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The Use of Structured Jewish Mourning Rituals in Aiding the Bereaved

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The Use of Structured Jewish Mourning Rituals in Aiding the Bereaved University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014 1-1-1988 The use of structured Jewish mourning rituals in aiding the bereaved. Bella K. Weisfogel University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_1 Recommended Citation Weisfogel, Bella K., "The use of structured Jewish mourning rituals in aiding the bereaved." (1988). Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014. 4398. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_1/4398 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014 by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE USE OF THE STRUCTURED JEWISH MOURNING RITUALS IN AIDING THE BEREAVED A Dissertation Presented By BELLA K. WEISFOGEL Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF EDUCATION September 1988 Education Bella K. Weisfogel All Rights Reserved 11 THE USE OF THE STRUCTURED JEWISH MOURNING RITUALS IN AIDING THE BEREAVED A Dissertation Presented By BELLA K. WEISFOGEL Approved as to style and content by: c. y // ^ -f c'w- ( ' < Dr. Grace Craig, Chairperson Committee // / -7/ 7 // Si v'N , it i'i* £ ! f rli'YiVCl- - r / U' ' ~zj \ '' ^ r . Haim Gunner, Member / Ml Dr. William Matthews, Member (JuV\ Dr. George E. Urch, Acting Dean School of Education in DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to my parents, of blessed memory, Yerachmiel and Chana Kranzler, whose love of learning and Judaism served as a beacon of light to all their children. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many people have given so much of their wisdom and encouragement to help me complete this study. To all of them I am most grateful. To Grace Craig I shall ever be thankful. At the outset she listened not only with head but also with heart. She undertook to become the advisor to me, an older student, to serve as chairperson of my committee, guided me to the selection of a subject, and continued to see me through to its completion. She was the personification of 'grace1 generous with her time and never losing patience. To Haim Gunner, whose friendship over the years culminated in his becoming a member of my committee and whose moral support urged me along the way. To William C. Matthews, the third member of my committee for generously giving of his time to serve in this capacity. v To Eileen Besse whose understanding of the required procedures and whose pleasant dispo¬ sition guided me through the maze of formalities. To a grand lady, Ruth C. Lees, whose typing talents are only superseded by her intelligence and kindness. To the members of my family who have been a particular source of strength to me through the years in all my educational endeavors. I am grateful-- To my brother, Gershon Kranzler, whose multiple academic achievements were there for me to emulate. To my younger siblings, Moshe and David Kranzler, who always encouraged me to reach out for fresh educational experiences. To my sister-in-law, Rachelle Wise, who took me by the hand and led me back to academia after a long absence. To my son-in-law, Maish and his brother Jody, whose experienced approaches to testing guided me over a difficult hurdle. To my son, Gerald, whose resource materials and advice were always forthcoming when needed. To my daughters, Rhoda and Debby, whose unwavering confidence in my ability to reach this goal, I dared not disappoint. To my nephews, Jay and Elliot Kranzler, whose help solved a research problem for me. It was to my great advantage that the above represent a broad range of academic interests and specialties. To Kathryn Dardeck who made me begin to believe I could do it. vi 1 And, Acharon, Acharon, Chaviv -- the last is the dearest, to my husband, Alex, whose unwavering encouragement, belief in my ability, support and help in every phase of my studies and especially during the creation of this dissertation was a tower of strength to me. I know that without him it never would have been completed. • • • vi 11 ABSTRACT THE USE OF THE STRUCTURED JEWISH MOURNING RITUALS IN AIDING THE BEREAVED SEPTEMBER 1988 BELLA K. WEISFOGEL, B.A. AMERICAN INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE M.ED . , SPRINGFIELD COLLEGE ED.D., UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS Directed by: Professor Grace Craig This investigation explored through intensive case studies the coping progress of a group of Jewish individuals and also recorded the areas in which they simultaneously observed the Jewish religious mourning rituals. The in-depth interviews of five persons, three women and two men, and selections from two additional interviews have been recorded. Their losses included both parents and spouses. They were invited by the researcher when reports of their losses appeared in the newspaper obituary columns. Each subject was personally interviewed three times to coincide with the three stages of the Jewish ritual practice. The questionnaires utilized to evaluate the subjects grief and coping were based upon questions developed in three previous studies. ix a. The study of the Attachment Theory and Multiple Dimensions of Grief by Selby C. Jacobs, et al. (1986) of the Department of Psychiatry at Yale University. b. The Expanded Texas Inventory of Grief developed by Sidney Zisook, et al. (1982). c. The Center of Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. The questionnaires to determine the areas of the subjects' observance or non-observance, of the Jewish ritual system were developed by this researcher. The purpose of this study was to provide the two parallel records of grief coping and structured mourning procedure observance so that future researchers might have a basis for determining the influence of the latter on the former. An additional result is that in all cases the subjects themselves commented on what, if anything, observing the ritual meant to them. A further area of future study could, therefore, be to determine how one’s own perception of the ritual one is observing determines x the effect it has upon one's grief coping. In the Summary and Recommendations observations are made on the efficacy of the questionnaire instruments employed in the studies mentioned above. Suggestions for improving their usefulness are made. xi TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . v ABSTRACT. ix LIST OF FIGURES. xvii Chapter I. THE PROBLEM 1 Introduction.. 1 Statement of the Problem. 2 Significance of the Study . 3 Limitations . 5 Definition of Terms . 7 Halacha.. 7 Aninut .... 7 Keriah . 3 Shiva and Avelut . 8 Kaddish. 9 Sheloshim.. • • ° 9 Yud Bait Chodesh . 9 Yahrzeit .... 10 Yizkor. • 10 Organization of Dissertation. 10 II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE . 12 Organization of Chapter . 12 Introduction. 12 Part Is Psychological Approaches. 14 14 F reud. 16 Shand... 17 Abraham. 17 Deutsch. • o • • • • 0 • 0 . 18 Rogers . 18 Lindemann. „ . • ° . 20 Fenichel... 21 Bowlby.. * * 22 Gramlich . 23 Meerloo. xn Kubler Ross. 23 Kutscher .. 24 Parkes. 24 Jernigan. 24 Bugen. 25 Weizman and Kamm. 26 Brayer. 29 Part II: The Jewish System and Its Sources. 31 When Death Is Imminent. 37 When Death Comes - Kavod Hamet ... 40 Aninut. 46 Keriah. 50 The Funeral. 53 Kaddish. 57 Shiva. 60 Sheloshim. 64 Yud Bait Chodesh. 64 Yizkor and Yahrzeit. 65 Summary. 69 Conclusion .. 7 2 III. METHODOLOGY 73 Organization of Chapter . 73 Description of Research Methodology . 73 Selection of Subjects.. • • 75 Interview Protocol. » . 76 Interview Format.. 79 Data Analysis.. ° • ° ° 80 IV. RESULTS.. 83 Organization of Chapter . ° 83 Section I - Kate. • 83 Kate's Arrival . 0 33 Identification of Subject. 84 Family Background.. 84 Current Life Situation ...... 85 Financial Status . 85 Religious Identity • « • . 85 Initial Interview . • • 86 Responses to questions on Appendix B- Bereavement Impact Questionnaire. 86 Second Interview Responses to questions on Appendix C- Coping After Shiva.. 93 xiii Third Interview ... , , 104 Responses to questions on Appendix D - Coping After Sheloshim.. 104 Responses to questions on Appendix E - Jewish Ritual Observance...108 From Death to Shiva.108 After Shiva.113 After Sheloshim ..H6 Assessment. .. 118 Section II - Robert . B . , 0 . 123 Robert's Arrival. 123 Identification of Subject.123 Family Background. 123 Current Life Situation ........ 124 Financial Status . ..... 124 Religious Identity .......... 125 Initial Interview ...... 126 Responses to questions on Appendix B - Bereavement Impact Questionnaire. 126 Second Interview.137 Responses to questions on Appendix C - Coping After Shiva. .... 137 Third Interview ..143 Responses to questions on Appendix D - Coping After Sheloshim. ....... 143 Responses to questions on Appendix E - 148 Jewish Ritual Observance.148 Assessment. ..... 161 Section III - Stanley.. 167 Arrival. 167 Identification of Subject. • 167 Family Background. 168 Current Life Situation . 168 Financial Status . 169 Religious Identity . • 169 Initial Interview 170 Responses to questions on Appendix B - Bereavement Impact Questionnaire. • 170 Second Interview.. 177 Responses to questions on Appendix C - Coping After Shiva.. • • * 177 182 Third Interview.. * ’ * Responses to questions on Appendix D Coping After Sheloshim. 182 xiv Responses to questions on Appendix E - 186 Jewish Ritual Observance.186 From Death to Shiva ..186 After Shiva . „ . ... After Sheloshim.. Assessment.. » . „ . 195 Section IV - Shiela.
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