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In This Edition: Page Page  Smugglers at Torquay 2  Stroke—Stalking its Victim 22  Water for 3  Scrabble 23  Thomas Hiscock 6  Incitec Pivot 24  Frank Gardiner 8  Robin Williams 26  The Giraffe 10  Recipe—Lemon Cheesecake 28  Galileo 12  Word Search— Fish 29  The Tasmanian Confrontation 14  Banknotes: Joseph Banks 30  Corio—The Early Days Part 2 16  150 Years Ago 31  Christmas Island 18  Then… & Now 32  Crips and Bloods 20

Smugglers at Torquay

On Thursday, May 7, 1891, the Joseph H. Scammell was on the 114th day of its voyage from New York to Melbourne, and had set a course for Port Phillip Heads when bad weather and rough seas dragged the ship towards shore. It ran aground on a reef at Point Danger near Torquay. There were 22 people on-board the Scammell, including the wife and daughter of Captain J. A. Chapman. The ship's dangerous position was first noticed by local fishermen at approximately 11am, and one of the local fishermen, Felix Rosser, attempted to row out to the ship to provide assistance, but was forced back to shore by strong seas. The following day after the seas had settled, and with a crowd of onlookers watching from the shore, the crew of the ship were able to lower a boat and evacuate all on board. The stormy weather which had caused the accident did not abate for some time, and the ship began to break up, littering the beach with wreckage and the £60,000 cargo. By the following Sunday crowds of looters were flocking to the area. Under cover of darkness many loads of beached cargo, including clothing, tobacco, kerosene, timber, leather, axe handles, etc., were taken from under the noses of the watchmen and despatched to Geelong. In addition, the adjoining sand hills were used as hiding places until removal could be effected without detection. For example, 29 boxes of tobacco were found buried in a galvanised iron-lined trench on a property that had been over-sown with barley. Due to the incident, Captain J A Chapman had his master’s certificate suspended for 12 months for careless navigation and negligence.

The Joseph H. Scammell wedged tightly onto rocks at Torquay in May 1891. 2

In 1840 Geelong’s first police magistrate, Foster Fyans, oversaw the completion of the breakwater* on the Barwon River at Geelong, ensuring that the fledgling town had an ample supply of fresh water, Jewell's water pump on the banks of the Barwon just east untainted by tidal seawater of the Barwon Bridge (where Landy Field is today). A coming up from Lake horse-drawn water cart is taking on water at the tank. Connewarre. For the next few years citizens in Geelong rejoiced, while those up at Williamstown and Melbourne continued to lament the poor quality of their water. However, in Geelong there was still a major inconvenience. The larger section of the Geelong township had been laid out near the harbour, to take advantage of shipping arrivals, coming in from all over the world. And yet, the river was 2.5km to the south. Thus, residents living near the centre of town had to walk or ride over the hill (at McKillop Street) and down to the river to fetch water. Once water was scooped from the river, the heavy load had to be carried all the way home. Out of frustration many new arrivals to the town preferred to settle in what became called Geelong South, on the river side of the hill. With hundreds of locals scooping water up from the river, mud was stirred up, fouling the water. But this was not as bad as the run-off from the various industries being set up beside the river to the west. As a result, many locals preferred to travel upstream as far as Buckley’s Falls to fill their water buckets. Necessity is the mother of invention, they say, and this proved true with Geelong’s water supply. Within 12 months of the breakwater’s completion, Mr. Jewell had installed a small volume water pump, run by steam engine, to help fill up horse-drawn water carts. The 130 gallon (590 litre) loads were then transported over the hill to homes and businesses in North Geelong^. This service was hard work for the horses, especially climbing the hill during winter- time when Moorabool Street was churned into a heavy, thick mud. While this service made it more convenient for Geelong’s residents to obtain

*See the January 2011 issue of the Jillong Pocket for the story of the Breakwater.

^For a time, the town centre became known to locals as North Geelong. An example of this was when the first edition of the Geelong Advertiser was published on November 21, 1840. The Geelong Advertiser Office address was given as a four-bedroom house on the north side of Malop St, between Yarra and Bellerine Streets in “North Geelong.” 3

water, it came at a high cost. And so, Geelong residents appealed to the Town Council and Colonial Government for a cheaper alternative. Within a few years water from the Barwon River was also being used to power steam-driven mills established along the riverbank—milling flour, various types of cloth, and carpets. In 1849, owner of one of the flour mills, William Gray, proposed a solution to the problem of supplying water to Geelong which was gleefully accepted by the Town Council. During the day, his large steam-powered water pump fed water into the boilers inside his mill. However, during the night, it lay idle. Gray re-plumbed his pump so that it could send water through iron pipes to three water tanks established on top of the hill near McKillop Street during the night, which then fed a water fountain at Market Square (built on the corner where Banjo’s Bakery is situated today). One night’s pumping supplied enough water to the tanks to satisfy the whole town’s needs for a week ata time. In addition, pipes were laid underground from the tanks to the harbour, providing fresh water to all shipping at highly reduced rates. Fire-fighting within the town also benefitted somewhat from the more plentiful source of water. Gray established the system without any cost to the Town Council or Colonial Government, on the condition he could recoup his expenses and make a profit over time from charging water rates. By April 1850 the system was in place to the delight of the whole town! But not all ran to plan. To start with, the fountain proved impractical, and was soon scrapped. A water tank was constructed in its place, supported by stone pillars, and designed to fill eight water carts every two minutes. Then disaster struck! The first pump used to supply the tank was washed away in the flood of 1852. And so, the town supply was forced to go back to the horse and cart service for a while. Eventually a new pump was installed and consumers paid their 1s. (10c) weekly water fee to an attendant located in a little booth beside the tank before filling their buckets. Alternatively, for two shillings (20c) a cartload, or 10 shillings ($1) per week, the carrier would deliver a load of water direct- ly to a house or business address, or even the local jail. (See box on next page.) But not all were happy. The Town Council and Mr. Gray continued to argue over rent rates for the tank site. The Council also By 1857 the water tank, built on the corner of claimed that the continuous stream Moorabool Street and Little Malop Street was of carts filling up at the tank churned a major town landmark. 4

up the roads leading to Market Square. Others complained that the water charges were exorbitant. To avoid the fees many citizens constructed under- ground brick tanks (cisterns) to store water collected from the roofs of their homes. But for the majority, Gray’s crude system, which continually broke down, was Geelong's only water supply for many years. Continuous complaints to the Victorian Parliament about the inadequacy of the supply finally led to Parliament allocating £200,000 in 1856 to supply the town with piped water. But in 1858, Geelong was outraged to discover that the money had been spent on Melbourne's Yan Yean Reservoir instead! The hostility raged on until Sunday, March 9, 1862, when an horrific fire on Singapore Terrace at Eastern Beach destroyed an entire row of houses, leaving 70 people homeless. Seventy-six cart-loads of water brought over from Gray’s tank at Market Square had proved inadequate to quench the flames. The devastation was enormous. Even Melbourne-biased politicians saw the need to rectify the problem quickly. Thus, in May 1866 work began building a dam across Stony Creek in the Brisbane Ranges, some 40km to the north of Geelong. After an initial construction failure, which required the top half of the dam to be pull down and rebuilt, the project was completed in 1873. Finally, in April that year the first tap was turned on at the Geelong hospital. As a result, Gray’s water tank in Market Square became obsolete and was dismantled. However, a legacy of the water tank has lasted until our day. In next month’s Jillong Pocket we will reveal what it is.

The Stony Creek Dam Constructed between 1866-73. An open brick-lined aqueduct channelled the water 10km to Anakie, before being fed through a pipe to the service basins at Lovely Banks.

Water Supply to the Geelong Goal In May 1859 an inspection was made of living conditions for 18 women prisoners kept in the Geelong Goal. Their only source of water was that brought from the polluted Barwon River to the jail by horse and cart. There was no laundry at the Goal, so women were required to do their clothes washing outside, regardless of the weather (which on the day of the inspection was pouring with rain). Additionally, the only washing facility for the women themselves (and the children who often accompanied them) was a large tub, meaning that they were required to "promiscuously wash themselves, in the presence of each other and their children."

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Thomas Hiscock is credited with starting the Ballarat gold rush. Thomas was born in 1812 at Shinfield, just west of London, in England. He married Phoebe Blanchard of Hampshire at Shinfield on April 9, 1833. The couple had two sons before emigrating from England on-board the barque, Caroline. The ship arrived at Melbourne on June 30, 1841, where the Hiscocks disembarked. Thomas initially worked about three years for a squatter, Mr. Goldsmith at Trawalla, 41km west of Ballarat, before moving Phoebe and their young family to Buninyong, where he established himself as a blacksmith, wheelwright and storekeeper. The Hiscock family continued to grow with the addition of three more daughters, and the family of seven became respected members of the local community, located just to the south of Ballarat. Meanwhile, eager to encourage new Australians to search the continent for valuable resources, the colonial government in had offered a reward of £10,000 to the first person to discover a sizable gold deposit. The reward was collected by Edward Hargreaves, who found gold at Lewis Pond Creek, between Bathurst and Orange in on February 12, 1851. Inspired by this report, Thomas Hiscock, accompanied by his son, John, went exploring for gold around Buninyong. On August 2, 1851 they started searching outside the western end of town, examining the land as they went. Six days later, near the current cemetery, they came upon an outcrop of quartz rock containing a gold reef. The gold was sold to a jeweller at Geelong, but only after being shown to staff at the Geelong Advertiser on August 11, 1851. The following day the newspaper published a report on Hiscock’s discovery—which became the trigger for the Ballarat gold rush. (See box on opposite page) The reef at Buninyong was soon exhausted, but as prospectors began to search the greater area they quickly discovered larger gold deposits in and around the nearby settlement of Ballarat. Within a matter of weeks the goldfields administration shifted from Buninyong to Ballarat 10km away. The first gold licence was issued on September 20, 1851 as the colonial government tried to control the frenzied attack on the landscape. For his part, Hiscock was rewarded £1,000 by the government for sharing his discovery. Unfortunately, before receiving the reward, in the winter of 1855 Thomas Hiscock caught a severe cold while visiting the gold rush at Mt Alexander, 100km 6

to the north near . He died on July 25, 1855 and was buried at Buninyong Cemetery.

Following his death, an obelisk of granite was erected near the spot where Hiscock found gold. Hiscock's obelisk can be found about 8km south of Ballarat, on the Midland Highway at the corner of Hiscock Gully Road.

TUESDAY MORNING AUGUST 12 MORE GOLD We yesterday receive from Buninyong, a packet containing some of the finest specimens of gold, in quartz matrix, that we have hitherto met with. They were found within a mile or two of the township of Buninyong, by Mr Hiscock, a respectable resident there. A similar parcel was received by Messrs. Thorne, Sparks & Co. from the same place. This new gold field is thirty miles nearer than the Clunes Diggings to Geelong. The gold is in little nuggets, about the size of grains of rice. The greatest excitement prevails in Buninyong, and we are sorry to say, that, (the discovery having been made Saturday) the observance of the Sabbath was broken in consequence. One gentleman who left Buninyong yesterday morning, reports that one man went out at one o’clock on Sunday, with a tin dish, and returned in the evening with three ounces of gold! Making every allowance for exaggeration, on a theme so exciting, we know sufficient to justify us in stating, that the Buninyong gold field is by far the most promising of any that has yet been discovered in ; and being only a day’s journey from Geelong, will no doubt be quickly occupied. The gold hitherto obtained from the Clunes Diggings has been spongy or honeycombed, and dull in colour; that from Buninyong is solid, bright, in some places almost burnished in appearance. There is a strong probability that the whole thirty miles of intervening country will be found auriferous (containing gold). We have already expressed an opinion, that the course of the Marrabool and its tributaries will be found to be rich gold, and the Buninyong discoveries increase our confidence in the correctness of this opinion, and at the same time suggest the probability that the Leigh and its tributaries, if not, indeed, the whole of creeks and rivers taking their rise in the same mountain system, namely, the Wardy Yallock, Mount Emu Creek, Fiery Creek, and the Hopkins, are also auriferous. We expect to be in possession of fuller particulars by Friday next. Geelong Advertiser, Tuesday August 12, 1851, p.2

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Horse Thief & In 1829 Frank Gardiner was born Francis Christie, one of five children born to Charles and Jane Christie, in Scotland. The Christie family arrived in Australia on the ship James on November 17, 1834 and settled at Boro, near Goulburn. It appears he preferred to use the surname Gardiner, named after a man who lived with the family for many years, and who taught young Frank how to break and ride horses. At age 21 Frank Gardiner moved from New South Wales to Victoria, where he began his life of crime. He and two accomplices stole 24 horses from the station of William Morton in the Loddon Valley, planning to sell them at Portland. Morton tracked the stolen horses and captured the horse thieves at an inn near Heyfield. Under his real name, Francis Christie, he was sentenced at Geelong to 5 years ‘hard labour on the roads.’ However, only 5 months later, while working as part of a road crew outside Pentridge Prison in Melbourne, Gardiner was one of a mob of prisoners who rushed the guards and escaped. While most of the other convicts were soon rounded up, Gardiner fled to New South Wales, where he stole more horses. This time he was apprehended while trying to sell the horses at Yass in 1854 and was sentenced to fourteen years prison on Cockatoo Island, located in Sydney Harbour at the junction of the Parramatta and Lane Cove rivers. After only 5 years Gardiner was released in December 1859 on a ticket of leave,* on condition he remain in the Carcoar district (250km west of Sydney), but the first thing he did was to head for the Kiandra gold diggings, thereby breaking his parole. The following March he turned up at Lambing Flat and shortly afterward opened up a butchering business at Spring Creek in partnership with another notorious character, William Fogg. In July 1861 the police caught up with Gardiner at Fogg’s hut after a warrant was issued for his arrest, allegedly for stealing cattle. A gunfight began, in which he shot and wounded Sergeant John Middleton. Trooper Hosie was also wounded, and although Gardiner was captured, Hosie allegedly accepted a bribed to let him escape. Gardiner’s unlawful activities gradually became more bold and violent, progress- *Ticket of leave: A document of parole issued to convicts who had shown they could now be trusted with some freedoms. The ticket of leave had to be renewed annually, and those with one had to regularly report to police and attend church services. 8

ing from horse and cattle stealing, to highway robberies under arms, and violent assaults. Gardiner then joined up with fellow Johnny Piesley, John Gilbert, and others. The police under Sir Frederick Pottinger failed to catch the gang, as it was being aided by 'bush telegraphs.' June 1862 proved to be the pinnacle of Gardiner’s infamous career, when he masterminded the gang’s robbery of a gold escort coach* at Eugowra Rock (340km west of Sydney)—considered the biggest robbery of bushranging history in Australia. The booty of 2,700 ounces of gold plus cash totalled £14,000!^ Although several of the men were apprehended in the district with the help of aboriginal tracker, Jimmy Dargan, Gardiner disappeared. Only just over half of the gold and cash was ever recovered. Over 18 months later, in early 1864, a man named Mark Brown recognized Frank Gardiner living with his mistress Kitty as shopkeepers, "Mr and Mrs Christie,” near in Queensland. He duly reported his discovery to the police, who sent a special party of troopers from Sydney to arrest him, despite being out of their jurisdiction interstate. Escorted back to Sydney, Gardiner was sentenced to 32 years imprisonment. After serving only 10 years of his sentence, successful appeals made by his sisters saw Gardiner released, on the condition that he leave the country. He was taken to Newcastle and put on a ship to Hong Kong. He then boarded a ship to , where he became a saloon proprietor. Although rumours abound of further exploits, no stories can be substantiated, due to all records being destroyed during the great 1906 San Francisco earthquake. It is believed that Frank Gardiner died of pneumonia in 1904. But what did Frank Gardiner do with his share of the takings from the Eugowra holdup? Some say two of his sons came from America to Australia and dug it up. Others claim the loot is still buried in the bush somewhere. Like many other Australian legends, the mystery still remains.

*The gold escort coach made a weekly trip each Sunday from the gold fields at Blackridge, near National Library of Australia Forbes, to the banks at Bathurst. Stage Coach Hold Up—Eugowra Rocks ^Worth over $12 million today. By Patrick William Morony 9

Growing up to 6 metres in height, the tallest animal on the planet is also graceful and full of surprises. Let’s examine a few of them: The giraffe’s coat is made up of brown blotches or patches separated by lighter hair. Like human fingerprints, each giraffe has its own unique coat pattern. The pattern serves as camouflage, mimicking the dappled combination of light and shade in the African savannah woodlands. Giraffes have thick skin which protects them from thorny bushes. There are at least eleven aromatic chemicals in the fur, that give the animal a characteristic scent. Among the chemicals are parasite repellents, as well as aromas that attract other giraffes, serving a sexual function. Along the animal’s neck isa brown mane made of short, stiff hairs. The tail has a black terminal tuft and is used to swat flies away. Both sexes have prominent horns (ossicones), formed from cartilage, covered in skin and fused to the skull. The horns provide a reliable method of identifying the sex of the giraffe: the horns of the female display tufts of hair on top, whereas those of males are larger and tend to be bald on top. There is also a median horn, which is more developed in males, at the front of the skull. Males sometimes develop calcium deposits that form bumps on their skulls as they age, giving the appearance of additional horns. The front legs of a giraffe are about 10 percent longer than its hind legs. The animal has only two gaits: walking and galloping. Walking is done by moving the legs on one side of the body at the same time, then doing the same on the other side. When galloping, the giraffe’s front and hind legs work in pairs. The animal brings its hind legs ahead of and outside its front legs. The front legs then move forward. The head and neck also move back and forth to maintain balance. But don’t let that awkward gait fool you—the giraffe can reach speeds of up to 60 km/h, which is 50% faster than an Olympic sprinter! The giraffe has an extremely elongated neck, accounting for nearly half of the animal’s vertical height. The long neck results from a disproportionate lengthen- ing of the cervical vertebrae, not from the addition of more vertebrae. This elongation, which occurs in large part after birth, is held up by large muscles. For food Giraffes prefer leaves from the Acacia, Commiphora and Terminalia trees. They also feed on shrubs, grass and fruit. A giraffe can eat up to 29kg of leaves and twigs daily, but they can survive on just 7kg per day if food is scarce. 10

Grazing by giraffes gives trees a globular or hourglass shape and keeps bushes down to less than 1m high. Normally, giraffes can co-exist with livestock, since they usually feed on the trees out of reach of the cattle. Feeding periods peak during the first and last hours of daylight. In between those hours, a giraffe may pass the time simply standing around while ruminating. Rumination continues during the night, mostly while lying down. Giraffes were a favorite target for native hunters in Africa. The tails were fashioned into good luck charms, used for thread and as flyswatters; the skin was used to make shields, sandals and drums; the tendons were used for making string instruments; the hairs were used to make necklaces and bracelets. The smoke from burning giraffe skins was prescribed by some medicine men as a cure for persistent nose bleeding. When European explorers arrived in Africa they also hunted giraffes to mount as trophies. Overall, the giraffe population is still widespread and many reserves provide protection. While giraffe populations have declined in western Africa, they are stable and expanding in southern Africa thanks to the game reserves. The giraffe is a now a protected species throughout most of its range. Estimates in 2010 indicate that about 80,000 giraffes remain in the wild. The Giraffe—Some Quick Facts  A male giraffe can weigh as much as a car—about 1400 kilograms!  Although a giraffe’s neck is 1.5m—1.8m long, it contains the same number of vertebrae at a human neck.  A giraffe's habitat is found in African savannahs, grasslands or open woodlands.  The hair on a giraffe’s tail is about 10 times thicker than the average strand of human hair.  The distinctive spots that cover a giraffe’s fur act as a good camouflage to protect the giraffe from predators. When the giraffe stands in front of trees and bushes the light and dark colouring of its fur blends in with the shadows and sunlight.  It is possible to identify the sex of the giraffe from the horns on its head. Both males and females have horns but the females are smaller and covered with hair at the top. Male giraffes may have up to 3 additional horns.  Giraffes are ruminants. This means that they have more than one stomach. In fact, giraffes have four stomachs to digest their food.  Male giraffes sometimes fight with their necks over female giraffes. This is called “necking”. The two giraffes stand side by side and one giraffe swings his head and neck, violently hitting his head against the other giraffe.  A female giraffe gives birth while standing up. The calf drops approximately 1.8m to the ground, but it is not hurt from the fall.  Giraffes have bluish-purple tongues which are tough and covered in bristly hair to help them while eating the thorny Acacia trees.

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Galileo is considered by many to be the “father of modern science.” He was a mathematician, an astronomer, and a physicist. One of the very first men to study the skies by means of a telescope, what Galileo saw, and wrote about, put him at odds with the position of the Catholic Church at the time, endangering his very life! What were some of Galileo’s discoveries and inventions? As an astronomer, he discovered, among other things, that Jupiter has moons, that the Milky Way is composed of stars, that the moon has mountains, and that Venus has moonlike phases. As a physicist, he studied the laws governing both the pendulum and falling objects. Using information received from Holland, he developed the telescope, an instrument that opened up the universe for him. However, it was his bold confrontation with the Catholic Church that made Galileo most famous. How did it begin, and why? The Catholic Church had accepted the view of Greek philosopher, Aristotle, that the Earth was the centre of the universe, and all other heavenly bodies revolved around the Earth. Searching the bible for support of this pagan theory, they pointed to Joshua 10:12 where reference is made to God making the sun stand still in the sky. Making a literal interpretation of the verse, the Church insisted that all accept their view, and anyone who disagreed was labelled a heretic, which often brought a death sentence with it.* However, as early as the end of the 16th century, Galileo had embraced the scientific views of Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus, who stated that the earth revolved around the sun, not the sun around the earth. After using his telescope in 1610 to observe the Solar System, Galileo became convinced that the facts he had gathered confirmed that the earth moved around the sun. In 1611, Galileo travelled to Rome, where he met with high-ranking clergymen in an attempt to convince them of the error of the Church. He used his telescope to show them his astronomical discoveries. But things did not turn out as he had hoped. By 1616, Galileo found himself under official scrutiny. Theologians of the Roman Inquisition labelled Galileo’s thesis “philosophically foolish and absurd and formally heretical, since in many places it expressly *The contradiction lay between science and an obviously incorrect interpretation of Scripture. As Galileo wrote: “Even though Scripture cannot err, its interpreters and expositors can, in various ways. One of these, very serious and very frequent, would be when they always want to stop at the purely literal sense.” The statement about the sun standing still in the sky was not meant as a scientific analysis but as a simple observation about how things appeared from the standpoint of human eyewitnesses. Astronomers, too, often speak of the rising and setting of the sun, planets, and stars. They do not mean that these heavenly bodies literally revolve around the earth but, rather, that they appear to move across our sky. 12

contradicts the sentences of the Holy Scriptures according to their literal meaning, the common exposition, and the sense of the Holy Fathers and doctors of theology.” Cardinal Robert Bellarmine, formally admonished Galileo to stop promoting his opinions on the sun-centred system. Galileo tried to act prudently, but refused to accept the Church view. Eventually he wrote a book entitled Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, which supported his scientific findings. The Catholic Church was outraged, and the author was directed to present himself to the court in 1632. Galileo delayed, being ill and almost 70 years old. However, he made the trip to Rome the follow- ing year, after being threatened with bonds and forced transportation. Cardinal Bellarmine was now dead, but now Galileo’s main opposer was Pope Urban VIII. By order of the pope, he was interrogated and even threatened with torture. Whether this sick old man was actually tortured is a matter of controversy. As recorded in his conviction sentence, Galileo was subjected to “rigorous examina- tion.” According to Italo Mereu, a historian of Italian law, that phrase was the technical expression of the day used to describe torture. A number of scholars agree with that interpretation. At any rate, Galileo was sentenced in an austere hall before the members of the Inquisition on June 22, 1633. He was found guilty of “having held and believed false doctrine, contrary to the Holy and Divine Scriptures, that the Sun . . . does not move from east to west and that the Earth moves and is not the centre of the world.” Galileo did not want to become a martyr, so he was forced to recant. After his sentence was read, the elderly scientist, kneeling and dressed as a penitent, solemnly pronounced: “I do abjure, curse, and detest the said errors and heresies [the Copernican theory] and in general all and any other error, heresy, or sect contrary to the Holy Church.” After this renouncement, reports say Galileo stamped his foot and exclaimed in protest: “And yet it does move!” Condemned to jail, his sentence was commuted to perpetual house arrest. As blindness descended upon him, he lived in near seclusion. Commentators claim that the humiliation of renouncing his discover- ies anguished the scientist until his death on January 8, 1642, aged 77. in 1992, a commission appointed by Pope John Paul II acknowledged: “Certain theologians, Galileo’s contemporaries, . . . failed to grasp the profound, non- literal meaning of the Scriptures when they describe the physical structure of the created universe.” - an apology of sorts, for brutal mistreatment of the “father of modern science.”

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The conflict between British white settlers and Tasmanian aborigines is a blight on Australia’s history. From 1820 onwards George Thomas Lloyd was an eye-witness of many of the atrocities that occurred on the island, in addition to being able to personally interview those who had arrived on Van Diemen's Land with the first settlement in 1803. George Thomas Lloyd recounts the first contact with the local aborigines: “The unfortunate reception of the Aborigines in 1803, by an inconsiderate commander (Lieutenant John Bowen*) intrusted with the first settlement of the colony, was a fatal and most unpardonable mistake. At the first interview with the Europeans the natives evinced the most friendly disposition towards the strange intruders, and would doubtless have continued to entertain the same amicable feeling had the Government selected an officer of ordinary humanity prudence, and foresight for so critical a mission as the founding of a new colony. Lt John Bowen A few days after the arrival of the commandant and his staff, a large body of natives- men, women, and children, to the number of about one hundred fifty—approached the new-comers, holding branches in their hands and making signs of their peaceful intentions. Though the olive-branch was thus held out to him, the commandant, fearing to trust a race too truthfully famed for unscrupulous treachery, imperatively insisted upon their immediate departure from the vicinity of his camp. But all to no purpose; angry words and violent gestures were alike unheeded, most probably from being beyond their comprehension. Little dreaming of danger, and apparently discrediting the idea that the white strangers could desire them to retire from the shores of their own little bay whose waters, their natural inheritance from time immemorial, had ever afforded them abundance of food the poor untutored and confiding children of the wood not only displayed little disposition to comply, but commenced preparations for the encampment of their tribe near to an adjoining waterhole of the Restdown Creek. Upon the commandant observing this, the troops were ordered to arms and most unpardonably directed to open fire upon the unoffending natives. By that cruel and impolitic act the link of friendship was rashly severed, never again to be reunited. Time and considerate kindness partially healed the wound, and for a few years *Explanatory notes and clarifications are made in brackets. 14

the settlers and their sable (dark-skinned) neighbours lived upon tolerable though very questionable terms of friendship; but such a auspicious programme was not long in store for the colonist who had planted his isolated home in the back forest. In the year 1818, an expatriated native of Sydney, known by the appropriate name of “Mosquito,” and who valued the life of his fellow man at a less price that the hatchet with which he brained him, was by a mistaken act of lenity transported to Tasmania as a punishment for his manifold murders. On his arrival, he was let loose to try his crimsoned hand in a new sphere. The tendencies of his youth and the prompting of his demonic nature soon determined his coarse of action. Though clothed and liberally provided with food by the authorities, he preferred his savage and erratic habits. He was erroneously permitted to join the Oyster Bay tribe (near the town of Swansea today, on Tasmania’s east coast); and much bloodshed on both sides was the result. Mosquito being a tall powerful man, the tribe unanimously elected him their chief; and two of their most comely maidens became his wedded slaves. The poor deluded Aborigines little suspected that in his election they had laid the foundation for themselves of a reckless career of terror and bloodshed and, as a sure consequence, their more speedy destruction. Mosquito governed them with a rod of iron, punishing the slightest disobedience with the glistening tomahawk—severing wrists, arms, and skulls, with heroic sang froid (coolness and composure). From this time may be dated the recommence- ment of rankling hostility between the State Library of Victoria Aborigines and the Europeans. Portraits of early Tasmanian aborigines It must nevertheless be recorded, in mitigation of the dark deeds of the blacks, that the thoughtless conduct of the farm servants, stock keepers, and others, in their immoralities with the “gins” (raping female aborigines) embittered in the native mind a sense of wrong already unendurable. Prompted by Mosquito, the natives commenced an artful system of depredation upon the crops and other portable goods of the settlers; potatoes were rooted up and carried off by the hundred weight; whilst the cunning fellows re-arranged the ridges so neatly as to hide all appearance of their having been disturbed, erasing their footmarks also with brushwood as they retired. In this manner many industrious farmers found themselves most unaccountably mistaken in the estimate of their crops.” Excerpt from Thirty-Three Years in Tasmania and Victoria p.54-7 By George Thomas Lloyd 15

PART 2—The first squatters arrive After the first attempt of the British to settle in Port Phillip Bay failed in 1803, little interest was shown in the area for the next 20 years. Then, in 1824 currency lad,* Hamilton Hume, and sea-captain, William Hovell made their famous overland trip from Sydney to Geelong. Their brief visit saw the resumption of friendly relations with the local aboriginals, and their diary and early map of the district record the words Jillong (from which the city we live in A part of Hamilton and Hume’s map detailing their and this magazine draw their names), exploration near Geelong in 1824.(The map is drawn with south at the top and north at the bottom) Notice and Corayo, originally the word for the word “Jillong” is used as the name for the bay. the land around the bay, but now the From this word comes the name “Geelong.” name of the bay itself (Corio). Running short of supplies Hume and Hovell quickly returned to Sydney.^ Their diary, which included a glowing description of the land around Corayo was published in the Sydney Morning Herald newspaper 9 years later in 1833. After reading this report, eager farmers who were on the lookout for better pastures made plans to move into the area 2 years later. On May 29, 1835 John Batman arrived at Indented Head (now called the Bellarine Peninsula), representing the 15 members of the Port Phillip Association who were intent on establishing sheep farms on the land so highly praised by Hume and Hovell. Nine days later, after receiving a friendly greeting from aborig- ines at the head of the bay (near Williamstown), Batman urged the aboriginal chiefs to put their mark on a document handing over ownership of all the land on the western side of Port Phillip Bay to his Association (including modern-day Melbourne and Geelong). As explained in previous editions of the Jillong Pocket, the British authorities eventually rejected any legal basis for this sale. However, in the meantime, the spoils were divided amongst the members of the Port * Currency lad—a term used to describe the first generation of children born in Australia, usually the offspring of convicts. Children of free settlers became known as “sterlings.” ^ See the November 2010 edition of the Jillong Pocket for further details of the Hume and Hovell expedition to “Jillong.” 16 Phillip Association. Allocated lands in the Corio District were mem- bers—James Simpson, Michael Connolly, and William Robertson. The land given to James Simpson was between the You Yangs and Werribee. Another early settler, John Helder Wedge ran 2,600 sheep on his land before it was The deed of purchase made by John Batman, George taken over by the Chirnside family, Mercer, Joseph Gellibrand and James Simpson, and “signed” by local aborigines, dated June 6, 1835. who eventually established their magnificent Werribee Park Estate. Simpson ended up moving further westward to Hamilton where he developed his own sheep-raising property. In 1836 he was elected as arbitrator for any disputes between white settlers, before being appointed by the government in Sydney as magistrate for the Port Phillip District of New South Wales the follow- ing year. He held various other government positions up to his death in 1857. Michael Connolly was granted the land between the You Yangs and the Moorabool River. However, after only 12 months he moved to Port Fairy. Within 10 years his business interests became insolvent. Thus, not all early settlers prospered in the Port Phillip District. The third land allocation, between the head of Corio Bay and the Barwon River (the land upon which Geelong is built) was given to William Robertson. Robertson arrived upon his land in early 1836, but decided to join an exploration party led by Joseph Gellibrand, and which included William Buckley as guide. Buckley (who was considered a white chief by the aborigines) claimed the Barrabool Hills had been given to him by the local aboriginal tribe. He judged Robertson to be an honourable, hard-working man, and so gave William Robertson him the entire Hills district in addition to his allocation on Corio Bay. Although impressed by what he saw in the Geelong District, including parts of the western plain, Robertson chose to relocate to Colac, joining Hugh Murray as one of the early pioneers in that district. His decision to settle at Colac would appear to be based on the guarantee of fresh water from Lake Colac, rather than having to place his trust in the uncertainty of fresh water from the Barwon River. Despite this, his ownership of the land on Corio Bay and in the Barrabool Hills was respected by the wave of new settlers that followed, and they did not occupy his land without first obtaining his consent. But while all land claims were based on “gentlemen’s agreements,” all was about to change, with a visit from the Governor. . . The story continues next month.

(story with help from Ian Wynd’s book So Fine a Country) 17

Christmas Island CHRISTMAS ISLAND World’s Best Island Captain William Mynors of the Royal Mary, an English East India Co. vessel, named the island when he sailed past it on Christmas Day in 1643. However, the first attempt at exploring the island was in 1857 by the crew of the Amethyst. They tried to reach the summit of the island, but found the cliffs impassable. During the 1872–76 Challenger expedition to Indonesia, naturalist Dr John Murray carried out extensive surveys. In 1887, Captain John Maclear of HMS Flying Fish, having discovered an anchorage in a bay that he named Flying Fish Cove, landed a party and made a small but interesting collection of the flora and fauna. In the next year, Pelham Aldrich, on board HMS Egeria, visited it for ten days. Among the rocks then obtained and submitted to Sir John Murray for examination were many of nearly pure phosphate of lime. This discovery led to annexation of the island by the British Crown on June 6, 1888. At Australia's request, the United Kingdom transferred sovereignty to Australia in 1957. Although only 19km in length and 15km in breadth, Christmas Island is one of nature’s most impressive creations, an island full of natural wonders—from the red crab migration, to rare birds, and glorious deserted beaches where the only footsteps in the sand are those made from nesting turtles. The island has a human population of just over 2,000 people who live in a number of "settlement areas" on the northern tip of the island. Unfortunately, in recent times, the island has also become a favourite destination for asylum seekers, due to its close proximity to Indonesia. This problem has become a major issue for the Australian and Indonesian governments.

Flying Fish Cove

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10 TOP EVENTS ON CHRISTMAS AND COCOS ISLANDS Annual Red Crab Migration: This mass migration of crabs occurs every year around October/November and is a not-to-be-missed spectacle for all visitors. These crabs (about 120 million of them) take over the island creating a visual feast for spectators as they make their one month journey from the forest to the sea to spawn. Bird Watching: Much of Christmas Island is national park (63%), and it’s close proximity to South-East Asia has meant that the island has become a bird-watching haven. Bird-spotting tours are available to those wanting an experienced guide to the many sighting spots across the atoll. Arrive during Christmas Island’s Bird’n’Nature Week (September 1-8) for the best watching experience. Scuba/Cave diving & snorkelling: Christmas Island boasts some of the best scuba diving trips in Australia and has some of the longest drop-offs in the world. The island rises dramatically from the edge of the Java Trench, the Indian Ocean’s deepest point. You could be graced with the presence of the majestic Whale-shark or pelagic species like the rainbow runner, trevally and tuna as they cruise along the walls. Rainforest/nature walks: Walks ranging from complete beginners to advanced trekker level can be found all over Christmas Island. Stand under Hugo’s waterfall, watch the astonishing Blow-holes or take time out to soak up the impressive views from Margaret Knoll. Then trawl through the 200 species of native flowering plants – 16 of which are found only Christmas Island. 4WD Tours: Christmas Island offers a unique chance to roam through it’s exhilarating landscape with their 4WD tours. With champagne and gourmet snacks, and culminating in a picturesque sunset, the Sunset Tour allows you to traverse some of the awe-inspiring natural surroundings. Indigenous Coco Malay culture: For the ultimate Coco Malay cultural experience, make sure your visit coincides with one of their cultural ceremonies –the Hari Raya Puasa (each February) is an unforgettable celebration. Fishing: Anglers around the world are starting to find out that Christmas Island is the hottest new spot for big fish in South-East Asia. Within a few hundred metres of the boat launching facilities, it is possible to fish in 500 metres of water for Sailfish, Tuna, Wahoo and all the other exciting species that you usually find in tropical locations. The difference is that on Christmas Island the fish are BIG, very BIG. History/Cultural Festival (August): Join the Orientation Tour and uncover an intriguing insight into the island’s enthralling past. Many remnants of by-gone times have been left behind for you to examine, including shipwrecks and abandoned WWII army quarters and gun placements. Island hopping: Spoil yourself and relax amongst the purity and serenity of the undisturbed white sands at any one of the 27 coral islands that constitute the Cocos. Water sports: Surfing or kite/wind-surfing. There are clinics run by experienced operators from the mainland of Australia – so there’s never been a better time for beginners to learn and enjoy these adventure sports.

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For many decades city streets around the world have been gripped by fear of organised gangs terrorising neighbourhoods and fighting other gangs for power and money. Perhaps the most notorious gang warfare has been played out in Los Angeles, USA, between the Crips and the Bloods. The Crips are primarily an African-American gang. They were founded in 1969 by Raymond Washington and Stanley Williams joining their two smaller gangs together. Most of the initial members were around 17 years old. By 1978, there were 45 Crips gangs, called sets, operating in Los Angeles. The gang became increasingly violent as they attempted to expand their turf, being involved in a series of murders and robberies, along with other criminal pursuits. By the early 1980s the gang also became heavily involved in the drug trade, especially with crack cocaine. The huge profits resulting from crack cocaine distribution induced many Crips members to establish new markets in other cities and states. As a result, many young men in other states adopted the Crips name and lifestyle. The Crips are now one of the largest and most violent associations of street gangs in the United States, with an estimated 30,000 to 35,000 members, divided into over 800 sets. A blue bandana was first worn by a Crips founding member Buddha, as a part of his colour-coordinated clothing of blue Levi's, a blue shirt, and dark blue suspenders. A blue bandana was worn in tribute to Buddha by gang members after he was shot and killed on February Crip gang members are known to alter 23, 1973. Eventually the colour blue particular letters of the alphabet when became associated with the Crips. writing: However, this practice has waned in recent “The letter "b" in the word "blood" will be times, to deter police identification while ‘disrespected’ among certain sets and participating in illegal activities. written with a cross inside it because of its The original name for the alliance was association with the enemy. Cribs, chosen to reflect the young age of The letters CK, which stand for Crip Killer, the majority of the gang members. The will be avoided and substituted with a name Cribs evolved into the name Crips double CC, and the letter ‘b’ will be after gang members began carrying around replaced. For example, the phrase ‘kick canes as weapons, resulting in people back’ will be written as ‘kicc bkacc.’” calling them cripples, or Crips for short. Many other letters are also altered due to By 1971, a gang on Piru Street in Compton, symbolic associations. 20

California, known as the Piru Street Boys was formed, and associated themselves with the Crips as a set. However, after two years of peaceful cooperation, a feud began between the Piru Street Boys and other Crip sets. Hostilities then turned violent and gang warfare broke out between the former allies. Eventually, the Piru Street Boys called a meeting with other the gangs to negotiate a truce. When the talks broke down, the Piru Street Boys severed all connections with the Crips and started a rival organization, later to be named the Bloods. In the early days, Crips sets outnumbered Bloods sets by three to one. To assert their power despite this difference in numbers, Bloods sets acted with extreme violence, especially against rival Crips members. Numerous slashings (razor blade or knife attacks) were reportedly used against their sworn enemies, also during robberies and even in initiation ceremonies for new recruits. This blood ritual became the trademark for the Bloods, and the basis for their gang name. Bloods are identified by wearing red, the colour of blood. Members also identify each other by using symbols. The most commonly used Bloods symbols include the number 5—the five pointed star, and the five pointed crown. These symbols identify a large coalition, created to protect alliance members within the federal and state prison systems. The majority of set members are called “soldiers,” who are typically between the ages of 16 and 22. Soldiers have a strong sense of commitment and are willing to use violence both to obtain the respect of gang members and to respond to any person who “disrespects” the set. To the extent that women belong to the gang, they are usually called “associate members,” and tend to be used by their male counterparts to carry weapons, hold drugs, or prostitute themselves to make money for their set. By 1996, thousands of members of the Bloods had established themselves in sets. As crack cocaine use increased, like the Crips, the Bloods focus also shifted to drug production. Drug territories were staked out, and defended to the death. Battles over drug territory still rage on today. An estimated 1.4 million Americans are gang members. In addition to Crips and Bloods, other well-known gangs include the White Supremacy; Hispanic; Asian; and Caribbean alliances. Despite dedicated police and FBI forces being set up to stamp out these illegal gangs, the numbers continue to rise. Fear continues to reign supreme on the streets of America!

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Stroke - Stalking its Victim One in five people will have a stroke at some time in their life. Most are over 65, but stroke can strike at any age, even babies. A stroke could happen to you, a friend or family member. If it does, the more you know about stroke the better you will be able to deal with the consequences. We now know strokes are very treatable and, if the right actions are taken quick- ly, the patient may not have any long term effects. Therefore, recognizing the symptoms and accessing treatment immediately can be crucial after a stroke. How do you recognize a stroke  Numbness, weakness, or paralysis on one side of the body  Slurred speech, difficulty thinking of words or understanding other people  Confusion  Sudden blurred vision or sight loss What is a stroke?  Being unsteady on your feet A stroke is caused by bleeding in the  Severe headache brain, or a blockage (usually a blood- How to Act F.A.S.T. clot) that stops blood reaching part of the brain. The damage depends on Facial weakness - can the person smile? Has the part of the brain that is affected. their mouth or eye drooped? For some people the effects are mild Arm weakness - can the person raise both and last a short time, while for others arms? the effects of a stroke can lead to permanent disability or death. Speech problems - can the person speak Depending on which side of the brain clearly and understand what you say? is damaged, a persons skills will be

affected. The right half of the brain Time to call 000 for an ambulance if you spot controls the left side of the body and any one of these signs. vice versa. For example, weakness or Ischemic Stroke Hemorrhagic Stroke paralysis in the left arm may result from a stroke in the right side of the brain. For most people, the left side of the brain controls language (talking, reading, writing, and understanding). The right side controls perceptual skills (making sense of what you see, hear, touch) and spatial skills (judging A clot blocks blood flow Bleeding occurs inside or size, speed, distance, and position). to an area of the brain around brain tissue 22

During the Great Depression, an out-of-work architect named Alfred Mosher Butts invented Scrabble. He started by doing market research, with the goal of creating a game that combined the vocabulary skills of crossword puzzles and anagrams, with the additional element of chance. The game was originally named Lexico, and then renamed Criss-Cross Words. Butts’ original tile distribution have remained unchanged for almost three generations. The boards for the first Criss-Cross Words game were hand drawn with his architectural drafting equipment, reproduced by blueprinting and pasted on folding checkerboards. The tiles were similarly hand-lettered, then glued to 6mm thick balsa wood and cut to match the squares on the board. The highest score recorded for a single turn at Scrabble is 365, for Butts’ first attempts to sell his game to established the word QUIXOTRY. game manufacturers were failures. So, in 1948 he sold the rights to the game to James Brunot, who The highest score in an official simplified the rules and design of the game, and game is 830. renamed it Scrabble. The first Scrabble "factory" If a player averages 30 points per was an abandoned schoolhouse in Dodgington, turn, they are considered an Connecticut, where Brunot and his friends turned excellent Scrabble player. out 12 games an hour. The letters were stamped on wooden tiles one at a time. Later, boards, boxes and tiles were made elsewhere and sent to the factory for assembly and shipping. In 1949, Brunot made 2,400 sets for the whole year—for a total loss of $450! Then, in the early 1950s, the president of Macy's (the largest department store chain in the USA) played the game on while vacation, and ordered some for his stores. Within a year sales had sky-rocketed, and Scrabble is sold in 121 countries Scrabble sets were being rationed to stores and is available in 29 languages. around the country. In 1952, Brunot licensed well- Approximately 150 million sets known game manufacturer, Selchow and Righter, have been sold worldwide. to market and distribute the games. Later, in 1972, The official dictionary for Scrabble Selchow and Righter purchased the trademark competition is the Merriam- Scrabble from Brunot. Since then, the company Webster's Official SCRABBLE® has been bought out by the Hasbro company, Players Dictionary, 4th Edition. which still produces the popular game today. 23

Pivot Fertiliser has along history in Geelong, dating back to 1918. As World War I ground to a conclusion, the potential to expand farming through- out Victoria was being investigated by the Australian Government. A group of investors (eventually numbering 43,000 farmers) saw the potential for enhancing this farming with the supply of fertilisers, primarily super-phosphate. After investigating various sites to establish a factory in Melbourne, they decided that 12 acres (4 hectares) of land on the north shore of Geelong provided the best site for their purposes. However, the site came with one major snag—a wharf had to be built to allow for bulk shipping to unload raw ingredients—imported phosphate rock (guano), from the Pacific nation of Nauru (See box opposite). Finished product also had to be transported interstate and overseas. Although the Phosphate Co-operative Company of Australia was registered in 1919, and construction of the factory commenced shortly afterward, negotiations with the government and the Geelong Harbour Trust (now called the Geelong Port Authority) to build the wharf stalled. Pivot did not want to pay the £30,000 build cost, since the Geelong Harbour Trust owned the land on the shoreline, and controlled all wharfs and shipping in Corio Bay. The government was hesitant to pay for infrastructure that would advantage only one private business venture. Finally, in 1925 a deal was struck, with the government financing the initial construction of Lascelles Wharf, on the condition that Pivot landed 2,000 tonnes of raw materials at the wharf within 3 months of its completion, or face a £5,000 penalty. Delays continued to frustrate company officials and shareholders who had invested £300,000 in the venture. When production of fertiliser began in 1927 the wharf had still not been completed. Ships had to unload raw materials at Williamstown in Melbourne, and Pivot had to truck the supplies down to the factory at North Shore. Finally, on August 31, 1928 the Geelong Harbour Trust announced the completion of Lascelles Wharf, and over the next 6 weeks 9,000 tonnes of raw materials were landed there. Despite this initial setback, as well as Victoria being in the grip of drought condi- tions that year, demand for fertiliser boomed far beyond the expectations of the investors. In the first 12 months of production, all orders from farmers could not 24

be filled, despite production levels being 50% up on those planned by factory staff. While investors were relieved, the big winner was the Victorian farmer himself, who not only saw his crop production rise significantly, but having fertiliser supplied to his farm at only £11 per tonne was a huge saving! During the 1920’s, when the Pivot factory began in Geelong, there were a num- ber of different types of fertiliser available—superphosphate, ammonia and phosphate, blood and bone, potato manure, orchard manure etc. However, what sort of fertiliser should a farmer choose? And how much should he use? In those early days much was put down to guesswork. But, in the 1960’s that all changed! Beginning in 1963, Pivot established a soil testing service. Technicians would take samples from the farmer’s fields for testing in a laboratory. Once the soil’s composition was determined, the correct type and amount of fertiliser would be suggested to the farmer, depending also on what type of crop he wanted to plant. Starting on 77 paddocks at Temora in NSW, crop testing was eventually set up Australia-wide. This service has seen crop yields throughout Australia increase dramatically, allowing farmers to now export 60% of their crops overseas. As a result, in 2009-10 Australia exported $24.3 billion worth of food, while importing $10.1 billion in food, mainly specially branded spirits, highly processed fruit and vegetables and seafood. Pivot Limited and Incitec Fertilisers merged in 2003 to create Incitec Pivot Limited. The North Shore complex no longer makes fertiliser, but remains as a storage and distribution centre for Victoria.

Nauru– The Source of Phosphate for Pivot Nauru is a tiny island (only 21 square kilometres) in the south pacific, to the east of the Solomon Islands, and just 42km south of the equator. Since 1968 it is the world’s smallest republic. Phosphate was discovered on Nauru in 1900 by prospector Albert Fuller Ellis. Nearly the entire island is made up from guano, or solidified bird droppings. The Pacific Phosphate Company began to exploit the reserves in 1906 by agreement with Germany, exporting its first shipment in 1907. In 1914, following the outbreak of World War I, Nauru was captured by Australian troops. Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom took control of the island in 1919, creating a board known as the British Phosphate Commission (BPC) that took over the rights to phosphate mining. At its peak in the 1990’s, the royalties from guano mining made the 9,000 inhabitants of the islands the richest per capita nation in the world. However, poor investments over the last 20 years have seen the nation plunge into financial failure, requiring assistance from the Australian government to survive. Over 90% of the population are now unemployed. A refugee detention centre is now the main source of income for the island. 25

Robin Williams is a popular American actor, and stand- up comedian. Robin McLaurin Williams was born in Chicago, USA, on July 21, 1951. His mother, Laura was a former model while his father, Robert was a senior executive at the Ford Motor Company, in charge of the Midwest region. He grew up in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan along with his two older half-brothers: Todd (who died after complications during heart surgery in 2007) and McLaurin (a High School physics teacher). His family describe Robin as a quiet child whose first imitation was of his grandmother to his mother. He did not overcome his shyness until he became involved with his high-school drama department. In 1973, Williams was one of only 20 students accepted into the freshman class at the Juilliard School in New York, an exclusive dance, drama and music conservatory. He was one of only two students to be accepted into the Advanced Program at the school that year, the other being Christopher Reeve. After appearing in the cast of the short-lived The Richard Pryor Show on NBC, in 1978 Williams was cast by Garry Marshall as the alien Mork in the hit TV series Happy Days after impressing the producer with his quirky sense of humour, when he sat on his head after being asked to take a seat for the audition. As Mork, Williams improvised much of his dialogue and physical comedy, speaking in a high, nasal voice. Mork's appearance was so popular with viewers that it led to a spin-off hit television sitcom, Mork & Mindy, which ran from 1978 to 1982. The show was written to accommodate Williams' improvisations. Although he played the same character as in his appearance in Happy Days, the show was set in the present day, in Boulder, Colorado, instead of the late '50s in Milwaukee. Mork was an extremely popular character, featured on posters, colouring books, lunchboxes, and other merchandise. Starting in the late 1970s and throughout the 1980s, Williams began to reach a wider audience with his stand-up comedy, including three comedy specials, Off The Wall (1978), An Evening with Robin Williams (1982), and Robin Williams: Live at the Met (1986). Also in 1986, Williams co-hosted the 58th Academy Awards. Williams is known for his improvisational skills and impersonations, and his performances frequently involve impromptu humour designed and delivered in rapid-fire succession while on stage. His stand-up work has been a consistent

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thread through his career, as is seen by the success of his one-man show Robin Williams: Live on Broadway (2002). In 2004 Williams was voted 13th on Comedy Central's list 100 Greatest Stand-ups of All Time (Richard Prior was voted 1st). Although TV and stand-up comedy have always been a part of Williams’ adult life, most of his acting career has Williams in the role of Mork, been in film. His first film was the 1977 comedy Can I along with co-star Pam Dawber as Mindy McConnell. Do It 'Till I Need Glasses? His performance in Good Morning, Vietnam (1987) resulted in Williams being nominated for an Academy Award. Many of his roles have been comedies tinged with an emotional message, including the hit movie Mrs. Doubtfire (1993). His role as the Genie in the animated film Aladdin (1992) was instrumental in establishing the importance of star power in voice actor casting. Most of his lines as the Genie were not written, but were improvised by Williams on the spot. Williams used his voice talents again in Fern Gully, as the holographic Dr. Know in the 2001 film A.I. Artificial Intelligence, in the 2005 animated film Robots, the 2006 Academy Award-winning Happy Feet, and an uncredited vocal performance in the film Everyone's Hero. He was also the voice of The Timekeeper, a former attraction at the Walt Disney World Resort about a time-traveling robot who encounters Jules Verne and brings him to the future. Williams' roles in dramatic films have garnered him an Oscar as Best Supporting Actor for his role as a psychologist in Good Will Hunting, as well as two previous Academy Award nominations: for playing an English teacher in Dead Poets Society (1989), and for playing a troubled homeless man in The Fisher King (1991). That same year he played an adult Peter Pan in the movie Hook. Other acclaimed dramatic films include Awakenings (1990) and What Dreams May Come (1998). Robin Williams' first marriage was to Valerie Velardi in 1978. They have one child, Zachary. They divorced in 1988, after Williams admitted having an affair with a cocktail waitress. In 1989, he married Marsha Garces, his son's nanny, who was already several months pregnant with his child. They have two children, Zelda and Cody. However, in March 2008, Garces filed for divorce from Williams, citing irreconcilable differences. Williams married his third wife, Susan Schneider, in 2011. They currently reside together in Williams' house Williams wearing makeup in in San Francisco. Williams is now 62 years old. the role of Mrs. Doubtfire. 27

Lemon cheesecake slice

Ingredients:  2 x 85g packets of jelly crystals, any flavour  250g packet of Scotch Finger biscuits  300ml thickened cream  395g can condensed milk  1/2 cup lemon juice (2 large lemons)  450g can pineapple thins in syrup, drained Time to Make: Method 30 minutes + setting time  Place jelly crystals into a large jug. Add 1 cup boiling water, stir to Serves: 16 dissolve then add 1 cup cold water, stir. Place in fridge for 30 min or until completely cool.

 Lay biscuits in a single layer on the base of a shallow 20 x 30cm serving dish. In a large mixing bowl, beat the cream for 3-5 min until thick, add the condensed milk and the lemon juice, beat until thick and fluffy.

 Pour cream mixture over the biscuits, spreading to make an even layer. Decorate with rows of pineapple thins, or you can use sliced banana or strawberries if desired. Carefully pour 1/2 the jelly over the filling, refrigerate 1 hour or until completely set.

 When ready, pour remaining jelly over slice. Cover with plastic wrap and refrigerate for 2 hours or overnight. Cut into pieces to serve.

Recipe by: By Karen Newman, Kallaroo, WA

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Word Search— FISH D S H L R B H G P Y H W P R A W N G R Y S Y S E I A G E A S H S W N U Y N H A V B R I R K R R R I I M R I H S I F L I O A O F E L C A F T H A L B F T M I G G H R D T K H D D E E S E A E I R P Y S M C R R O C B N B M S P R F H E A E A R F N A O R A O A H E E R A W I O L R T E L A M R R M I S R R A L E D B T I A L T O G U R A T I E C C B G A G E I A D T S U U N I P F D H O A R N U N N M N O R B N B D M T F S U C O E E P E U D B R E O D Y I A I E T O E R A B M R N T A D V L E A C N S A R G G O M A R M D I S T A I R B O M G E G E A T L A N T I C S A L M O N R E D N U O L F Y L L E B W O L L E Y O A F I L A K E C G O L D F I S H Y O F T L K B S R R O R E N F L A T H E A D E E C S S A B D E R C O R A L T R O U T D R O T H S S T E K C A J R E H T A E L A O D S N A P P E R T R O U T Y B B A Y B M

ALBACORE CORAL TROUT MACKEREL SAND CRAB ANCHOVY DIAMONDFISH MIRROR DORY SHARK ATLANTIC SALMON EEL MORETON BAY BUG SNAPPER AUSTRALIAN BASS FLATHEAD MURRAY COD TREVALLY BARRACOUTA FLOUNDER NILE PERCH TROUT BARRAMUNDI GOLDFISH OILFISH TUNA BLUE GRENADIER HAKE PARROTFISH WHITEBAIT BLUE SWIMMER IMPERADOR PERCH WRASSE CRAB KING GEORGE PRAWN YABBY BUTTERFISH WHITING RAY YELLOWBELLY CATFISH LEATHER JACKET RED BASS FLOUNDER CORAL COD LOBSTER REDFIN 29

On the old $5 banknote is: Joseph Banks Sir Joseph Banks, was a wealthy English naturalist, and botanist. Banks was born on February 13, 1743 at Westminster, England, the only son of William and Sarah Banks. The family home at Lincolnshire had been bought in 1714 by his great-grandfather. Three successive generations of Banks then served as politicians in the British Parliament, including Joseph’s father. Young Joseph was educated at home before going to Harrow in April 1752, and then, in September 1756 to the exclusive boys school, Eton. After suffering an illness caused by a reaction to a smallpox inoculation, he did not return to Eton in September 1760, but entered Christ Church, Oxford, as a gentleman commoner. Banks gained his inheritance in February 1764. Now blessed with considerable means, he left Oxford without obtaining his degree, and chose to devote his leisure to natural science. Instead of making the 'grand tour' among the antiquities of Europe like other wealthy gentlemen, in 1766 Banks studied and collected rocks, plants and animals in Newfoundland and Labrador. He returned in January 1767 with a mass of material (destined to become part of one of the most remarkable collections in Europe), along with valuable experience on the difficulties of transporting specimens by ship in bad weather. Despite this early success, it was Bank’s role as botanist in Captain James Cook's first great voyage (1768–1771) in the Endeavour that made him truly famous. Cook’s orders were to sail across the Southern Ocean in search of a vast Southern Continent, that was assumed to be there. Although no land mass to the south was found (icebergs hindered their trip further south, and thus Antarctica was not sighted), in 1770 Cook stumbled upon the east coast of Australia. Being the first Europeans to travel up the east coast allowed Banks to collect species of plants never seen before in Europe. He is credited with the introduction to the Western world of the eucalyptus, the acacia, and the genus named after him, Banksia. In fact, approximately 80 species of plants eventually became associated with his name. Banks considered himself an educated upper-class Englishman, and those who worked alongside him often found his manner to be obnoxious, even arrogant at times. However, there was no doubting his love of nature, his skill at locating and cataloguing new species of plants, and his desire to help new settlers found the British colony in New South Wales. Crippled by gout, Banks died in London on June 19, 1820, aged 77. His portrait appears on the old paper Australian Five Dollar note, issued from 1967 to 1991. 30

Geelong– 150 years ago this month “THE FIRE BRIGADE DEMONSTRATION.-Yesterday may be very appropriately set down as a red letter day in the local calendar, for it was the annual festival of the Geelong Fire Brigade, and it was intensely hot. At an early hour the brigade mustered at the station in Little Malop-street, and proceeded from thence to the Pic-nic ground, on the Corio Cricket reserve, at East Geelong. The brigade, preceded by Wilton’s band, playing lively airs through the streets of the town, was accompanied by the delegates of kindred bodies from Ballarat East and West, Castlemaine, Sandhurst, Creswick, Ararat, Smythesdale, Maryborough, and Richmond. Arrived at the ground, every preparation had been made for giving up-country visitors a taste of various athletic sports, in which our local men justly pride themselves upon enjoying a fair reputation. At about three o’clock there was a splendid luncheon in a large booth, to which all the brigades sat down. The sports closed at about six o’clock, shortly after which, and before the visitors could leave the ground, a storm came on, and nearly everyone was drenched to the skin. A ball and supper took place in the evening, at the Mechanics Institute.” (The Argus Saturday February 20, 1864 p.6) Fire Brigade band. Buninyong c.1885

About this brochure: This brochure has been produced as a community service by participants in the Work For The Dole scheme at Workskil- Corio branch office. This is part of a Job Services Australia initiative. All comments and views expressed in this publication are the opinions of the participants in the scheme and not necessarily the views of Workskil or Job Services Australia. If you have any comments about information contained in this brochure, or suggestions for future issues please write to: Workskil WFTD Unit 1001 Corio Shopping Centre. Bacchus Marsh Rd. Corio 3214 Ph: (03) 5245 3000 or email: [email protected] The Jillong Pocket is available online. Go to www.workskil.com.au and select the “Community Programs” tab. 31

c.1910

Source: Mr Waldron. Portarlington The Family Hotel / The Ol’ Duke Hotel. Newcombe Street, Portarlington In January 1860 the new Portarlington Hotel opened in Newcombe Street. Situated on high ground, the new hotel commanded fabulous views of Port Phillip Bay. The twelve rooms contained “all the comforts of life for any length of time for a moderate charge." As the hotel expanded its named changed, first to the Duke of Edinburgh Hotel in 1871 (from which the name Ol’ Duke is taken for the building today), and then a few years later to the Family Hotel, perhaps to encourage more holiday makers. Despite increased competition from the Grand Hotel (white building in the background), which opened in 1888, both hotels prospered until sadly, the Ol’ Duke had to close its doors last June.

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