Szent István Egyetem a Mezei Cickafark (Achillea Collina

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Szent István Egyetem a Mezei Cickafark (Achillea Collina SZENT ISTVÁN EGYETEM A MEZEI CICKAFARK (ACHILLEA COLLINA BECKER) PRODUKCIÓJÁT ÉS HATÓANYAGAIT BEFOLYÁSOLÓ TÉNYEZŐK KINDLOVITS SÁRA BUDAPEST 2017 A doktori iskola megnevezése: Kertészettudományi Doktori Iskola tudományága: Növénytermesztési és kertészeti tudományok vezetője: Zámboriné Dr. Németh Éva egyetemi tanár, DSc Szent István Egyetem, Kertészettudományi Kar, Gyógy- és Aromanövények Tanszék Témavezető: Zámboriné Dr. Németh Éva egyetemi tanár, DSc Szent István Egyetem, Kertészettudományi Kar, Gyógy- és Aromanövények Tanszék …………....……………………....... ………….………………………….. Az iskolavezető jóváhagyása A témavezető jóváhagyása 1 TARTALOMJEGYZÉK 1. BEVEZETÉS..................................................................................................................... 5 1.1. A téma jelentősége, aktualitása .................................................................................................... 5 1.2. Célkitűzések ................................................................................................................................. 6 2. IRODALMI ÁTTEKINTÉS ............................................................................................ 7 2.1. A cickafark fajok taxonómiai jellemzése ..................................................................................... 7 2.2. A mezei cickafark botanikai jellemzése ....................................................................................... 9 2.3. A mezei cickafark felhasználása ................................................................................................. 10 2.4. A mezei cickafark drogja és hatóanyagai ................................................................................... 11 2.4.1. A mezei cickafark drogja ............................................................................................................. 11 2.4.2. A mezei cickafark hatóanyagai .................................................................................................... 12 2.4.2.1. A mezei cickafark illó hatóanyagai .......................................................................................... 12 2.4.2.2. A mezei cickafark fenolos vegyületei....................................................................................... 14 2.5. A mezei cickafark hatóanyagtartalmát és összetételét befolyásoló tényezők ............................. 15 2.5.1. Ontogenezis ................................................................................................................................. 15 2.5.2. Szervi differenciálódás ................................................................................................................ 17 2.5.3. Környezeti hatások ...................................................................................................................... 18 2.6. A mezei cickafark termesztéstechnológiája és fejlesztésének aktuális kérdései ........................ 19 2.6.1. A mezei cickafark termesztéstechnológiája................................................................................. 19 2.6.2. A vegyszeres gyomirtás és jelentősége a gyógynövények termesztésében ................................. 20 3. ANYAG ÉS MÓDSZER .................................................................................................... 23 3.1. A kísérletek helyszínei................................................................................................................ 23 3.2. A kísérletek anyagai és módszerei .............................................................................................. 26 3.2.1. A mezei cickafark morfológiai, produkciós és kémiai variabilitása ............................................ 26 3.2.1.1. Növényanyag ............................................................................................................................ 26 3.2.1.2. Fenológiai és morfológiai jellemzők ........................................................................................ 27 3.2.1.3. Produkciós jellemzők ............................................................................................................... 28 3.2.1.4. A föld feletti részek beltartalmi mutatói ................................................................................... 28 3.2.1.5. A földalatti részek illóolaj-tartalma és összetétele ................................................................... 29 3.2.1.6. Statisztikai értékelés ................................................................................................................. 30 3.2.2. Az ontogenetikai tényezők vizsgálata ......................................................................................... 30 3.2.2.1. Növényanyag ............................................................................................................................ 31 3.2.2.2. Mintavételezés .......................................................................................................................... 31 3.2.2.3. Szervi arányok .......................................................................................................................... 33 3.2.2.4. Beltartalmi mutatók .................................................................................................................. 33 3.2.2.5. Statisztikai értékelés ................................................................................................................. 33 2 3.2.3. A termesztési feltételek optimalizálása - A környezeti tényezők hatásának vizsgálata .............. 33 3.2.3.1. Növényanyag és kísérleti körülmények .................................................................................... 33 3.2.3.2. Kezelések .................................................................................................................................. 34 3.2.3.3. Fenológiai és morfológiai jellemzők ........................................................................................ 34 3.2.3.4. Produkciós jellemzők ............................................................................................................... 34 3.2.3.5. A beltartalmi mutatók alakulása ............................................................................................... 35 3.2.3.6. Statisztikai értékelés ................................................................................................................. 36 3.2.4. A termesztési feltételek optimalizálása – Az interspecifikus növényi kompetíció szabályozása .......................................................................................................................................... 36 3.2.4.1. Növényanyag és kísérleti körülmények .................................................................................... 36 3.2.4.2. Kezelések .................................................................................................................................. 36 3.2.4.3. Gyomborítottság, gyomspektrum ............................................................................................. 40 3.2.4.4. A cickafark tőmegmaradása, fejlettsége, növénymagassága és produkciója ............................ 40 3.2.4.6. Statisztikai értékelés ................................................................................................................. 41 4. EREDMÉNYEK ................................................................................................................. 42 4.1. Az Achillea collina Becker intraspecifikus morfológiai, produkciós és kémiai variabilitása .... 42 4.1.1. A vizsgált taxonok fenológiai és morfológiai variabilitása ......................................................... 42 4.1.2. A vizsgált taxonok produkciós variabilitása ................................................................................ 44 4.1.3. A vizsgált taxonok kémiai variabilitása a föld feletti szervekben ............................................... 47 4.1.3.1. A vizsgált taxonok illóolaj-tartalma ......................................................................................... 47 4.1.3.2. A vizsgált taxonok proazulén-tartalma ..................................................................................... 47 3.1.3.3. A vizsgált taxonok összflavonoid-tartalma .............................................................................. 48 4.1.3.4. A vizsgált taxonok összfenol-tartalma...................................................................................... 49 4.1.4. A vizsgált taxonok kémiai variabilitása a földalatti részekben.................................................... 50 4.1.4.1. A vizsgált taxonok illóolaj-tartalma ......................................................................................... 50 4.1.4.2. A vizsgált taxonok illóolaj-összetétele ..................................................................................... 51 4.1.4.3. A vizsgált taxonok HS frakciójának összetétele ....................................................................... 52 4.1.4.4. A vizsgált taxonok diklórmetán kivonatának összetétele ......................................................... 53 4.1.5. A mezei cickafark vizsgált tulajdonságai közötti összefüggések ................................................ 54 4.1.5.1. Morfológiai és produkciós jellemzők ....................................................................................... 54 4.1.5.2. A szervi arányok és a hatóanyag-tartalom közti kapcsolat ....................................................... 54 4.2. Az ontogenetikai tényezők hatása a
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