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Origen Evolutivo Del Sentido De Lo Injusto Y La Venganza: Estudio Comparativo Humanos-Chimpancés

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Origen Evolutivo Del Sentido De Lo Injusto Y La Venganza: Estudio Comparativo Humanos-Chimpancés Origen evolutivo del sentido de lo injusto y la venganza: estudio comparativo humanos-chimpancés Evolutionary origins of unfairness and revenge: a comparative study between humans-chimpanzees Nereida Bueno Guerra Aquesta tesi doctoral està subjecta a la llicència Reconeixement- NoComercial – CompartirIgual 4.0. Espanya de Creative Commons. Esta tesis doctoral está sujeta a la licencia Reconocimiento - NoComercial – CompartirIgual 4.0. España de Creative Commons. This doctoral thesis is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- ShareAlike 4.0. Spain License. Tesis doctoral 2017 Evolutionary origins of the sense of fairness and revenge: comparative study humans-chimpanzees Origen evolutivo del sentido de lo injusto y la venganza: estudio comparativo humanos-chimpancés Nereida Bueno Guerra Directora: Co-director: Dra. Montserrat Colell Dr. Josep Call Universitat de Barcelona Max Plack Institute Dpt. Psicología Clínica y Psicobiología for Evolutionary Anthropology Esta tesis sigue los “Criterios para la presentación de tesis doctorales” aprobados por la Comisión de Doctorado de la Facultad de Psicología de la Universidad de Barcelona el 2 de diciembre de 2012; los criterios que se establecen para la obtención de la Mención Internacional y ha sido aprobados por el Comité de Bioética (IRB00003099). El formato escogido para su desarrollo es el de tesis narrativa, aunque su contenido ha sido publicado/se encuentra en revisión en revistas internacionales. This PhD dissertation complies with the “Criteria to present PhD dissertations” approved by the Doctoral Committee of the Faculty of Psychology at the University of Barcelona; the criteria to obtain the International Mention and it has been approved by the Committee on Bioethics. The format chosen is narrative, even though some of its content is already published/under revision. Artículo publicado /Published paper: 1. Bueno-Guerra, N., Leiva, D, Colell, M. and Call, J. (2016). Do age and sex affect strategic behavior and inequity aversion? Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 150, 285-300. doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2016.05.011 Las imágenes de portada han sido reproducidas con consentimiento autorizado por escrito (enero 2017) cortesía de sus autores: rostro humano: Frechdax ®, Suiza; rostro chimpancé: Gustavo Depaoli ®, Argentina. Dado que se tratan de imágenes bajo copyright, está prohibido su uso y distribución para otro propósito que no sea la simple difusión pública de esta tesis. The pictures on the cover have been reproduced after written consent from their authors: human face: Frechdax ®, Switzerland. Chimpanzee face: Gustavo Depaoli ®, Argentina. Since these photos are copyrighted, its use and distribution are prohibited for other purpose different from the public diffusion of the present dissertation. Las investigaciones de esta tesis doctoral se han realizado en varios lugares durante los años 2013-2017. Los estudios con niños españoles se han llevado a cabo en centros escolares de Cataluña (España). Los estudios con chimpancés y niños alemanes se han llevado a cabo en el Wolfgang Köhler Primate Research Center del zoo de Leipzig (Germany), en colaboración con los Max Planck Insitute for Evolutionary Anthropology (MPI-EVA) y en el Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences (MPI-CBS). The research of this PhD dissertation was conducted in several locations during the period 2013-2017. The studies with Spanish children were done in different schools across Catalonia (Spain). The studies with chimpanzees and German children were done in the Wolfgang Köhler Primate Research Center in the zoo of Leipzig (Germany), in collaboration with the MPI-EVA and in the MPI-CBS. Instituciones colaboradoras por orden alfabético: Collaborator institutions by alphabetical order: Escola 25 de setembre – Rubí (España) Escola Arrels Blanquerna – Badalona (España) Escola Arrels Esperança – Badalona (España) Escola Ramón Llull – Barcelona (España) Escola Torre de la Llebre – Rubí (España) Institut Escola Lloret de Mar – Lloret de Mar (España) Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology – Leipzig (Alemania) Max-Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Bran Sciences – Leipzig (Alemania) Wolfgang Köhler Primate Research Center – Leipzig (Alemania) TESIS DOCTORAL Origen evolutivo del sentido de lo injusto y la venganza: estudio comparativo humanos-chimpancés Evolutionary origins of unfairness and revenge: a comparative study between humans-chimpanzees Presentada por: PhD dissertation by: Nereida Bueno Guerra Para obtener el título de: To obtain the title of: Doctora en Primatología – Mención Internacional Bajo la dirección y codirección de: Having as supervisors: PhD Montserrat Colell Mimó PhD Josep Call Balaguer Profesora Titular de la Universidad de Director del Wolfgang Köhler Primate Barcelona Research Center Con la financiación de: Under the economic support of: Beca de Formación para el Profesorado Universitario (Ref. 12/00409) Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte de España Barcelona & Leipzig, 2017 Agradecimientos Es curioso, porque cuando comento que mi tesis es sobre venganza la gente suele dar un pasito hacia atrás; o poner manos de kárate; o asentir sonriendo con cierto miedo. De hecho me encanta contar la anécdota de aquella vez que fui a una librería de Madrid y la cajera, al ver que todos los libros comprados llevan la palabra “venganza” en el título, me miró por encima de las gafas; puso su mano sobre la mía y me preguntó amablemente: “¿Todo bien, señorita?”. Pero la reacción más habitual (bien lo sabe Héctor) consiste en subir las cejas y empezar a hacer muchas preguntas. Una de ellas es cómo puedo hacer eso de la venganza de manera ética, sin cometer ningún delito. La respuesta es que puedo hacerlo gracias a la colaboración de mucha, mucha gente. Para un doctorado hace falta más que un doctorando y dos supervisores. Pero mi primer agradecimiento va para ellos, porque ellos han sido mis guías a lo largo de este proceso. Doy gracias a la doctora Montserrat Colell por confiar en mí desde aquel día de 2012 en que me planté en su despacho y, sin conocernos previamente pero avalando mi entusiasmo y capacidades, aceptó comenzar conmigo esta aventura. Ella me ayudó a organizar mi primera estancia en Leipzig, donde aprendí a trabajar con primates no humanos, y a lo largo de estos años me ha brindado su apoyo y ánimo en lo que a veces parecía una carrera sin fin. Desde entonces hasta hoy llenamos el despacho con fotos de bromas y viajes (ya incluyan ambulancias o ñúes). Además, mi participación en la asignatura que coordina, Etología y Evolución Humana, ha sido muy satisfactoria porque me ha permitido traducir mi experiencia investigadora en ejemplos docentes. Doy también las gracias al doctor Josep Call. Debo tener ciertas costumbres arraigadas, porque también me planté en su despacho cierto día (seguramente tras tamborilear en su puerta de cierta forma característica) e intenté convencerle para continuar en forma de tesis la línea de investigación que su equipo había emprendido hacía unos años en reciprocidad y juegos económicos. Tuve la suerte de que aceptó y, pese al abrumador volumen de estudiantes que coordina, no ha habido vez en que me haya sentido desamparada estos años. Estoy inmensamente agradecida a sus revisiones (que incluyen hasta signos de puntuación y corrección de nombres extranjeros) y sus consejos y ayuda en la toma de diferentes decisiones: siempre me han servido para mejorar. Trabajar con Josep se disfruta, es un orgullo y supone un continuo reto, por lo que puedo decir que con él he crecido mucho. Gracias a él también he podido colaborar en otras investigaciones ajenas a esta tesis, lo que me ha abierto nuevos horizontes intelectuales. Además de la parte más profesional, la culminación de una tesis también supone disponer del apoyo incondicional de quienes conforman mi entorno personal. Los primeros de la lista, sin duda, son mis padres. A ellos les salió una niña rara, que eligió estudiar carreras poco frecuentes y hacer un doctorado todavía más infrecuente. Pero siempre me animaron a continuar con mis objetivos, me ayudaron a planificarlos e incluso, aunque no supieran inglés o no entendieran bien un aparato o una hipótesis, también me acompañaron en ellos (desde la visita a Leipzig a estar presente en una sesión experimental en Barcelona). Yo no sé qué haría sin ellos. La sensación de protección y seguridad que me han dado y el espíritu de trabajo que he vivido en casa (mi padre, a sus 55 años, empezó dos doctorados simultáneos) debe desde luego influir en parte de lo que soy ahora. Sé que mi madre hoy querría decirme muchas cosas, como que se siente profundamente orgullosa de mí, pero no puede. Pero yo quiero dejar por escrito que eso no es problema, porque lo ha dicho tantas otras veces, que tengo metidas sus palabras en el pecho. Sigue ahora una larga lista de amigos que, no sé cómo, han sabido soportar mis enclaustramientos frente al ordenador, los picos de humor positivos y negativos y las preocupaciones y frustraciones varias que he vivido en cuatro años. Imagino que hoy deben estar muy contentos de que por fin todo termine, y por su paciencia y amor incondicional, tienen que aparecer en estas páginas. Me estoy refiriendo especialmente a Nuria, que ha vivido en primerísima persona estos años (en el que se incluyen visitas a la NASA y espejos dibujados); a Héctor, que siempre ha sabido hacerme feliz y sorprenderme, tenga yo los másteres que tenga y a Sergio, con quien he arreglado tantas veces el mundo que no entiendo cómo puede seguir roto. A ellos se les une un listado en el que no me detengo porque el lector viene a leer la tesis y no un libro de familia, pero que tienen nombre y apellidos: mi querida co-editora, Mayte Martínez, Miriam de los Santos, Isabelita García, Fabiola Sánchez, Alejandro Gutiérrez, Sergio España, Alejandro López, Carmen Reja, la familia Pardos y una persona de reciente incorporación, Cristina Gómez. Termino ya esta sección con las personas que han colaborado, de forma directa o indirecta, en las investigaciones que se presentan.
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