does not necessarily imply that the print media was complicit in the xenophobic outbreaks of April/May 2008 (Smith, 2011:111). However, an investigation into the representation of non-nationals in the print media is nevertheless a lacuna that needs to be addressed (Smith, 2010:188). The focus of this study is on the discursive representations of non-nationals in the tabloid, the Daily Sun, during April to May 2008 –it focuses not only on the way in which the Daily Sun represented the ‘Other’, but also identifies some of the underlying ideologies that underpin these representations. The tabloid phenomenon, which presented itself in post-1994, has created a new trend of inclusivity in South African society in that previously marginalised groups have now, for the first time, been targeted as a viable market. The Daily Sun has been instrumental in providing people, who have been voiceless under apartheid, with a sense of identity by providing access to affordable newspapers. By the same token the Daily Sun has been accused of stoking the fires of xenophobia by means of uncritical and biased reporting. This led to a formal complaint against the newspaper in 2008, spearheaded by the Media Monitoring Project (nowadays MMA). These contradictions, as Wasserman (2007:791) points out, are characteristic of a society “in rapid and unequal transition and the tabloid media as commercial entities reliant on a public caught between history and progress…”. The researcher, working within the frame of Critical Discourse Analysis, draws a parallel, although not necessarily a causal link, between the xenophobic pogroms of May 2008 and the discursive representations of the tabloid, the Daily Sun, during April to May 2008. iv In the aftermath of xenophobia: a critical discourse analysis 2014 OPSOMMING Ten spyte van bewyse wat bevestig dat gedrukte media in Suid-Afrika bygedra het tot die ontwikkeling van ʼn xenofobiese omgewing (McDonald en Jacobs, 2005:306; Danso en McDonald, 2001:124), vernaam op die wyse waarop die media nie-burgers gestigmatiseer het, beteken dit nie dat die gedrukte media aandadig was in die xenofobiese aanvalle van April/Mei 2008 in Suid- Afrika nie (Smith, 2011:111). Daar bestaan wel ʼn leemte in die literatuur rakende die uitbeelding van nie-burgers in gedrukte media, en hierdie leemte moet aangespreek word (Smith, 2010:188). Hierdie studie fokus op die diskursiewe uitbeelding van nie-burgers in die poniekoerant Daily Sun vanaf April tot Mei 2008. Die studie fokus nie net op die wyse waarop die Daily Sun die ‘Ander’ uitbeeld nie, maar identifiseer ook die onderliggende ideologieë wat die basis van hierdie uitbeeldings vorm. Die poniekoerant fenomeen, wat ditself ná 1994 voorgedoen het, het ʼn nuwe tendens van inklusiwiteit in die Suid-Afrikaanse samelewing meegebring, soveel so dat voorheen gemarginaliseerde groepe nou, vir die eerste keer, ʼn lewensvatbare teikenmark was. Die Daily Sun was gesaghebbend in hierdie proses deur, vir dié gene wat gedurende die Apartheid regime geen stem gehad het nie, ʼn sin van identiteit te skep deur hul toegang te bied tot bekostigbare koerante. In dieselfde asem word die Daily Sun daarvan beskuldig dat dit die vure van xenophobia aangeblaas het deur middel van onkritiese en subjektiewe verslaggewing. Dit het gelei tot die lê van ʼn formele klag teen die koerant in 2008, gedryf deur die Media Moniteringsprojek (deesdae die MMA). Hierdie teenstrydighede, noem Wasserman (2007:791), is kenmerkend van ʼn samelewing vasgevang in “ʼn vinnige en onegalige oorgangstydperk en die poniepers as kommersiële entiteite, afhanklik van die publiek, vasgevang tussen die geskiedenis en vooruitgang”. Die navorser, wat binne die raamwerk van Kritiese Diskoersanalise werk, ontbloot ʼn parallel, maar nie noodwendig ʼn kousale verband nie, tussen die xenofobiese slagtings gedurende Mei 2008 en die diskursiewe uitbeelding in die poniekoerant, Daily Sun, vanaf April tot Mei 2008. v In the aftermath of xenophobia: a critical discourse analysis 2014 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Soli deo Gloria! Also, my sincere gratitude to: My supervisor, Dr Mariana Kriel, and co-supervisor, Prof Albert Weideman, for their unwavering support and expert advice. Any errors, of course, are solely my own responsibility. Dr Susan Brokensha for her valuable input. Dr Mima Dedaic for her expert advice and valuable comments. William Bird, director of Media Monitoring Africa, for his kind assistance in sending me scanned copies of the Daily Sun news reports which were unavailable online. Hanta Henning for the editing and translation of sections of this document. My precious family and friends who have loved and supported me throughout this journey. vi In the aftermath of xenophobia: a critical discourse analysis 2014 CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. BACKGROUND 1 1.2. RESEARCH PROBLEMS AND AIMS 5 1.3. OBJECTIVES OF CDA 8 1.4. ORIGINAL THEORETICAL TRADITION 10 1.5. RESEARCH DESIGN AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 17 1.6. BRIEF OUTLINE OF CHAPTERS 20 1.7. VALUE OF RESEARCH 21 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 22 2.1. INTRODUCTION 22 2.2. THE DIALOGUE CONTINUES: MEDIATION BETWEEN THE SOCIAL AND LINGUISTIC WORLD 25 2.3. SALIENT SOCIAL THEORIES 29 2.4. THE PROBLEM OF DEFINITION: LANGUAGE, TEXT, DISCOURSE 33 2.4.1. LANGUAGE AND DISCOURSE 34 2.4.2. FROM LANGUAGE AND DISCOURSE TO DISCOURSE AND TEXT 41 2.4.2.1. DEFINING TEXT 42 2.4.2.2. THE SEVEN PRINCIPLES OF TEXTUALITY 44 2.4.2.3. CLASSES OF TEXT 46 2.4.3. THE CONNECTION BETWEEN TEXT LINGUISTICS AND DISCOURSE 47 2.5. AN EVOLUTION TO A CONTEMPORARY APPROACH 51 2.5.1. INTER- / MULTI- / TRANSDISCIPLINARITY 52 2.5.2. POWER, IDEOLOGY AND CONTROL 55 2.5.3. THE NOTION OF CRITICALITY 60 2.5.4. CONTEXT AND SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL LINGUISTICS (SFL) 65 2.6. NORMATIVITY AND NOMINALISATION 78 2.6.1. NORMATIVITY 78 2.6.2. THE MERITS OF NOMINALISATION 83 2.7. VARIOUS APPROACHES TO CDA: FAIRCLOUGH, VAN DIJK AND WODAK 86 vii In the aftermath of xenophobia: a critical discourse analysis 2014 2.7.1. NORMAN FAIRCLOUGH 89 2.7.2. THEUN VAN DIJK 94 2.7.3. WODAK 100 2.8. ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF CDA AS A FIELD 104 2.9. CDA AND ITS SPECIFIC RELEVANCE TO MEDIA STUDIES 107 2.9.1. A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF MEDIA STUDIES 107 2.9.2. THE MEDIA AND MEDIATISATION 111 2.10. ON COMMERCIALISATION 112 2.11. CONCLUSION 113 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 114 3.1. INTRODUCTION: RESEARCH SETTING 114 3.2. INSTRUMENTATION 116 3.4. POPULATION AND SAMPLING PROCEDURE 122 3.5. LIMITATIONS OF STUDY 123 3.6. CONCLUSION 124 CHAPTER 4: CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS 125 4.1. INTRODUCTION 125 4.1.1. CULTURAL AND SITUATIONAL CONTEXT OF THE DAILY SUN 126 4.1.2. CULTURAL CONTEXT: MIGRATION 138 4.2.3. SITUATIONAL CONTEXT: XENOPHOBIA 141 CHAPTER 5: TEXTUAL ANALYSIS 146 5.1. INTRODUCTION 146 5.2. HEADLINES 147 5.3. METAPHOR 151 5.3.1. DOMINANT NEGATIVE METAPHORS: ALIENS, WAR, AND CRIMINALITY 151 5.3.2. SECONDARY METAPHORS: NATIONALISM AND NATURAL DISASTER 175 5.4. CONCLUSION 179 viii In the aftermath of xenophobia: a critical discourse analysis 2014 CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION 180 6.1. INTRODUCTION 180 6.2. KEY FINDINGS 182 6.3. RECOMMENDATIONS 187 6.3.1. TERMINOLOGY 187 6.3.2. ALTERNATIVE METAPHORS 188 6.3.3. THE ETHICS OF LISTENING 188 6.3.4. PEACE JOURNALISM 190 6.4. FURTHER RESEARCH 192 6.5. FINAL CONCLUDING REMARKS 192 BIBLIOGRAPHY 196 ix In the aftermath of xenophobia: a critical discourse analysis 2014 TABLE OF FIGURES Diagram 1 68 Diagram 2 70 Diagram 3 87 Diagram 4 118 Diagram 5 122 Table 1 149 x In the aftermath of xenophobia: a critical discourse analysis 2014 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION The limits of my language are the limits of my world (Die grenzen meiner sprache sind die grenzen meiner welt). (Ludwig Wittgenstein, 1922). What started off as attacks against 'illegal aliens' soon became attacks against immigrants legally here with their families, and then attacks on South Africans who 'looked foreign' because they were 'too dark' to be South African. This is the evil story of the beginnings of fascism … and ethnic cleansing which has been practiced in other parts of the world (statement by the Congress of South African Trade Unions, cited in Valji, N.
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