Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1988 Performance evaluation of packet radio networks Yangwei Wang Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Electrical and Electronics Commons Recommended Citation Wang, Yangwei, "Performance evaluation of packet radio networks " (1988). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 8900. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/8900 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS The most advanced technology has been used to photo­ graph and reproduce this manuscript from the microfilm master. 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These are also available as one exposure on a standard 35mm slide or as a 17" x 23" black and white photographic print for an additional charge. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 8909202 Performance evaluation of packet radio networks Wang, Yangwei, Ph.D. Iowa State University, 1988 Copyright ©1988 by Wang, Yangwei. All rights reserved. UMI SOON.ZeebRd. Ann Aibor, MI 48106 Performance evaluation of packet radio networks by Yangwei Wang A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department: Electrical Engineering and Computer Engineering Major: Computer Engineering Signature was redacted for privacy. Signature was redacted for privacy. n Cha Major Work Signature was redacted for privacy. apartment Signature was redacted for privacy. For Graduate College Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 1988 Copyright © Yangwei Wang, 1988. All rights reserved. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vii ABSTRACT viii 1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 OPERATIONS OF PACKET RADIO NETWORKS 4 2.1 Network Devices 5 2.2 Hearing Characteristics 9 2.3 Network Organization and Routing 11 2.4 Capture Effect 19 2.5 Acknowledgement Mechanism 20 2.6 Random Access Methods 22 2.7 Channel Performance Measures 39 3 SINGLE-HOP PACKET RADIO NETWORKS 42 3.1 Introduction 42 3.2 The Single-hop Network Model 44 3.3 Mathematical Formulation 50 3.4 Applications 55 3.5 Summary 74 iii 4 MULTI-HOP PACKET RADIO NETWORKS 78 4.1 Introduction 78 4.2 Review of Previous Models 79 4.3 Multi-hop Network Model 83 4.4 Requirements for a Successful Transmission 87 4.5 Throughput and One-hop Progress 97 4.6 Summary 113 5 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK 115 5.1 Conclusions 115 5.2 Future Work 117 6 BIBLIOGRAPHY 118 iv LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: Maximum throughput for CDMA protocols 31 Table 2.2: Channel capacity of Random Access Protocols 41 V LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1: A basic packet radio unit 8 Figure 2.2: Operations of the ALOHA protocol 27 Figure 2.3: Operation of nonpersistent CSMA protocol 33 Figure 2.4: Operation of p-persistent CSMA protocol 34 Figure 2.5: Operations of the CSMA/CD protocol 38 Figure 3.1: Distance distribution functions 56 Figure 3.2: Mass distribution functions 58 Figure 3.3: Normalized power distribution functions 60 Figure 3.4: Throughput vs. distance in Example 1 63 Figure 3.5: Throughput vs. transmission probability in Example 1 . 65 Figure 3.6: Average throughput for M = 15 in Example 1 66 Figure 3.7: Average throughput for M = 50 in Example 1 67 Figure 3.8: Optimal throughput performance in Example 1 68 Figure 3.9: Throughput vs. distance in Example 2 72 Figure 3.10: Throughput vs. transmission probability in Example 2 . 73 Figure 3.11: Average throughput for M = 15 in Example 2 75 Figure 3.12: Optimal throughput performance in Example 2 76 vi Figure 4.1: Hearing area of a directional antenna 85 Figure 4.2: Total interference at a receiver 93 Figure 4.3: Normalized progress vs. normalized distance 102 Figure 4.4: Normalized progress vs. transmission probability 106 Figure 4.5: Normalized progress vs. antenna beam width 110 vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to take the opportunity to thank Prof. Terry A. Smay from the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, my major professor, for his patient guidance throughout my graduate study at Iowa State University, and Prof. Way Kuo from the Department of Industrial Engineering, my co-major professor, for providing me the opportunity to work on the Army C3INAT Project, the research experiences that I could never have in the classroom, and the financial supports. In addition, I would like to thank Dr. Chester S. Comstock, Dr. James A. Davis, Dr. Dale D. Grosvenor, and Dr. Arthur V. Pohm for serving on my Program of Study Committee and Dr. J. O. Kopplin, Chairman of the Department, for providing financial supports during early years of my study. Furthermore, I would like to thank my wife, Lingyuan, for cheering me up on numerous occasions and giving me a home always full of joys. Finally, I would like to thank my parents, General and Mrs. Yeh-Kai Wang, for their never-ending supports from the day I was born. Their love and encouragement make my pursuit of higher education possible. I therefore dedicate this dissertation to them. viii ABSTRACT The first ground wireless packet switching radio network, named the ALOHA network, was implemented in the early 1970s at University of Hawaii. The most distinct features of a packet radio network are: 1) the absence of physical connec­ tions between users, 2) the sharing of a common transmission medium, and 3) the broadcasting capability of each user. Today, the packet radio network technology is widely used in a variety of civilian as well as military applications. The throughput of a packet radio network is defined as the percentage of time the channel carries good packets. It is largely determined by the channel access method, the signal propagation characteristics, and the capture effect at a receiver. In this dissertation, we present two packet radio network models under the Slotted ALOHA channel access method and a capture model which is based on the relative strength of signal powers of the desired packet and the interfering packets. The first model is a single-hop network with a central station and finite number of users randomly distributed in a limited area. All the users communicate with each other through the central station, which is within one hop distance of all users. Given a density distribution function for the distance of a user, we show that there is an optimal transmission probabiUty which maximizes the throughput of the network. Also, under a light traffic load, the throughput of a remote user is ix relatively insensitive to its distance from the station. The second model is a multi-hop network where a user is equipped with a directional antenna and not every user can directly communicate with every other else. As a result, a user communicates with another user either directly in a single hop or through some intermediate users in multiple hops. The location of all users is modeled by a two-dimensional Poisson process with an average of A users per unit area. By balancing the transmission probability and the antenna beam width, we show that the maximum hop-by-hop progress of a packet can be achieved when the transmitter and the receiver are separated by an optimal distance. 1 1 INTRODUCTION The first wireless packet switching radio network in the data communication field was introduced in the early 1970s at the University of Hawaii [1,2]. The original system, named the ALOHANET, was designed to allow the shared access of a central computer located at the main campus of University of Hawaii by remote terminals scattered over near-by islands. As a result, the ALOHANET system was a single-hop system where all terminals are within radio line-of-sight and within transmission range of the central computer. Later on, the work done in Hawaii led to the development of a multi-hop packet radio network, called PRNET, to include repeaters to widen the geographical cov­ erage beyond the limited transmission range of a radio unit. PRNET was developed under the sponsorship of the U.S. Advanced Research Project Agency [3]. PRNET extended the capability of a packet radio network by permitting direct communi­ cations among mobile users over wide geographical areas, coexistence with existing users of the same frequency band, protection against roultipath effects, protection against jamming, ease of deployment and reconfigurability.