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The Australian Gold Rushes the Australian Gold Rushes

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The Australian Gold Rushes the Australian Gold Rushes Contents The Australian gold rushes 4 Law and order on the goldfields 5 Maintaining law and order 6 Keeping gold safe 12 Problems with bushrangers 14 The licence system 16 The Eureka Rebellion 18 Chinese on the goldfields 26 Glossary 31 Index 32 Acknowledgements 32 Glossary words When a word is printed in bold, click on it to f ind its meaning. TheThe AustralianAustralian Law and order goldgold rushesrushes on the goldfields With thousands of people arriving every day at new goldfields, it was important that some form of law In this book you can: n 2001, Australia celebrated the 150th anniversary of I and order was maintained. At first, diggers organised • READ about the the official discovery of gold near Bathurst in New South their own forms of justice. Then the state governments different men employed Wales. On 12 February 1851, Edward Hargraves found five sent police and military officers to the goldfields to to maintain law and grains of gold in mud washed from Lewis Ponds Creek. take control. A Goldfields Commission was set up to order on the goldfields Gold was such a valuable and desired material that for administer the diggings. Miners’ licences were introduced • DISCOVER how gold a while, the whole country was caught up in ‘gold fever’. to pay for this system. was kept safe Men left their jobs, homes and families to rush to the The licence system was very unpopular and diggers • LEARN about some goldfields in New South Wales and Victoria. The fever refused to pay. On many goldfields there were violent of the bushrangers spread to Queensland, and then finally to all the colonies protests. The most significant was the Eureka Rebellion who terrorised diggers, of Australia. Within 10 years, the population had more at Ballarat in December 1854. robbing them of their than doubled, as eager gold diggers from Europe, America Some diggers also protested violently against hard-won wealth and Asia sailed to Australia in the hope of making their Chinese on the goldfields. They did not like the fact • READ about the fortune. Australia was never the same again. that they dressed and behaved differently to them. characters and events New towns and cities grew quickly with the increase Mostly, they did not like their success. Chinese camps of the Eureka Rebellion in population. More farming land was taken up to feed were attacked, shops and businesses burnt down and • FIND OUT why this the diggers and their families. New industries developed Chinese diggers murdered. rebellion is often to provide them with building materials, furniture, described as Australia’s clothes and food, and equipment for the mines. But gold first republican protest did not bring prosperity for all. As settlement spread, • READ about the Chinese more and more Aboriginal people were forced off their goldminers and the traditional lands. difficulties they faced. Law and Order on the Goldfields is one in a series of six books that celebrates 150 years of gold in Australia, from the excitement of its official discovery in 1851, to the large scale mines of today. Each book looks at how the discovery of those tiny grains of gold changed Australia forever. Police arrive at the Eagle Hawk diggings in New South Wales 4 5 Curriculum Resource Pack: The Australian Gold Rushes © Powerhouse Museum/Macmillan Publishers Australia 2012 ISBN 978 1 4202 9789 8 Curriculum Resource Pack: The Australian Gold Rushes © Powerhouse Museum/Macmillan Publishers Australia 2012 ISBN 978 1 4202 9789 8 Maintaining Gold licences Soon after gold was first discovered in New South law and order Wales in 1851, the government sent police and military officers to the goldfields to maintain law and order. They also set up a Goldfields Commission to settle disputes. The costs of doing so were met by the This gold licence was taken When diggers opened up new goldfields they had introduction of gold licences. out by Aeneas MacDonnell to organise law and order themselves. The nearest in March 1853 police station was usually a long way away Costs of licences and there were no courts, judges or jails. Diggers in New South Wales and Victoria had to pay Most people were so keen to make Many of the diggers 30 shillings a month for a licence. This allowed them their fortune they had no time to be used guns, rifles and to dig for gold in a specific area of ground. At the end Golden stories pistols to protect disorderly. However, the uncertainty of of each month they had to pay another 30 shillings life on the goldfields meant that some themselves. This also Sarah Davenport’s licence led to more violence and get another licence. It was not just miners GSarah Davenport went to the turned to crime. In 1852, a journalist on who required a licence. Anyone who worked on Mount Alexander diggings in Victoria the Victorian diggings wrote: a goldfield needed one as well. with her husband and family in the At first, the colonies hoped that the expense early 1850s. She later wrote in her en are robbed almost every night; tents diary how she had avoided a fine for not M of a licence would discourage people from are cut open; and on the road to town some having her own mining licence when troopers taking up goldmining. When this did not very horrible outrages have been committed … found her panning for gold in a creek: work, the governments kept the tax and used Now we have to sleep with loaded pistols under I said, ‘my husband has got a licence and the the money to pay for the costs of managing Parson made us one, he will be here soon.’ our pillows … On the night before I left the the goldfields. [The trooper replied] ‘You must have one.’ diggings a man was shot at in an adjoining These expenses were high because officials I said, ‘the parson made us one are you going tent, and I passed half the night in pursuit of to divide us?’ Mr Street was one of them, had to be appointed to each field to sell licences the rascal. he rode off laughing and the and make regular checks to see that diggers had troopers followed him. them. As diggers worked all day in wet, muddy Diggers made their own rules Court reports conditions, they could easily Law-abiding citizens organised unofficial courts to Details of criminal trials were lose or damage their prosecute these criminals. When a man nicknamed published in the newspapers. licences. But no On the same day Edward ‘Mount Cole Billy’ was caught stealing horses on the excuses were accepted, Butcher’s Everyone on the Geohegan was charged licence goldfields needed Mount William diggings in Victoria, he was brought with stealing a gun, others and if diggers could a licence, even before the local diggers’ committee. Found guilty, were being tried for stealing not produce them they the shopkeepers. money, clothes, nuggets, he was tied to a tree and given 50 lashes. On other were arrested and fined. This is a licence tobacco, alcohol and a watch. goldfields, diggers made fun of thieves before chasing for a butcher them away. A favourite punishment was to strip the on the Ballarat diggings. offenders, cover them with wet tar and stick feathers on them. 6 7 Curriculum Resource Pack: The Australian Gold Rushes © Powerhouse Museum/Macmillan Publishers Australia 2012 ISBN 978 1 4202 9789 8 Curriculum Resource Pack: The Australian Gold Rushes © Powerhouse Museum/Macmillan Publishers Australia 2012 ISBN 978 1 4202 9789 8 The Gold Commissioner The Native Police A Gold Commissioner was appointed to every goldfield. The first police on the goldfields were the Native Police. Helped by a number of assistants, his main job was to These were Aboriginal men who were paid three pence manage the licence system. The Commissioner set up ($1.86) a day to help maintain law and order. Most had camp away from the diggings, usually on raised ground been forced off their lands by British settlers. They had no so he could see over the field. other way of supporting themselves and their families. In 1842, the first Native Police forces were set up in Port Phillip (now Victoria), and in New South Wales in Native Police were issued 1848. Both were well established by the time of the gold with special uniforms rushes. Queensland set up its police force when it became with buttons like this a separate colony in 1859. Skilled bush trackers Aboriginal men were valued as police because they had a much better understanding of the bush than Europeans. They were extremely skilled trackers and this was The licence tent important when trying This sketch is to find thieves and other Buying the licence by the goldfields criminals. Bushrangers The licence tent had a flagpole outside with the British flag, artist, S.T.Gill. were particularly clever the Union Jack, flying. As everyone on the diggings had to Diggers line up to buy their at avoiding the police, buy a new licence each month, there were often long queues licences at Forrest holding up Gold Escorts of men waiting in line. In the heat of summer or the winter Creek, Victoria. and diggers and escaping rains, it could be particularly unpleasant. This made the with thousands of pounds diggers even more resentful of the licence system. worth of gold. As well as selling licences, the Commissioners would: • settle disputes about claims • try to prevent sly grog selling Native Police • prosecute criminals These men were described • provide a Gold Escort service to collect gold from as ‘the best Native Mounted Police detachment’ when diggers and transport it safely to the nearest city.
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