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Physical and Social Factors of Shoreline JOURNAL OF APPLIED GEOSPATIAL INFORMATION Vol 4 No 1 2020 http://jurnal.polibatam.ac.id/index.php/JAGI ISSN Online: 2579-3608 Physical and Social Factors of Shoreline Change in Gebang, Cirebon Regency 1915 – 2019 Millary Agung Widiawaty1*, Nandi1, Hendro Murtianto1,2 1 Departement of Geography Education, FPIPS, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Jalan Dr. Setiabudhi no. 229, Bandung, Jawa Barat, Indonesia (40154) 2 Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, College of Environmental Studies, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien County, Taiwan (974) *Corresponding author e-mail:[email protected] Received: April 26, 2020 Abstract Accepted: May 29, 2020 Shoreline changes are the main concern for coastal management. In Indonesia Published: June 01, 2020 coastal zone is the populated region for marine and fishery economic sectors. Dynamic of the region shown by shoreline change. This study aims to explain the Copyright © 2020 by author(s) and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. dynamics of shoreline change in Gebang, Cirebon Regency from 1915 to 2019, and several factors that influence. This research using overlay intersections to Open Access know shoreline change from 1915-2019 and multiple linear regression to determine several factors that influence the shoreline change. The shoreline increased 992.99 meters caused by accretion. Physical factors that influence shoreline changes include total suspended solids, bathymetry, wind, and tides, whereas social factors include the presence of beach building, population density, building density, and distance from the built-up area. The most influential factor in increased shoreline is bathymetry. Based on the results of statistical tests known that physical and social factors are influence significantly on the dynamics of shoreline changes. The correlation between the actual and the predicted value reached 0.97 with p-value 0.001. Keywords: Abration, Accretion, Physical and social factors, Gebang, Shoreline 1. Introduction Shoreline change is a dynamic that occurs ponds or embankments, tourist attractions and nature between land and sea area marked by coastal reserves are main land use in coastal area. abrasion and accretion, physical and social factors Cirebon Regency is a coastal region in West Java, influence the dynamic coastline (Srivastava, et al, Indonesia. Cirebon divided into two region area are 2005). Indonesia has approximately 95,180 km separated by Cirebon City namely West and East shoreline length dan ranks four of 182 countries after Cirebon. Some sub-district in East Cirebon have Canada, the United States, and Russia Federation directly bordered the Java Sea in the north and forms (Ministry of Marine and Fishery, 2018; Luijendijk, et a coastal area includes Mundu, Astanajapura, al., 2018). Shoreline change is a problem that Pangenan, Losari, and Gebang (Anshari, et al, 2016). concerns most coastal managers, coastal populated The East Cirebon coast is the estuary of large rivers by 60 percent of the world's population. Coastal has from Pantura-Ciayu watershed (1820 km2) and several benefits for development because the region Cisanggarung watershed (1325 km2). The abundance is the transitional area between terrestrial and marine of fluvial material coupled with sea currents along the ecosystems that influence each other, coastal region coast causes sediment accumulation and accretion suitable for agriculture, fisheries, transportations, and (Faturachman, et al., 2004; Warman, 2015). Efforts to other human-based activities (Dahuri, et al., 2013). optimize coastal resources often negative impacts, The existence of biological and non-biological natural some constructions installation such as breakwaters resources contained therein can be optimized to can inhibit litoral flow. This condition can cause sustain the community's economy. Communities erosion and also trigger sedimentation in another area around the coast in Indonesia generally work as (Dahuri, 2013; Nandi, 2018). fishermen who exploit this potential, where the Over the past 20 years since 1998, the coastal national fish catch reaches 12.5 tons per year region of East Cirebon has a change in shoreline due (Ministry of Marine and Fishery, 2015). In addition, salt to abrasion and accretion reaching 500 Ha (Widiawaty, 2018). Abrasion causes a decrease, but Widiawaty et al.,/ JAGI Vol 4 No 1/2020 327 accretion increases the shoreline due to the process Land accretion is more dominant than land erosion of river sedimentation which brings additional material in Gebang by material accumulation from the Ciberes to the coast. Poor management in upper watersheds river. Muddy coast types of the region have material exacerbates sedimentation in rivers estuary of East characteristics that are easily transported by currents Cirebon, the reduced vegetated area in upstream has (Heriati & Husrin, 2017). Based on the background, an impact on erosion and triggers sedimentation – this article has the purpose to examine the dynamics accretion in downstream. Rapid development in the of shoreline changes in Gebang and its several factors upstream by large conversion of forest areas into that influence. The study of the shoreline dynamic agriculture, plantations, and settlements. A significant takes various physical and social environmental coastal dynamic by the process is located in Gebang, factors, physical factors such as total suspended wherein a 2013 accretion increase of 260 Ha and solids (TSS), ocean’s depth or bathymetry, wind, and erosion decrease of 120 Ha – addition land with a gain tides, whereas social factors include coastal of 140 Ha. construction presence, population density, building density, and distance from the built-up area. Fig. 1. Research Location and Samples Distributions. from Landsat and Sentinel imagery, while data on 2. Methodology wind speed, current, and tide are obtained from data 2.1 Research Location providers such as BMKG, MetOcean Hindiacast, and INDESO. Especially for bathymetry data, ocean This research located in the Gebang sub-district, depths from topographic maps (Topografische Dients) Cirebon Regency, West Java, Indonesia. Gebang was interpolated using Kriging method cause has the borders to other sub-district in the East Cirebon such minimum error (Widiawaty, et al., 2017). For related as Babakan, Pabedilan, Losari, and Pangenan. In the social factors data such as the existence of coastal north, Gebang directly bordering with the Java Sea buildings, population density, building density, and (see Figure 1). Gebang is relatively flat with an distance from built-up were obtained from high- average height of 7.5 meters above sea level. The resolution imageries, official monographs of Gebang, lowest elevation located in the north, while the highest statistics data of BPS, interviews, and questionnaires point in the south. Gebang has 35.97 km2 of total area by residents, and field observation. and 61,342 population with annual growth rate reaches 0.7 percent arithmetic density level of 17.02 2.3 Data Analysis person per hectare. The analysis using vector data from maps and 2.2 Data Acquisition imageries digitalization with intersecting overlay. Before performing imageries analysis, it is necessary This study uses primary and secondary data for to need geometric, radiometric, and atmospheric the shoreline changes analysis and its influencing corrections to perform RGB composites (431 Landsat- factors. Shoreline changes data were obtained from 1 MSS, 432 Landsat-5 TM, or Landsat-7 ETM, and topographic maps (Topografische Dients) in 1915, 567 Landsat-8). Furthermore, shoreline changes topographic maps (AMS) in 1940, and Landsat series analysis was carried out within a predetermined time (USGS) in 1972, 1988, 1999, 2005, and 2019. For span so that the extent and length of abrasion and physical factors data including TSS were obtained accretion were known. In this part, there is some 328 Widiawaty et al.,/ JAGI Vol 4 No 1/2020 algorithm to determine physical and social factors are fulfillment best linear unbiased estimator (BLUE) and influence shoreline change based satellite imageries ordinary least square (OLS) model. Detail elaboration data. TSS measurements are carried out using about multiple regression models and its independent secondary data which include Landsat-8 OLI (USS) variables show in the results and discussion part. and Sentinel-2 (ESA) imageries in the same period which validated using primary data – in-situ Y = a + b1X1 + b2X2 …, + bnXn (3) measurements, the following equation is used based on Parwati algorithm (2017) as Equation 1. Whereas Where Y is dependent variable (shoreline change), X is building density analysis is performed using the independent variables (physical and social factors), a is Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI) as an konstanta, and b is regression coefficient. algorithmic that uses short infrared waves (SWIR) and near-infrared (NIR) (As-Syakur, 2012), NDBI is formulated with Equation 2. 0.9645 TSS(mg/l) = 0,621 × (7,904 × Exp(23,942 × red band)) (1) SWIR − NIR NDBI = (2) SWIR + NIR Where SWIR is short wave infrared, NIR is near infrared, and red band is electromagnetic wave on 0,64 – 0,67 µm length. Many factors that influence the shoreline change in Gebang can be determined using a multiple regression model as Equation 3. According to Dede et al (2018), multiple regression is parametric Fig. 2. Research Flow Chart. statistics that need some classical assumption test to Fig. 3. Shoreline Dynamics Map. 3. Results and Discussion 1967.59 to 2090.79 Ha, it was increased to 130.27 Ha. 3.1 Shoreline and Coastal Dynamics Abrasion also occurs in some segments reach of 7,07 Ha. To measuring the area of accretion and abrasion, The results show that in 1915 the north coast of shoreline changes measurement (gain and loss) from Gebang had an area of 1604.6 Ha, while in 1940 the 1915 to 2019 see Table 1. area was reduced to 1576.32 Ha. This indicates that From these results, it is known that the maximum there had been a large phenomenon of abrasion. The change from 1915 – 2019 reached 1,07 km. The first abrasion in 1940 reached 28.28 Ha, whereas in 1972 measurement is in 1940 with 1915 as a baseline. In the land expanded to 1967.59 Ha.
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