Chapter 11 North and South Take Different Paths (1800–1845)

ssahna_irnsg_units_AC.book Page 170 Thursday, December 8, 2005 12:19 PM

What You Will Learn

The North industrialized and urbanized rapidly in the early to mid-1800s. The South became highly dependent on cotton and the slave labor needed to cultivate it. Tensions between North and South spread to the western territories. Chapter 11 Focus Question As you read through this chapter, keep this question in mind: Why did Americans take different paths in the early 1800s?

Key Events Section 1 The Industrial Revolution 1794 Eli Whitney pat- ents the cotton Section 1 Focus Question gin. How did the new technology of the Industrial Revolution

1808 Importation of change the way Americans lived? To begin answering this enslaved people question, is banned. • Study the revolution in technology. • See how the revolution came to the United States. 1820 The Missouri Reserved. Rightsas Pearson Hall. All Prentice publishing Inc., Education, Pearson © • Find out how American industry grew. Compromise highlights • Learn how the revolution took hold. disagreements between North and South over Section 1 Summary slavery. In the 1700s, machines and new sources of power such as

1830 Peter Cooper water and steam began to replace work once performed by builds the steam people and animals. This Industrial Revolution, as it was locomotive. called, greatly changed the way people lived and worked. A Revolution in Technology The Industrial Revolution began in Britain’s textile industry. ✓Checkpoint In the 1760s, the spinning jenny speeded up the thread- making process. Then Richard Arkwright invented a spin- Name the power source that made ning machine powered by running water. This led to the it possible to build factories away factory system, where workers and machines come together from running water. in one place outside the home. The use of steam power in the ______1790s allowed factories to be built away from rivers. ✓

170 Unit 4 Chapter 11 Section 1 ssahna_irnsg_units_AC.book Page 171 Thursday, December 8, 2005 12:19 PM

The American Industrial Revolution ✓Checkpoint Britain tried to guard its industrial secrets. In 1789, a young apprentice in a British factory, Samuel Slater, came to Name the person who brought new America. Working from his memory of the factories, Slater spinning technologies from Britain to the United States. built new spinning machines for American merchant Moses Brown. Slater’s mill became a great success. ✓ ______American Industry Grows Industrialization started in the Northeast. During the War of 1812, Americans could not buy British products. They had to develop their own industries. Francis Cabot Lowell built a ✓Checkpoint new kind of mill that combined spinning and weaving in a single factory. This led to the growth of a mill town called What were workers in the Lowell mills called? Lowell. The workforce was made up of young women known as “Lowell girls,” who lived in boarding houses. ✓ ______The Revolution Takes Hold Another key innovation in the growth of American industry was Eli Whitney’s idea of interchangeable parts in the 1790s. Vocabulary Builder Interchangeable parts are identical pieces that could be How would replacing the word quickly put together by unskilled workers. Before, craftsmen exactly with the word mostly had built machines by hand. No two parts were the same, change the meaning of the follow- making machinery slow to build and hard to repair. Whit- ing sentence? “Interchangeable ney’s idea led to mass production—the rapid manufacture of parts were exactly alike.” Would this make interchangeable parts large numbers of identical objects. As a result, many goods more or less useful? became cheaper, and industry continued to grow. Many factories, mills, and mines employed children as ______young as 7 or 8. These children had little chance for an ______education and worked in difficult conditions. Working conditions for adults were no better. Many spent 12- or 14- hour ✓Checkpoint workdays in dimly lit factories with little fresh air. The Name a reason that factory work machines were often dangerous, and injury was common. was unhealthy and dangerous. There were no payments for disabled workers. Conditions gradually improved, but the eight-hour workday was far in ______the future. ✓ ______Check Your Progress 1. How did the Industrial Revolution change working life? ______2. How do interchangeable parts make mass production possible? © Education, Pearson Inc., publishing Prentice as Pearson Hall. All Rights Reserved. ______

Unit 4 Chapter 11 Section 1 171