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Ethnography of Campesinos Political Ecology and Conservation of Biodiversity in a Man and Biosphere Reserve in Chiapas, Mexico M

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Ethnography of Campesinos Political Ecology and Conservation of Biodiversity in a Man and Biosphere Reserve in Chiapas, Mexico M ETHNOGRAPHY OF CAMPESINOS POLITICAL ECOLOGY AND CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY IN A MAN AND BIOSPHERE RESERVE IN CHIAPAS, MEXICO María Gabriela González Cruz Thesis submitted in the fulfilment of the requirements for the degree in Doctor of Philosophy Department of Anthropology, University College London 2019 Declaration I, María Gabriela González Cruz, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Katherine Homewood. Thank you for your personal and professional advice. Your help and support encouraged me to improve every day. To Marc Brightman. Thank you for introducing me into Anthropology. For your time, your patience and support. To CAOS group and The Human Ecology Research Group at University College London (UCL), for introducing me into conversations on conservation and sustainability around the world. To the Anthropology department at UCL. Thank you for accepting me and allowing me to develop my PhD. To Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT) and Secretaría de Educación Pública (SEP) for providing me with the funding for developing this PhD. To institutions in Chiapas Mexico. ECOSUR, PRONATURA S.A., FRAYBA, CIDESI. Your commitment and contributions for the rights of campesinos and indigenous people has no borders. To Comisión Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas (CONANP). In particular, to the office at Tuxtla Gutierrez, Chiapas. Who received me along this journey, always with a smile and disposition to have a conversation with me. To the staff and the Director of the Man and Biosphere Reserve, La Sepultura. Thanks for your commitment and collaboration during fieldwork. To Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Always offered me a place to visit and colleagues to connect to. To every person in Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez. You taught me about courage, life and the forest. I will treasure your friendship for the years to come. To children at Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez, who taught me how to see the world with new eyes. To my students, who became teachers along this journey and gave me confidence for the future. 3 A mis hermanos Marco, Pamela and Omar. Los respeto y los admiro, ¡un chingo! To all my friends, whose passion for their life and their work is an everyday inspiration. Passports does not define who we are. It is us, that along our journey become family and inspiration to each other. To Malcolm. Thank you for your friendship and our adventures together. To Dean and Alex. You saw beyond my limitations and encouraged me to be a better person. To Rosa María, Miguel Ángel and Liliana, I love you. You inspire me every day. To Miguel González Silva. You are my angel and my strength. 4 To those who build alternatives for sustainability everyday. To woman and men in ejido Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez. To my family. 5 ABSTRACT In 2015 countries in the United Nations committed to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Some of these goals refer to preserving biodiversity and ending poverty and hunger in rural areas. There is insufficient knowledge of how these goals might be accomplished in collaboration with local communities. In Mexico, one of the most biodiverse countries in the world, rural areas are inhabited by campesinos: small-scale farmers and landowners. The present dissertation focuses on the livelihood of these local actors and discusses their economic strategy in relation to conservation discourses and conservation practices. I adopted a political ecology perspective and combined anthropological methods with ecological observations to developed fieldwork in ejido Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez, a community inside the Man and Biosphere Reserve (MABR) La Sepultura, Mexico. Chapter 1 establishes the theoretical approach to this dissertation and describes the methods used. Chapter 2 explains who is the campesino and points out the central perspectives on conservation and political ecology in Mexico. Chapter 3 analyses the history of the ejido Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez, and the role of campesinos in managing a temperate forest and a successional dynamic. Chapter 4 analyses the livelihood strategy of campesinos and explains its interplay with conservation projects promoted by La Sepultura. Chapter 5 illustrates how birds move through the landscape using both the mature vegetation of the forest and the surrounding successional vegetation as habitat. Chapter 6 explores current environmental and social movements in Mexico, and the growing claims of campesinos at La Sepultura. Finally, in Chapter 7, I argue that conservation projects can be a tool for global and local interests to coincide. By recognising the human rights of campesinos and paying attention to their livelihood, conservation agencies move beyond ecological discourses and contribute to sustainability and the SDGs. 6 IMPACT ASSESSMENT This investigation looks for alternatives to current conservation approaches and building sustainability in the context of Protected Areas and the Sustainable Development Goals. It pays attention to one social group that has been historically accused of deforesting and degrading tropical ecosystems in Mexico and Latin America: peasants, also called campesinos. The present study focuses on the livelihood of campesinos, the ecological heterogeneity associated with it, and the non-monetary values that define it. This research contributes to critical political ecology research in Mexico. It goes beyond dualisms such as conservation versus poverty, or local people as destroyers or conservationists of ecosystems. This research focuses on people as an element of the environment. It is one of the few academic studies that analyse campesinos as environmental subjects in Latin America and Mexico. This provides a bridge for social and natural scientists to discuss biodiversity and rurality in the region. It pays attention to ecological and environmental interactions rather than to environmental or ecological units. It looks to answer political questions in conservation and sustainability, such as how to safeguard biodiversity, and for whom? Locally, this research leads to discussion of conservation and sustainability together with local communities. Regionally, it presents a study case on protected areas and how conservation projects function in the state of Chiapas, one of the poorest states in Mexico. At the national scale, this dissertation promotes a political ecology perspective in Mexico. This is an emerging discipline that possesses a strong potential for advancing Latin American and global discussions about conservation and sustainability. Internationally, it gives importance to socio-environmental movements that shape environmental alternatives and local-global voices demanding environmental and social justice. It provides a “bottom-up” perspective on conservation to those hoping to 7 work jointly with local communities under democratic practices and equal participation principles. For local people, this dissertation aims to evidence the voice of present and future generations of campesinos defending their forests and their right to a decent life. At a community level, this research is a testimony to local efforts to maintain biodiversity. It represents a tool for building dialogues with agencies and institutions negotiating economic and environmental projects. This research clarifies that campesinos develop alternative economies and a specific environmental knowledge which organisations such as biosphere reserves might recognise to enrich collaboration. 8 TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Page Acknowledgements 3 ABSTRACT 6 IMPACT ASSESSMENT 7 GLOSSARY OF RELEVANT TERMS IN SPANISH 10 ACRONYMS 12 LIST OF FIGURES 13 LIST OF TABLES 15 CHAPTER 1 16 An Ethnography of Campesinos. Chiapas and Ejido Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez, Mexico CHAPTER 2 38 Campesinos, Political Ecology, Conservation of Biodiversity and Sustainability CHAPTER 3 71 Political History of a Landscape. The Foundation of the Ejido Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez and the Creation of the MABR La Sepultura CHAPTER 4 110 Living in the Forest. Conservation of Biodiversity and the Livelihood Strategy of Campesinos at Ejido Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez CHAPTER 5 165 The Ecology of Birds. Campesinos’ Approach to Ecological Interactions at Ejido Josefa Ortiz De Domínguez CHAPTER 6 198 Political Ecology of Campesinos. Questioning Conservation of Biodiversity in Mexico CHAPTER 7 227 Conclusion APPENDIX 1 234 APPENDIX 2 238 APPENDIX 3 240 REFERENCES 253 9 GLOSSARY OF RELEVANT TERMS IN SPANISH Asamblea ejidal Official areas where collective decisions take place inside ejidos. Generally, asambleas ejidales are organised by the authorities within ejidos. Here, ejidatarios vote for the decisions concerning land-use management. Cafetal Agroecosystem, also called coffee garden. Cafetales are grown in the forests, and maintain its vegetation strata. Comunidad agraria Collective land regime. Comunidad agraria is mainly practised by indigenous people. Recognition of land titles in comunidades agrarias are older than the Mexican independence (1810). Ejidatario Population with communal land titles within ejidos. Ejidatarios have a vote in asambleas ejidales and are the main people responsible for the institutions governing land-use. Ejido Collective land regime. Ejidos constitute an Aztec system of collective property settlement re-introduced by the government to provide land to landless individuals after the Mexican revolution (1910). Frutal Agroecosystem, also
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