A Cadaveric Dissection Study
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Muscle Attachment Sites in the Upper Limb
This document was created by Alex Yartsev ([email protected]); if I have used your data or images and forgot to reference you, please email me. Muscle Attachment Sites in the Upper Limb The Clavicle Pectoralis major Smooth superior surface of the shaft, under the platysma muscle Deltoid tubercle: Right clavicle attachment of the deltoid Deltoid Axillary nerve Acromial facet Trapezius Sternocleidomastoid and Trapezius innervated by the Spinal Accessory nerve Sternocleidomastoid Conoid tubercle, attachment of the conoid ligament which is the medial part of the Sternal facet coracoclavicular ligament Conoid ligament Costoclavicular ligament Acromial facet Impression for the Trapezoid line, attachment of the costoclavicular ligament Subclavian groove: Subclavius trapezoid ligament which binds the clavicle to site of attachment of the Innervated by Nerve to Subclavius which is the lateral part of the the first rib subclavius muscle coracoclavicular ligament Trapezoid ligament This document was created by Alex Yartsev ([email protected]); if I have used your data or images and forgot to reference you, please email me. The Scapula Trapezius Right scapula: posterior Levator scapulae Supraspinatus Deltoid Deltoid and Teres Minor are innervated by the Axillary nerve Rhomboid minor Levator Scapulae, Rhomboid minor and Rhomboid Major are innervated by the Dorsal Scapular Nerve Supraspinatus and Infraspinatus innervated by the Suprascapular nerve Infraspinatus Long head of triceps Rhomboid major Teres Minor Teres Major Teres Major -
Examination of the Shoulder Bruce S
Examination of the Shoulder Bruce S. Wolock, MD Towson Orthopaedic Associates 3 Joints, 1 Articulation 1. Sternoclavicular 2. Acromioclavicular 3. Glenohumeral 4. Scapulothoracic AC Separation Bony Landmarks 1. Suprasternal notch 2. Sternoclavicular joint 3. Coracoid 4. Acromioclavicular joint 5. Acromion 6. Greater tuberosity of the humerus 7. Bicipital groove 8. Scapular spine 9. Scapular borders-vertebral and lateral Sternoclavicular Dislocation Soft Tissues 1. Rotator Cuff 2. Subacromial bursa 3. Axilla 4. Muscles: a. Sternocleidomastoid b. Pectoralis major c. Biceps d. Deltoid Congenital Absence of Pectoralis Major Pectoralis Major Rupture Soft Tissues (con’t) e. Trapezius f. Rhomboid major and minor g. Latissimus dorsi h. Serratus anterior Range of Motion: Active and Passive 1. Abduction - 90 degrees 2. Adduction - 45 degrees 3. Extension - 45 degrees 4. Flexion - 180 degrees 5. Internal rotation – 90 degrees 6. External rotation – 45 degrees Muscle Testing 1. Flexion a. Primary - Anterior deltoid (axillary nerve, C5) - Coracobrachialis (musculocutaneous nerve, C5/6 b. Secondary - Pectoralis major - Biceps Biceps Rupture- Longhead Muscle Testing 2. Extension a. Primary - Latissimus dorsi (thoracodorsal nerve, C6/8) - Teres major (lower subscapular nerve, C5/6) - Posterior deltoid (axillary nerve, C5/6) b. Secondary - Teres minor - Triceps Abduction Primary a. Middle deltoid (axillary nerve, C5/6) b. Supraspinatus (suprascapular nerve, C5/6) Secondary a. Anterior and posterior deltoid b. Serratus anterior Deltoid Ruputure Axillary Nerve Palsy Adduction Primary a. Pectoralis major (medial and lateral pectoral nerves, C5-T1 b. Latissimus dorsi (thoracodorsal nerve, C6/8) Secondary a. Teres major b. Anterior deltoid External Rotation Primary a. Infraspinatus (suprascapular nerve, C5/6) b. Teres minor (axillary nerve, C5) Secondary a. -
Bilateral Alar Thoracic Artery
Folia Morphol. Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 59–64 Copyright © 2005 Via Medica CASE REPORT ISSN 0015–5659 www.fm.viamedica.pl Bilateral alar thoracic artery Mugurel Constantin Rusu Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania [Received 18 November 2004; Revised 21 January 2005; Accepted 21 January 2005] During a routine dissection a superficial artery was observed coursing subcuta- neously at the anterior border of the axillary base towards the thoracic wall and bilaterally at the lower border of the pectoralis major muscle. On the right side it originated from the 3rd part of the axillary artery but on the opposite side the origin was from the first centimetre of a left radial artery originating directly from the axillary artery together with the left brachial artery. Apart from the bilateral absence of the deep brachial artery, no other anomalies were identified at this level. This variant corresponds to the alar thoracic artery, an unusual and rarely reported artery. The literature on the subject contains no reference either to the bilateral evidence for the alar thoracic artery or to the possibility of an origin from a high radial artery. The presence of such an alar thoracic artery may interfere with surgical access within the axillary fossa and should be taken into consideration. Key words: bilateral alar thoracic artery, axillary artery, radial artery INTRODUCTION — a variable branch arising from the 3rd part of the To explain the existence of arterial variations in axillary artery and supplying the fascia and lymph the upper limb of the adult several hypotheses have nodes of the axilla [3]. -
Brachial Plexus Posterior Cord Variability: a Case Report and Review
CASE REPORT Brachial plexus posterior cord variability: a case report and review Edward O, Arachchi A, Christopher B Edward O, Arachchi A, Christopher B. Brachial plexus posterior cord anatomical variability. This case report details the anatomical variants discovered variability: a case report and review. Int J Anat Var. 2017;10(3):49-50. in the posterior cord of the brachial plexus in a routine cadaveric dissection at the University of Melbourne, Australia. Similar findings in the literature are reviewed ABSTRACT and the clinical significance of these findings is discussed. The formation and distribution of the brachial plexus is a source of great Key Words: Brachial plexus; Posterior cord; Axillary nerve; Anatomical variation INTRODUCTION he brachial plexus is the neural network that supplies motor and sensory Tinnervation to the upper limb. It is typically composed of anterior rami from C5 to T1 spinal segments, which subsequently unite to form superior, middle and inferior trunks. These trunks divide and reunite to form cords 1 surrounding the axillary artery, which terminate in branches of the plexus. The posterior cord is classically described as a union of the posterior divisions from the superior, middle and inferior trunks of the brachial plexus, with fibres from all five spinal segments. The upper subscapular, thoracodorsal and lower subscapular nerves propagate from the cord prior to the axillary and radial nerves forming terminal branches. Variability in the brachial plexus is frequently reported in the literature. It is C5 nerve root Suprascapular nerve important for clinicians to be aware of possible variations when considering Posterior division of C5-C6 injuries or disease of the upper limb. -
Anatomical Evaluation of Lateral Thoracic Artery in Cadavers in North Indian Population
International Journal of Medical and Health Research Original Research Article International Journal of Medical and Health Research ISSN: 2454-9142 Received: 20-08-2018; Accepted: 22-09-2018 www.medicalsciencejournal.com Volume 4; Issue 10; October 2018; Page No. 178-180 Anatomical evaluation of lateral thoracic artery in cadavers in North Indian population Dr. Rekha Sinha1, Dr. Mundrika PD Sudhanshu2* 1 Assistant Professor, Department of Anatomy, Patna Medical College, Patna, Bihar, India 2 Professor and Head, Department of Anatomy, Patna Medical Callege, Patna, Bihar, India *Corresponding author: Dr. Mundrika Pd Sudhanshu Abstract The lateral thoracic artery follows the lower border of the Pectoralis minor to the side of the chest, supplying the Serratus anterior and the Pectoralis, and sending branches across the axilla to the axillary glands and Subscapularis; it anastomoses with the internal mammary, subscapular, and intercostal arteries, and with the pectoral branch of the thoracoacromial. Based on the literature findings the present study was planned to evaluate the arterial pattern of lateral thoracic artery in human cadavers. As this study is helpful to know the type and frequency of vascular variations. The present study was planned in Department of Anatomy in Patna Medical College to assess the arterial pattern of lateral thoracic artery in human cadavers. The study was planned on 30 cadaveric subjects. The axillae from embalmed cadavers allotted for dissection in the Department of Anatomy used for the study. The knowledge of these variations is necessary for the surgeons considering the frequency of procedures performed in this region. The absence of branches from the second and third parts of axillary artery may be responsible for compromised collateral circulation between the branches. -
Arteries of The
This document was created by Alex Yartsev ([email protected]); if I have used your data or images and forgot to reference you, please email me. Arteries of the Arm st The AXILLARY ARTERY begins at the border of the 1 rib as a continuation of the subclavian artery Subclavian artery The FIRST PART stretches between the 1st rib and the medial border of pectoralis minor. First rib It has only one branch – the superior thoracic artery Superior thoracic artery The SECOND PART lies under the pectoralis Thoracoacromial artery minor; it has 2 branches: Which pierces the - The Thoracoacromial artery costocoracoid membrane - The Lateral Thoracic artery deep to the clavicular head The THIRD PART stretches from the lateral border of pectoralis major of pectoralis minor to the inferior border of Teres Major; it has 3 branches: Pectoralis major - The Anterior circumflex humeral artery - The Posteror circumflex humeral artery Pectoralis minor - The Subscapular artery Axillary nerve Posterior circumflex humeral artery Lateral Thoracic artery Travels through the quadrangular space together Which follows the lateral with the axillary nerve. It’s the larger of the two. border of pectoralis minor onto the chest wall Anterior circumflex humeral artery Passes laterally deep to the coracobrachialis and Circumflex scapular artery the biceps brachii Teres Major Passes dorsally between subscapularis and teres major to supply the dorsum of the scapula Profunda Brachii- deep artery of the arm Thoracodorsal artery Passes through the lateral triangular space (with Goes to the inferior angle of the scapula, the radial nerve) into the posterior compartment Triceps brachii supplies mainly the latissimus dorsi of the arm. -
Tricks and Techniques to Maximize Success with Nerve Transfers
IC12-L: Tricks and Techniques to Maximize Success with Nerve Transfers Moderator(s): Susan E. Mackinnon, MD Faculty: Christine B. Novak, PT, PhD and J. Megan Patterson, MD Session Handouts Friday, October 02, 2020 75TH VIRTUAL ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ASSH OCTOBER 1-3, 2020 822 West Washington Blvd Chicago, IL 60607 Phone: (312) 880-1900 Web: www.assh.org Email: [email protected] All property rights in the material presented, including common-law copyright, are expressly reserved to the speaker or the ASSH. No statement or presentation made is to be regarded as dedicated to the public domain. IC12 – Tricks and Techniques to Maximize Success with Nerve Transfers American Society for Surgery of the Hand Annual Meeting, October 2, 2020 Susan E. Mackinnon, MD, St. Louis, Missouri J. Megan M. Patterson, Chapel Hill, North Carolina Christine B. Novak, PT, PhD, Toronto, Ontario Andrew Yee, BS, St. Louis, Missouri Overview: Following complex nerve injury, motor and sensory recovery can be less than optimal. For high median, ulnar and radial nerve injuries, nerve transfers can provide a distal source of motor and/or sensory innervation closer to the target end organ allowing for faster recovery and improved outcome. This course will focus on techniques to maximize success with upper extremity motor and sensory nerve transfers. Classification of Nerve Injury: Degree of Injury Tinel’s Sign Recovery Rate of Surgical Procedure Present Recovery I Neurapraxia No Complete Up to 12 weeks None II Axonotmesis Yes Complete 1” per month None III Yes Varies * -
SŁOWNIK ANATOMICZNY (ANGIELSKO–Łacinsłownik Anatomiczny (Angielsko-Łacińsko-Polski)´ SKO–POLSKI)
ANATOMY WORDS (ENGLISH–LATIN–POLISH) SŁOWNIK ANATOMICZNY (ANGIELSKO–ŁACINSłownik anatomiczny (angielsko-łacińsko-polski)´ SKO–POLSKI) English – Je˛zyk angielski Latin – Łacina Polish – Je˛zyk polski Arteries – Te˛tnice accessory obturator artery arteria obturatoria accessoria tętnica zasłonowa dodatkowa acetabular branch ramus acetabularis gałąź panewkowa anterior basal segmental artery arteria segmentalis basalis anterior pulmonis tętnica segmentowa podstawna przednia (dextri et sinistri) płuca (prawego i lewego) anterior cecal artery arteria caecalis anterior tętnica kątnicza przednia anterior cerebral artery arteria cerebri anterior tętnica przednia mózgu anterior choroidal artery arteria choroidea anterior tętnica naczyniówkowa przednia anterior ciliary arteries arteriae ciliares anteriores tętnice rzęskowe przednie anterior circumflex humeral artery arteria circumflexa humeri anterior tętnica okalająca ramię przednia anterior communicating artery arteria communicans anterior tętnica łącząca przednia anterior conjunctival artery arteria conjunctivalis anterior tętnica spojówkowa przednia anterior ethmoidal artery arteria ethmoidalis anterior tętnica sitowa przednia anterior inferior cerebellar artery arteria anterior inferior cerebelli tętnica dolna przednia móżdżku anterior interosseous artery arteria interossea anterior tętnica międzykostna przednia anterior labial branches of deep external rami labiales anteriores arteriae pudendae gałęzie wargowe przednie tętnicy sromowej pudendal artery externae profundae zewnętrznej głębokiej -
Study of Lateral Thoracic Artery in Cadaveric in Patna Medical College
International Journal of Medical and Health Research International Journal of Medical and Health Research ISSN: 2454-9142 www.medicalsciencejournal.com Volume 4; Issue 8; August 2018; Page No. 194-195 Study of lateral thoracic artery in cadaveric in Patna medical college Dr. Jay Prakash Bharti1 1 Tutor, Department of Anatomy, Patna medical College, Patna, Bihar, India Abstract The lateral thoracic artery is a branch of the second part of the axillary artery. The lateral thoracic artery originates from the medial surface of the axillary artery, posterior to the distal part of pectoralis minor. It courses infer o medially along the inferior border of pectoralis minor to the anterior surface of serratus anterior. It anastomoses with the internal thoracic and intercostal arteries as well as with the superior thoracic artery. The study was planned on 20 cadaveric subjects. The axillae from embalmed cadavers allotted for dissection in the Department of Anatomy for duration of 3 years were used for the study. The axillary region was dissected and exposed according to the methods described in Cunningham’s Manual of Practical Anatomy. From the present study the origin of the lateral Thoracic artery was observed; as we found some variations in the origin of the lateral Thoracic artery. It arose from the 2nd part of the Axillary artery as a common trunk with thoracodorsal artery; as a branch from subscapular artery as double branch of lateral thoracic artery. Keywords: lateral thoracic artery, axillary artery, cadaveric study, etc. 1. Introduction external mammary artery. It distributes oxygenated blood to The lateral thoracic artery is a branch of the second part of lateral regions of the breast and upper thorax. -
A Series of Study of Anatomic Variation on Arterial System
Article ID: WMC003513 ISSN 2046-1690 A Series Of Study Of Anatomic Variation On Arterial System Corresponding Author: Dr. Prakash Baral, Associate Professor, B.P.Koirala Institute Of Health Sciences,Department of Human Anatomy - Nepal Submitting Author: Dr. Sarun Koirala, Assistant Professor, Department of Human Anatomy, BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, 56700 - Nepal Article ID: WMC003513 Article Type: Original Articles Submitted on:24-Jun-2012, 12:40:17 PM GMT Published on: 26-Jun-2012, 09:14:28 PM GMT Article URL: http://www.webmedcentral.com/article_view/3513 Subject Categories:ANATOMY Keywords:Upper limb, Arterial variation, Axillary, Forearm, Palmar level. How to cite the article:Baral P, Koirala S. A Series Of Study Of Anatomic Variation On Arterial System. WebmedCentral ANATOMY 2012;3(6):WMC003513 Copyright: This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License(CC-BY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Source(s) of Funding: None Competing Interests: Nil Additional Files: A Series Of Study Of Anatomic Variation On A Series Of Study Of Anatomic Variation On WebmedCentral > Original Articles Page 1 of 7 WMC003513 Downloaded from http://www.webmedcentral.com on 16-Feb-2016, 01:37:38 PM A Series Of Study Of Anatomic Variation On Arterial System Author(s): Baral P, Koirala S Abstract palmar branch of radial artery whereas the radial artery forms the deep palmar arch with the deep branch of ulnar artery.2 Many authors have published different series of reports about arterial anomalies of The arteries supplying the upperlimb exhibit lots of the upper extremities. -
The Surgical Anatomy of the Mammary Gland. Vascularisation, Innervation, Lymphatic Drainage, the Structure of the Axillary Fossa (Part 2.)
NOWOTWORY Journal of Oncology 2021, volume 71, number 1, 62–69 DOI: 10.5603/NJO.2021.0011 © Polskie Towarzystwo Onkologiczne ISSN 0029–540X Varia www.nowotwory.edu.pl The surgical anatomy of the mammary gland. Vascularisation, innervation, lymphatic drainage, the structure of the axillary fossa (part 2.) Sławomir Cieśla1, Mateusz Wichtowski1, 2, Róża Poźniak-Balicka3, 4, Dawid Murawa1, 2 1Department of General and Oncological Surgery, K. Marcinkowski University Hospital, Zielona Gora, Poland 2Department of Surgery and Oncology, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona Gora, Poland 3Department of Radiotherapy, K. Marcinkowski University Hospital, Zielona Gora, Poland 4Department of Urology and Oncological Urology, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona Gora, Poland Dynamically developing oncoplasty, i.e. the application of plastic surgery methods in oncological breast surgeries, requires excellent knowledge of mammary gland anatomy. This article presents the details of arterial blood supply and venous blood outflow as well as breast innervation with a special focus on the nipple-areolar complex, and the lymphatic system with lymphatic outflow routes. Additionally, it provides an extensive description of the axillary fossa anatomy. Key words: anatomy of the mammary gland The large-scale introduction of oncoplasty to everyday on- axillary artery subclavian artery cological surgery practice of partial mammary gland resec- internal thoracic artery thoracic-acromial artery tions, partial or total breast reconstructions with the use of branches to the mammary gland the patient’s own tissue as well as an artificial material such as implants has significantly changed the paradigm of surgi- cal procedures. A thorough knowledge of mammary gland lateral thoracic artery superficial anatomy has taken on a new meaning. -
A Variant Branch of the Axillary Artery Impacting in the Superficial Palmar Arch Composition
Case Report Annals of Clinical Anatomy Published: 25 Jun, 2018 A Variant Branch of the Axillary Artery Impacting in the Superficial Palmar Arch Composition Expedito S Nascimento Jr*, Jorge Landivar Coutinho, Karolina Duarte Rego, Jeovana Pinheiro F Souza, Marina Maria VF Caldas, Naryllenne Maciel Araújo, Wylqui Mikael G Andrade and Fernando Vagner Lobo Ladd Department of Morphology, Bioscience Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil Abstract During routine dissection of an approximately 60-year-old female cadaver for the undergraduate medical students at Morphology Department of Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, was observed a variant branch originated from the second part of the axillary artery. The second part of the right axillary artery gave rise to aberrant brachial artery that travels down superficially in the medial aspect of the upper limb. Furthermore, this superficial brachial artery terminates in the superficial palmar arch completely replacing the ulnar artery at this level. Variations in the upper limb arterial distribution are notably important for surgeons performing interventional or diagnostic in vascular diseases. Keywords: Axillary artery; Superficial palmar arch; Anatomic variation Introduction The axillary artery is a continuation of the subclavian artery, extending from the outer border of the first rib to the lower border of the teres major muscle where it continuous as brachial artery. Using as a reference the pectoralis minor muscle, the axillary artery could be divided into three parts: the first part extends from the outer board of the first rib to the superior board of the pectoralis OPEN ACCESS minor muscle; the second part is entirely covered by the pectoralis minor muscle; and the third part extends from the inferior border of the pectoralis minor muscle to the lower board of the teres *Correspondence: major muscle [1].